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ILL  No.  1.  {'OMI'OSITK  AKCll,  CONSTUrc  TKll  OF  CAMKOKNIA  (IKAMTK,  SANDSTOMC, 
MAKHLK,  TKKKA  COTTA,  SLATK,  TILINC,  IMIKSSKD  AND  IILA/.ICD  HKKK,  AT  TIIIC 
ST.  LOriS  KXl'OSITION,  UNDEli  -I'llK  I H  l;  KCTH  )N  OK  I.KWIS  K.  AriMIiV,  srAPK. 
MINK  II A  LOCI  ST. 


BULLETIN  No«  38. 


SAN  FRANCISCO,  JANUARY,  1906. 


THE 


STRUCTURAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL  MATERIALS 


OF  CALIFORNIA. 


ISSUED  BY  THE 

CALIFORNIA  STATE  MINING  BUREAU, 

Ferry  Building,  San  Francisco* 


UNDER  THE  DIRECTION  OF 

LEWIS  E.  AUBURY,  State  Mineralogist. 


W.    W.    SHANNON,    SUPERINTENDENT    STATE    PRINTING,    SACRAMENTO. 

1906 


LfP.RARY 

UNIVERSITY  ()!<'  CALIFORNIA 
DAVIS 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


San  Fran'cisco,  January  2,  1906. 

To  Hon.  George  C.  Pardee,  Governor  of  the  State  of  California,  and  to 
the  Honorable  Board  of  Trvstees  of  the  State  Mining  Bureau, 

Gentlemen:  I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  the  work  of  the  State 
Mining  Bureau  in  the  investigation  of  the  Structural  and  Industrial 
Materials  of  California,  as  incorporated  in  Bulletin  No.  38  of  this 
department,  and  which  have  not  been  fully  reported  upon  in  previous 
bulletins,  named  below  and  issued  under  my  direction. 

For  information  on  mineral  substances  not  herein  noted,  and  which 
might  be  classed  as  industrial  materials,  references  are  made  particu- 
larly to  the  following  bulletins  issued  by  the  State  Mining  Bureau: 
Bulletin  No.  23,  "Copper  Resources  of  California";  Bulletin  No.  24, 
"  Saline  Deposits  of  California";  Bulletin  No.  27,  "  Quicksilver  Resources 
of  California";  Bulletin  No.  32,  "Production  and  Use  of  California 
Petroleum";  Bulletin  No.  37,  "Gems  and  Jewelers'  Materials  and 
Ornamental  Stones  of  California." 

It  was  considered  advisable  to  issue  the  bulletin  at  this  time,  owing 
to  the  rapid  increase  in  building  operations  in  California  within  the 
past  few  years.  The  great  demand  for  building  stones,  marble,  clay 
products,  etc.,  together  with  the  phenomenal  strides  made  in  the 
various  industrial  pursuits,  which  are  to  a  very  great  extent  dependent 
upon  the  mineral  industry  of  this  State,  has  created  a  demand  for  an 
official  bulletin  wherein  would  be  found  a  description  not  only  of  the 
developed  but  also  of  the  undeveloped  mineral  resources  of  the  State, 
on  which  this  bulletin  treats. 

The  field  work  was  commenced  on  this  bulletin  in  July,  1904,  and  it 
has  been  carried  on  as  rapidly  as  conditions  would  permit.  The  inves- 
tigation of  the  subjects  contained  in  the  publication  has  extended  over 
large  areas,  as  all  counties  in  California,  with  one  or  two  exceptions, 


b  LETTER    OF    TRANSMITTAL. 

produce  or  contain   structural   or  industrial   materials   in   oonimorcial 
quantities. 

California  offers  exceptional  opjiortunities  to  the  investor,  ])arti('U- 
larly  in  the  many  mineral  substances  of  economic  importance.  A  large 
percentage  of  these  materials  is  imported  from  other  states  or  foreign 
countries,  even  though  the  raw  materials  are  here,  not  only  in  ahun- 
dance,  l)ut  in  many  cases  of  superior  quality,  and  only  awaiting  the 
capital  necessary  to  develop  them. 

In  this  l)ulletin  it  may  be  found  that  there  are  omissions,  and  lack 
of  descriptions  of  some  mines  or  quarries.  Wherever  practicable, 
mines  or  quarries  were  visited  by  a  field  assistant,  but  in  some  instances 
they  were  found  to  be  closed  down,  with  no  one  in  charge  at  the  time 
of  the  visit  of  the  field  assistant.  In  such  cases,  it  was  impossible  to 
secure  necessary  data  or  any  information  as  to  the  name  of  owner, 
address,  etc. 

Employed  as  field  assistants  in  the  work  of  collecting  data  for  this 
bulletin  were  Mr.  William  Forstner,  Prof.  T.  C.  Hopkins,  Mr.  C. 
Naramore,  and  Mr.  L.  H.  Eddy. 

Many  courtesies  were  extended  to  the  field  assistants  by  the  owners 
of  the  different  mines  and  quarries,  and  much  assistance  was  rendered 
generally  by  persons  interested  in  California's  mineral  development. 
To  this  large  number  of  persons  who  extended  information  and  cour- 
tesies to  the  field  assistants,  and  to  those  who  aided  in  this  work,  I 
herewith  wish  to  extend  the  thanks  of  this  department. 
Very  respectfully, 

LEWIS  E.  AUBURY, 

State  Mineralogist. 


CONTENTS. 


PART  I.     BUILDING  STONES. 

Page. 

INTRODUCTORY -        -  13 

USES^  OF  STONE        --------------        M 

CLASSIFICATION  OF  BUILDING  STONES  .----..  14 

KINDS  OF  BUILDING  STONES  IN  CALIFORNIA         ------        14 

POINTS  TO  BE  CONSIDERED  IN  THE  SELECTION  OF  A  BUILDING  STONE      15 
Adaptability       --------------  iq 

Cost  ---------- 16 

Durability  -        -        - -        -        -        -  16,  17,  18,  19 

Methods  OF  Ascertaining  DrRABiMTv       -        -        - 20,21 

ARTIFICIAL  PRESERVATIVES       ----------  22 

THE  SELECTION  OP  A  QUARRY  SITE   ---------        22 

GRANITE  --------- 23 

Definition       ----------.--.-23 

OcCfRRENCE  IN  CALIFORNIA  -- ----  24 

Descriptions  of  Different  Quarries         --------  26-56 

Uses      ------ _        .        -       .  23 

Production      ---------------24 

GRANITIC  ROCKS— DIORITE,  GABBRO,  SYENITE 56-61 

LIMESTONE  AND  LIME 61-95 

MARBLE    ----------------    95-114 

SANDSTONE        --------------       114-146 

SERPENTINE  - ------  146-148 

SLATE    ----------------       149-154 

VOLCANIC  AND  INTRUSIVE  ROCKS— BASALT,  RHYOLITE,  AND  TUFF    154-164 
ARTIFICIAL  STONE        ------------        165-170 

Varieties  and  Process  of  Manufacture -  165 

Factories  in  California      ----- 166-170 


PART  n.     PORTLAND  CEMENT  INDUSTRY  IN  CALIFORNIA. 

CEMENT -        -        -  171-189 

NATURAL  ROCK  CEMENT   ------ 171 

PORTLAND  CEMENT  ------- -  171 

History  -- .-----172 

Production  ---- ---.  172 

Uses         --..-------.----      173 

Testing        ----- -----         174 

Composition    ---------------      175 

Materials  Used         -------------         175 

^Iethods  of  Manufacturing        ----------       175-177 

Analyses  of  Cements -----  178,  185,  188 

Portland  Cement  I^'actories  in  California 17& 

f7) 


8 


CONTENTS. 


PART  in.     CLAYS  AND  CLAY-WORKING  INDUSTRIES. 

Page. 

DKKINITION  OF  CLAY           - 190 

OKKilN  OF  CLAYS 191 

(  II K.MICAL  COMPOSITION  OF  CLAYS     --------  192 

PHYSICAL  PROPERTIES  OF  CLAY'S 192-193 

CLASSIFICATION— VARIETIES  OF  CLAYS    -------  194-202 

HIGH-GRADE  CLAYS— 

Fire,  Tile,  AND  Pottery  Clays  AKi>  In ursTRiEs   - 195-202 

Description  OF  Localities  IN  California         -        -       -       -        -        -        -  202-230 

LOW-GRADE  CLAYS— 

Red  Brick  and  Tile  Indistry  in  California 231-259 

PART  IV.     MISCELLANEOUS  INDUSTRIAL  MATERIALS. 

ANTniONY       --------------  260 

ASBESTOS - 261-264 

BARYTES         --------------  264 

BAUXITE    -         - -        .        .        -  265 

CALCAREOUS  TUFA    ------------  265 

CHROMITE          .--------.-...  266-272 

CONCRETE  ROCK.    See  Macadam. 

FULLER'S  EARTH    -------------  273-275 

GLASS  INDUSTRY  AND  GLASS-MAKING  MATERIALS  IN  CALIFORN  lA  276-279 

GRAPHITE 279-281 

GYPSUM        ---------------  281-288 

INFUSORIAL  OR  DIATOMACEOUS  EARTH 289-296 

IRON  ORE    -        -        - 297-305 

JASPER      ---------------  .305-306 

LITHIA          -        -        -        - 306-310 

MACADAM,  RUBBLE,  AND   CONCRETE  ROCK         -----  311-327 

MAGNESITE        -        -        - -  327-334 

MANGANESE  -        -        -        - 335-337 

MICA      ---------- 337-338 

MINERAL  PAINT  -        - -        -  338-342 

ONYX     ------ 111-114 

PAVING-BLOCKS    ----- 342-345 

PLATINUM --------  346-349 

PYRITES  - --------  349 

QUARTZ-CRYSTALS         ----- 349-350 

RUBBLE.    See  Macadam. 

SOAPSTONE— TALC  -        -        - 350-353 

SULPHUR 354 

TUNGSTEN  -        - 354-355 

ZINC - 355-356 

SUPPLEMENT. 

LIST  OF  SPECIMENS  OF  MINERAL  SUBSTANCES  (ENUMERATED    IN 

THIS  BULLETIN)  IN  MUSEUM  OF  STATE  MINING  BUREAU    -        -  359-373 

ADDITIONAL  QUARRIES  AND  MINES 374-378 

APPENDIX. 

CALIFORNIA  STATE  MINING  BUREAU    - 381-386 

MINERAL  STATISTICS  OF  CALIFORNIA-1904    ------  386-388 

MIXINC  BUREAU  PUBLICATIONS       - 390-391 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS, 


Relief  Map  of  Calil'oriiia. 

Illustrations.  Page. 

No.   1.  Composite  arch,  built  of  California  structural  materials Frontispiece. 

2.  Showing  use  of  quarry-bar 25 

3.  View  of  stone-planer -  25 

4.  Sketch  map,  showing  granite  areas  in  California 27 

5.  San  Francisco's  new  Post  Office - 2^ 

(i.  Raymond  Granite  Quarry,  Madera  County 31 

7.  Fairmount  Hotel,  San  Francisco 33 

8.  Mantyla's  Granite  Quarry,  Rocklin,  Placer  County 35 

9.  Eureka  Granite  Quarry,  Rocklin,  Placer  County 37 

10.  Rocklin  Granite  Company's  Quarry,  Placer  County 3S> 

11.  Granite  Quarry,  Corona,  Riverside  County---- 41 

12.  Stone-sawing  machine 42 

13.  Granite-surfacing  machine 43- 

14.  Casa  Blanca  Granite  Quarry,  Riverside  County --  45 

15.  Casa  Blanca  Quarry,  No.  2,  Riverside  County 45 

16.  H.  W.  Hellman  Building,  Los  Angeles 46 

17.  Declez  Granite  Quarry,  San  Bernardino  County 4& 

18.  Farmers  and  Merchants'  National  Bank  Building,  Los  Angeles 49 

19.  Granite  Quarry  at  Oro  Grande,  San  Bernardino  County. 50 

20.  Santee  Granite  Quarry,  San  Diego  County 52 

21.  Rocky  Point  Granite  Quarry,  Tulare  County 55 

22.  Boulder  of  orbicular  gabbro 57 

23.  Section  of  orbicular  gabbro 58 

24.  Orbicular  Diorite  mine,  Dehesa,  San  Diego  County.     Near  view  of  outcrop.-  eO' 

25.  Limestone  quarry  of    Henry  Cowell's    Lime    and   Cement  Company,   at 

Concord,  Contra  Costa  County 67 

26.  Jameson  Lime  Company's  kilns,  Tehachapi,  Kern  County 69 

27.  Mountain  Summit  Lime  Company's  kilns,  at  Keene,  Kern  County 70 

28.  Quarry  and  kiln  of  the  Union  Lime  Company,  Tehachapi,  Kern  County-.  71 

29.  Rock-crusher  at  Colton  Limestone  Quarry,  San  Bernardino  County 77 

30.  Limestone  Quarry,  Oro  Grande,  San  Bernardino  County 7& 

31.  Lompoc  Limestone  Quarry,  Santa  Barbara  County : 81 

32.  H.  Cowell  &  Co.'s  Limestone  Quarry,  ^  miles  northwest  of  Santa  Cruz 84 

33.  I  X  L  Limestone  Quarry,  Felton,  Santa  Cruz  County 85 

34.  Santa  Cruz  Limestone  Quarry,  18  miles  northwest  of  Santa  Cruz 86^ 

35.  Kilns  and  cooperage  of  the  Santa  Cruz  Lime  Company 87 

.H().  McCloud  Limestone  Bluffs,  from  the  U.  S.  Fisheries,  Shasta  County 8^ 

37.  Sketch  "  D,"  Shasta  County--- 91 

38.  Oleta  Marble  (Quarry,  Amador  County 97 

39.  Marble  mill  and  yard,  Colton,  San  Bernardino  County - 103. 

(9) 


]  0  ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Illustrations.  I'agk. 

No.  40.     Colton  ]SLTrl)le  Quarry,  San  Bernardino  County... 104 

41.  Mojave    Consolidated    Development   Company's    Verde    Antique    Marble 

(Quarry,  San  lierjiardino  County 105 

4'_'.     N'cnlc  Aii(i<|U('  Marlilc  (^uari-y,  San   Heriiardino  County   10(J 

43.  East  side  of  Marble  Mountain,  Si.skiyou  County.. .. 109 

44.  West  slope  of  Marble  Mountain,  Siskiyou  County 109 

45.  Columbia  Marble  Company's  (Quarry,  Tuolumne  County 110 

40.     Aragonite  Quarry,  San  Luis  Obispo  County 113 

47.  Aragonite  Quarry,  San  Luis  Obispo  County 113 

48.  Vein  of  arches  of  Quadrangle,  Stanford  University _.  115 

49.  lone  Red  Sandstone  Quarry,  Amador  County 115 

50.  Kohl  Building,  San  Francisco 118 

51.  Colusa  Sandstone  Quarry.     View  from  south  end  of  quarry... 120 

52.  St.  Francis  Hotel  and  Dewey  Monument,  San  Francisco 121 

53.  James  L.  Flood  Building,  San  Francisco 123 

54.  A  portion  of  the  face  of  the  McGilvray  Sandstone  Quarry,  Colusa  County..  125 

55.  Franklyn  Sandstone  Quarry,  Contra  Costa  County 125 

56.  Green  Sandstone  Quarry  of  the  Kern  Development  Syndicate,  Kern  County  127 

57.  Red  Sandstone,  Kern  County 127 

58.  Public  Library,  Pasadena,  Los  Angeles  County 129 

59.  Sandstone  Quarry,  Kern  County 129 

60.  Chatsworth  Park  Sandstone  Quarry,  Los  Angeles  County 130 

61.  Sketch  of  Chatsworth  Park  Sandstone  Quarry,  Los  Angeles  County 130 

62.  Carnegie  Library,  Santa  Cruz 1.34 

63.  Stanford  Sandstone  Quarry,  Santa  Clara  County 135 

64.  Stanford  Sandstone  Quarry,  Santa  Clara  County 135 

65.  Memorial  arch  and  church,  Stanford  University 136 

66.  General  view  of  buildings  in  the  Quadrangle,  Stanford  University 137 

67.  Sketch  "C,"  Shasta  County 139 

68.  View  in  Sespe  Canon,  Ventura  County,  showing  "Coldwater  Anticline"...  143 

69.  Eureka  Slate  Quarry,  Slatington,  El  Dorado  County 151 

70.  View  in  yard  near  quarry  of  the  Eureka  Slate  Company,  El  Dorado  County  153 

71.  St.  Helena  Public  School,  Napa  County 155 

72.  Newman's  Trachyte  Quarry,  Napa  County ._ ...     156 

73.  Wing's  Trachyte  Quarry,  Napa  County 157 

74.  Wylie's  Rhyolite  Quarry,  San  Luis  Obispo  County...   159 

75.  Volcanic  Tuff  (Quarry,  Los  Berros,  San  Luis  Obispo  County 160 

76.  Carnegie  Library,  Petaluma,  Sonoma  County... 163 

77.  Pacific  Sandstone  Brick  Company's  plant,  Redondo,  Los  Angeles  County..  169 

78.  Santa  Ana  Viaduct,  on  the  S.  P.,  L.  A.  &  S.  L.  R.  R.,  crossing  the  Santa 

Ana  River,  near  Riverside 173 

79.  Works  of  the  Standard  Portland  Cement  Conii)any,  at  Nai)a  .Tunction 179 

80.  Limestone  (Quarry  of  the  Standard  Portland  Cement  Company,  at  Napa 

.lunction,  Najia  County__. 181 

81.  Sketch  of  elevation  of  Limestone  (Quarry  at  Colton  Cement  Works 183 

82.  Jjimestone  (Quarry,  Pacific  Portland  Ci'mcnt  Company,  Solano  County . 186 

H3.     Plant  of  the  Pacific  Portland  Cement  Company,  Solano  County.... 187 

84.     Clay  Pit  of  Pacific  Portland  Cement  Company,  Solano  County 189 


ILLUSTRATIONS.  11 

Illustrations.  Page. 

No.  85.  Cars  loaded  witli  limestone  at  Paeitie  Portland  Cement  Company's  plant, 

Solano  County 189 

86.  High-grade  clay  product,  hand-carved - --- 196 

87.  High-grade  clay  product,  modeled  by  hand 197 

88.  High-grade  clay  products,  "  thrown"  and  hand-modeled 198 

89.  High-grade  clay  products,  "thrown"  and  hand-modeled 199 

90.  Pottery  and  Limekiln  at  Carnegie,  San  Joaquin  County 201 

9L     X.  Clark  it  Sons'  Pottery,  Alameda 203 

92.  Plant  of  the  Tesla  Coal  Company,  Alameda  County -- 205 

93.  Clay  Pit  of  N.  Clark*  Sons,  Amador  County-.- 207 

94.  Clay  Pit,  Irish  Hill,  Amador  County 209 

95.  Clay  Pit  of  the  Steiger  Terra  Cotta  and  Pottery  Company,  Amador  County  209 

96.  E.  M.  Hamilton's  Clay  Deposit,  Kern  County 212 

97.  Los  Angeles  Stoneware  and  Sewer-pipe  Company's  plant 215 

98.  Silica  Croppings,  Tropico,  Los  Angeles  County 216 

99.  Clay  Pit  of  Gladding,  McBean  &  Co. ,  Placer  County 219 

100.  Pottery  of  Gladding,  McBean  &  Co.,  Placer  County 220 

101.  Harrington  Clay  Pit,  Riverside  County 222 

102.  Steiger  Terra  Cotta  and  Pottery  Company's  plant,  San  Mateo  County 228 

103.  High  relief  terra  cotta  ware,  by  Steiger  Terra  Cotta  Pottery  Works 229 

104.  Adobe  house,  San  Bernardino  County 231 

105.  Pott's  disintegrator 234 

106.  Auger  stiff-mud  brick  machine 235 

107.  Rotary  automatic   wire-cutter 236 

108.  Pott's  horizontal  brick  machine 237 

109.  Six-mold  brick  press 238 

110.  Field  brickkiln,  oil  burner.... -  239 

111.  Interior  of  a  continuous  brick  kiln 240 

112.  Berg  &  Oxby  Clay  Pit,  Los  Angeles 245 

113.  Works  of  Los  Angeles  Brick  Company 245 

114.  Plant  of  the  Los  Angeles  Brick  Company 247 

115.  Wire  cutting  and  pressed  brick  machine 247 

116.  Simons  Brick  Company,  Los  Angeles 248 

117.  Plan  of  kiln,  Orange  County  Tile  Works 251 

118.  Sketch  "A,"  Shasta  County 270 

119.  Detail  of  "c"  and  "d"  of  Sketch  "A" ---  271 

120.  Quarry  of  Fuller's  Earth,  Kern  County 275 

121.  Plant  of  Southwestern  Glass  Manufacturing  Company,  Los  Angeles 277 

122.  Gypsum  Quarry,  Palmdale,  Los  Angeles  County 285 

123.  Diatomaceous  Earth  from  Lompoc;  highly  magnified 290 

124.  Photomicrograph  of  diatom 291 

125.  Quarry  of  Infusorial  Earth  at  Lompoc,  Santa  Barbara  County 294 

126.  Outcrop  of  Infusorial  Earth,  Santa  Barbara  County... 294 

127.  Balaam  Bros.' quarry  of  Infusorial  Earth,  Santa  Barbara  County.. 295 

128.  Magne-Silica  Quarry,  near  Lompoc,  Santa  Barbara  County 295 

129.  Iron  vein,  San  Luis  Obispo  County 300 

130.  Sketch  "B,"  Shasta  County .-. --•  302 

13J..     Sketch — section  on  iiortli  side  of  "GreyRocks" ---  303 


12  ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Illustrations.  Page. 

No.  132.     View  of  Jasper  Claim,  Los  Angeles  County 305 

183.     Lei)i(lolite  Mine,  San  Dicjjo  County.. .307 

134.     Pala  Mountain,  view  of  T.itliia  Mine .31)9 

I.3.").     r>lair  (Quarry  No.  1,  Alameda  County 31 L 

136.  Blake  &  IMlger  Quarry,  Oakland 312 

137.  Piedmont  Paving  Company's  Quarry .314 

138.  Stege  Quarry,  Contra  Costa  County... , 316 

13!t.     Sketch— San  Pedro  breakwater 317 

14(1.     Piiotograph  of  San  Pedro  breakwater 318 

141.  Basalt  (Quarry  at  Cordelia,  Solano  County 326 

142.  White  Itoek  Magnesite  Mine,  Napa  County 329 

143.  Creon  Magnesite  Mine,  Sonoma  County 332 

144.  Lewis  Voyle's  Ochre  Mine,  Knight's  Ferry,  Stanislaus  County 341 

145.  Ferry  Building,  San  Francisco .380 

14(>.     ^iineral  Museum,  California  State  Mining  Bureau 383 

147.  Lil)rary  and  Free  Reading  Room,  State  Mining  Bureau 385 

148.  Laboratory,  State  Mining  Bureau. 387 

149.  Draughtingand  Map  Department,  State  Mining  Bureau... 389 


STRUCTURAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL  MATERIALS 

or  CAUfORNIA. 


PART  I. 

BUILDING   STONES. 


GENERAL    ECONOMIC    FEATURES     OF    THE    BUILDING 

STONES  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


INTRODUCTORY. 


California  has  now  reached  a  period  in  her  history  when  the  building- 
stone  resources  of  the  State  have  greater  economic  importance  than  ever 
before.  In  the  period  of  the  first  settlement  in  any  country  the  demand 
is  for  cheap  building  material,  and  especially  for  one  that  can  be  handled 
rapidly  and  will  facilitate  the  quick  construction  of  buildings.  After 
the  first  mushroom  growth,  industries  and  settlements  begin  to  take  on 
aii  air  of  stability  and  permanence,  due  to  the  establishment  of  settled 
industries,  such  as  agriculture,  manufactures,  and  mining ;  wealth 
begins  to  accumulate  in  cities,  and  in  the  hands  of  capitalists;  then  a 
desire  arises  for  buildings,  both  private  and  public,  which  show  stability, 
durability,  architectural  skill,  and  beauty.  Each  year  finds  additional 
inquiries  for  good  building  and  ornamental  stones  of  different  kinds. 

That  there  is  a  great  wealth  of  valuable  stone  in  California  has  been 
known  for  many  years.  It  is  equally  well  known  that  much  of  it  is 
still  undeveloped,  a  very  considerable  portion  of  the  building  and  orna- 
mental stones  used  in  California  being  imported  from  other  states  and 
from  European  countries.  It  is  the  object  of  this  Bulletin  to  give 
such  particulars  as  could  be  obtained  concerning  this  very  important 
one  of  the  resources  of  the  State. 

(13) 


14  STRUCTURAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL    MATERIALS    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

USES  OF  STONE. 

Stone  is  used  in  substructures  almost  universally.  Wood,  l)rick.  and 
iron  are  frequently  used  as  a  substitute  in  superstructures,  but  Avbat- 
ever  may  be  tbe  material  used  in  tbe  upper  l)uilding,  stone  is  almost 
always  used  for  the  foundation  and  basement.  In  superstructures 
where  first  cost  can  be  subordinated  to  architectural  effect,  stone  will 
in  most  cases  be  used. 

For  monuments  there  is  no  satisfactory  substitute  for  stone.  For  this 
purpose  the  stone  is  often  shipped  long  distances,  in  order  to  get  one 
that  has  an  established  reputation.  Many  of  the  monuments  in  this 
State  are  of  stone  from  New  England,  Indiana,  Georgia,  or  EurojDe,  and 
often  a  large  part  of  the  cost  of  the  monument  is  in  railroad  or  steam- 
ship transportation  charges.  One  of  tlie  objects  of  this  Bulletin  is  to 
show  where  good  stone  for  monuments,  architectural,  and  other  uses 
can  be  obtained  in  this  State. 

Some  of  the  other  uses  of  stone  are  in  the  construction  of  breakwaters, 
bridge  abutments,  culverts,  curbing,  fences,  flagstone,  hitching  posts, 
macadamizing,  paving  blocks,  piers,  retaining  walls,  reservoirs,  sewers, 
sluiceways,  etc. 

CLASSIFICATION  OF  BUILDING  STONES. 

Rocks  are  commonly  divided  into  two,  sometimes  three,  great  classes: 
the  unstratified,  or  igneous;  the  stratified,  or  sedimentary. 

The  first  class  may  be  subdivided  into  the  granitic  or  crystalline  rocks, 
and  the  volcanic  or  glassy  and  stony  rocks.  The  granitic  class  includes 
granite,  syenite,  etc. ;  the  volcanic  class  includes  basalt,  trachyte,  tuff,  etc. 

The  sedimentary  rocks  include  those  formed  in  water,  such  as  sand- 
stone, limestone,  etc. 

The  third  class  includes  the  metamorphosed  forms  of  tlie  other  two 
classes.  They  may  be  formed  from  the  igneous  rocks,  as  gneiss,  some 
of  the  schists,  serpentine,  and  talc;  or  from  the  sedimentary  rocks,  such 
as  marble,  which  is  metamorphosed  limestone;  ([uartzite,  which  is  meta- 
morphosed sandstone;  or  slate,  whicli  is  metamorphosed  clay  or  shale. 

KINDS  OF  BUILDING  STONES  IN  CALIFORNIA. 

Nearly  all  of  these  classes  of  building  and  ornamental  stones  occur  in 
California,  as  will  be  seen  in  the  following  pages. 

Granite  is  (quarried  in  the  following  counties:  Los  Angeles,  Madera, 
Nevada,  Placer,  Riverside,  Sacramento,  San  Bernardino,  San  l^iego, 
Tuolumne,  and  Tulare.  Undeveloped  masses  of  it  occur  in  other 
counties. 

Limestone  is  (juari'ifd  in  Ainadoi-,  Calaveras,  Colusa.  Na])a,  Santa 
Barl)ara,   Butte,  El  Dorado,  Contra   Costa,  Los  Angeles,   Kern.   Mono, 


BUILDING  STONES— ECONOMIC  FEATURES.  15 

Monterey,  Placer,  Riverside,  San  Bernardino,  Inyo,  Santa  Criiz.  Santa 
Clara.  Shasta,  Sonoma,  and  Tnolunine  counties. 

Marble  is  quarried  in  Amador,  Riverside,  San  Bernardino,  Inyo,  and 
Tuolumne  counties. 

Sandstone  quarries  are  in  operation  in  Colusa,  Los  Angeles,  Santa 
Barbara,  Santa  Clara,  Ventura,  and  Yolo  counties. 

Slate  is  quarried  in  El  Dorado  County,  but  occurs  in  several  other 
counties. 

Serpentine  occurs  in  a  great  many  counties  in  large  quantities,  but 
has  been  quarried  only  on  a  small  scale  in  a  few  places.  It  is  quarried 
on  Santa  Catalina  Island,  and  as  Verde  Antique  in  San  Bernardino 
County. 

Rubble  and  broken  stone  for  macadam  are  quarried  in  a  score  or  more 
counties. 

Porphyry  is  quarried  for  building  stone  at  San  Luis  Obispo. 

Volcanic  Tuff  is  quarried  at  several  places  in  Calaveras,  Napa,  San 
Luis  Obispo,  and  Sonoma  counties. 

REFERENCES  ON  CALIFORNIA  BUILDING  STONES. 

1.  Tenth  Census  Report  U.  S.,  Vol.  X,  p.  279. 

2.  Mineral  Resources  U.  S.  1893,  p.  560. 

3.  Xeues  Jahrbuch  fiir  Min.  N.  S.  W.,  1887,  Bnd.  V.,  pp.  451-578. 

4.  Sixth  Report  of  State  Mineralogist,  Pt.  I,  p.  16. 

5.  Seventh  Report  of  State  Mineralogist,  p.  205. 

6.  Eighth  Report  of  State  Mineralogist,  p.  885. 

7.  Ninth  Report  of  State  Mineralogist,  pp.  53,  209,  224. 

8.  Tenth  Report  of  State  Mineralogist,  p.  955. 

9.  Eleventh  Report  of  State  Mineralogist,  p.  602. 

10.  Twelfth  Report  of  State  Mineralogist,  pp.  379-411. 

11.  Thirteenth  Report  of  State  Mineralogist,  pp.  612  et  seq. 

12.  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  Geological  Atlas,  Folio  V. 

13.  Geological  and  Industrial  Resources  of  California.     By  Philip  T. 

Tyson.     Baltimore,  1851. 

14.  Special   Report  U.  S.   Census   Office,   Mines   and   Quarries,    1902, 

pp.  180  et  seq. 

A  short  discussion  of  the  general  properties  of  building  stones  and 
some  of  their  commercial  features  is  here  inserted  before  taking  up  the 
discussion  of  the  different  quarry  regions  of  the  State. 

POINTS  TO  BE  OBSERVED  IN  SELECTING  A  BUILDING  STONE. 

In  selecting  a  Ijuilding  stone  for  any  purpose,  there  are  a  number 
of  different  things  to  be  considered,  among  the  most  important  of  which 
are  (1)  Adaptability,  including  the  architectural  effect;  (2)  Cost,  and 
(3)  Durability. 


16  STRUCTIKAL    AND    INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS    OF    CALIFORXIA. 

Adaptability  is  the  point  that  is  freiiiu-ntly  overlooked  or  receives 
but  hasty  consideration  in  selecting  a  building  stone.  A  stone  that 
may  be  very  desiral:)le  in  certain  places  for  certain  uses  is  quite  unsuit- 
able for  other  uses  in  other  places.  The  selection  of  the  stone  is  largely 
a  matter  of  taste,  and  as  the  selective  taste  is  good  or  bad,  so  in  large 
measure  is  the  resulting  structure.  The  stone  should  harmonize  with 
its  surroundings  in  its  use,  color,  grain,  and  structure,  as  well  as  in  the 
shape  and  size  of  the  building. 

Cost. — The  principal  items  affecting  the  cost  of  a  building  stone  are 
thickness  of  the  bed,  its  i)Osition,  the  thickness  and  kind  of  material 
overlying  the  stone,  the  workability  of  the  rock,  remoteness  of  the 
quarry,  and  the  transportation  facilities.  There  are  many  other  items, 
such  as  the  price  of  labor,  the  cost  of  fuel,  the  equipment  of  the  quarry, 
the  skill  in  planning  work,  the  climatic  conditions,  etc.,  that  often 
materially  affect  the  price  of  any  given  building  stone. 

The  thickness  of  the  overburden,  the  material  of  which  it  consists, 
the  contour  of  the  surface,  and  other  local  conditions  affect  the  cost  of 
the  stripping.  It  is  just  as  expensive  to  remove  the  waste  from  a  thin 
bed  as  from  a  thick  one.  While  it  might  not  pay  to  remove  20  feet  of 
waste  from  a  bed  of  stone  5  or  10  feet  in  thickness,  it  might  pay  to  do 
so  from  a  bed  from  50  to  100  feet  thick.  It  also  makes  a  difference 
whether  there  is  scattered  through  the  bed  much  waste  material  that 
must  be  thrown  out  in  quarrying.  In  some  quarries  lack  of  uniformity 
(due  to  the  presence  of  foreign  material),  change  in  color,  or  defect  in 
structure  means  a  corresponding  increase  in  cost  of  quarrying,  because 
of  the  expense  in  handling  the  defective  or  waste  stone. 

Having  opened  the  quarry,  the  cost  of  removing  the  stone  is  often 
influenced  greatly  by  the  hardness,  structure,  grain,  and  rift  of  the 
stone,  which  properties  are  included  under  the  general  term  "  work- 
ability." 

In  many  cases  the  principal  item  of  cost  in  a  building  stone  is  that 
of  transportation.  It  must  be  a  very  desirable  stone  that  could  be 
quarried  with  profit  remote  from  railway  or  water  transportation. 
It  is  frequently  necessary  to  ship  stone  a  long  distance  in  order  to  get 
the  kind  required  for  a  particular  use;  l)ut  tlie  waste  comes  in  when 
shipping  from  a  distant  country  a  stone  of  average  quality,  because  it 
has  been  exploited  and  is  w^ell  known,  instead  of  using  a  stone  from 
near-by  deposits  which  is  equally  as  good,  or  perhaps  better,  l)ut  which 
has  not  l)een  developed. 

The  durability  of  a  l)uilding  stone,  or  its  ability  to  withstand  the 
action  of  weather  and  other  agencies,  is  one  of  the  most  important 
properties  to  l)e  considered  in  selecting  a  stone.  No  difference  how 
pleasing  the  color,  how  cheaply  it  may  be  (junrried,  how   small  the 


BUILDING  STONES — ECONOMIC  FEATURES.  17 

tvansportation  charges,  if  the  stone  will  not  stand  intact  in  the  wall  it 
is  dear  at  any  price.  There  are  many  different  points  to  be  considered 
in  determining  the  durability  of  a  certain  stone.  Too  frequentlj^  the 
selection  is  made  or  not  made  on  some  point  of  minor  importance, 
which,  in  some  instances,  leads  to  the  selection  of  an  inferior  stone,  and 
in  other  cases  to  the  selection  of  a  stone  from  a  distant  locality,  which 
means  an  enormously  high  freight  bill,  when  a  good,  or  perhaps  better, 
stone  was  near  at  hand  and  condemned  on  insufficient  evidence. 

The  factors  influencing  durability  may  be  divided  into  two  classes: 
internal  and  external. 

INTERNAL  FACTORS  AFFECTING  THE  DURABILITY  OF  A  STONE. 

The  chemical  composition,  and  more  directly  the  mineral  composition 
and  texture,  are  important  factors  in  the  durability  of  a  stone.  Thus 
one  with  a  high  percentage  of  soluble  substances,  such  as  the  alkalies, 
the  haloids  or  sulphates,  is  not  as  promising  as  one  wdthout  these 
substances. 

It  also  makes  a  difference  in  wdiat  mineral  forms  the  elements  are 
combined.  Thus,  soda,  combined  with  silica  and  alumina,  in  the  fresh 
feldspars  is  quite  a  different  substance  from  soda  carbonate  or  chloride. 

The  texture  is  an  important  factor  in  the  durability.  Thus,  a  finely 
crystalline  rock  is  likely  to  be  more  durable  than  one  very  coarsely 
crystalline.  A  finely  porous  stone  will  likely  prove  to  be  less  durable 
than  one  which  is  not  so  porous,  especially  in  a  cold  climate.  A  homo- 
geneous texture  will  generally  prove  to  be  more  durable  than  one  that 
is  coarse  in  one  place  and  fine  in  another. 


EXTERNAL  CAUSES  AFFECTING  THE  DURABILITY  OF 
BUILDING  STONES. 

The  external  agencies  affecting  the  durability  are:  (1)  Temperature 
changes;  (2)  Chemical  agencies;  (3)  Vegetation;  (4)  Abrasion; 
(5)  Method  of  quarrying  and  dressing;  (6)  Seasoning;  (7)  Position  in 
the  wall. 

(1)  Temperatupe  Changes. — The  climatic  and  weather  changes  are 
among  the  most  important  agents  in  disintegration.  Probably  the 
most  important  of  these  is  the  action  of  frost,  or  the  freezing  of  water, 
in  the  pores  and  cavities  of  the  rock.  Each  ice  crystal  formed  in  the 
rock  acts  as  a  little  wedge  to  push  apart  the  grains  or  burst  it  asunder. 
This  is  a  consideration  that  becomes  of  great  importance  in  the  moun- 
tainous districts  of  this  State  and  in  the  more  rigorous  climates  of 
northern  and  northeastern  United  States. 

2— BUL.  38 


18  STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

The  expansive  force  of  the  heat  of  the  sun  is  less  conspicuous  than 
the  frost  action,  but  it  is  a  powerful  agent  of  disintegration,  everywhere 
active.  The  expansion  caused  by  the  lieat  of  the  sun  on  the  surface 
while  the  interior  of  the  stone  remains  cool  produces  a  great  differential 
strain  on  the  surface  layers  both  in  the  expansion  under  the  heat  and 
in  the  contraction  from  the  cold  at  night  or  by  the  sudden  cooling  from 
a  shower  of  rain.  Rocks  deficient  in  elasticity  suffer  the  most  in  this 
way.  In  some  instances  it  produces  checking,  or  incipient  cracks,  on 
the  surface;  sometimes  it  causes  chips  to  split  off  from  the  surface,  and 
sometimes  even  splits  asunder  large  masses.  The  expansion  under  the 
bright  sun  is  said  to  be  sufficient  to  cause  a  perceptible  motion  of  such 
structures  as  the  Bunker  Hill  and  Washington  monuments. 

That  frost  is  a  more  active  agency  of  injury  than  sunshine  is  indi- 
cated by  the  obelisk  known  as  Cleopatra's  Needle,  which  was  brought 
from  Eg3'pt  to  New  York  City.  The  stone  that  stood  uninjured  for 
many  centuries  in  the  dry,  equable  climate  of  Egypt  began  to  cruml)le 
in  a  few  years  in  New  York  by  the  frost  splitting  off  chips  from  the 
surface  of  the  stone. 

(2)  Chemical  Agencies. — There  are  several  more  or  less  active  chem- 
ical agencies  in  the  atmosphere  that  are  nearly  as  destructive  as  the 
frost  and  sunshine.  They  are  more  active  in  warm  than  in  cold  cli- 
mates. The  presence  of  moisture  increases  their  activity.  Water  itself 
is  a  solvent  of  the  materials  in  the  ordinary  building  stone  to  such  a 
very  slight  degree  that  it  could  be  ignored  except  as  a  carrier  to  bring 
the  more  destructive  agents  into  contact  with  the  stone.  The  acids  of 
the  atmosphere,  such  as  sulphuric,  nitric,  hydrochloric,  and  the  less 
active  l)ut  more  abundant  carbonic  and  organic  acids,  are  all  agents  of 
disintegration,  serious  in  proportion  to  their  quantity.  They  are  more 
abundant  and  hence  more  active  in  cities  and  manufacturing  centers 
than  elsewhere,  due  to  the  combustion  of  greater  quantities  of  fuel. 
They  are  less  active  in  a  dry  climate. 

(3)  Vegetation. — While  vegetable  growth  may  exercise  a  protective 
effect  at  times,  it  is  likewise  an  active,  though  generally  slow-acting 
agent  of  injury  or  destruction.  The  mosses  and  lichens  that  grow  on 
the  rock-surface  gather  dust  and  disfigure  the  wall.  Both  the  living 
and  decaying  portions  produce  some  vegetable  acids,  which  act  as  cor- 
roding agents.  The  plants  also  catch  and  hold  moisture,  which  acts  as 
an  agent  of  injury,  as  already  described.  It  should  be  stated,  however, 
that  while  the  lichen  growth  may  injure  the  stone  on  whicli  it  is  grow- 
ing, it  is  at  the  same  time  an  indication  of  a  dnral)le  stone,  as  the 
lichens  and  mosses  do  not  ordinarily  start  to  grow  on  an  inferior  or 
ra])idly  weathering  stone. 


BUILDING  STONES— ECONOMIC  FEATURES.  19 

(4)  Abrasion. — The  greatest  wear  on  a  building  stone  from  the  fric- 
tion of  feet  and  other  agencies  will  be  in  walks,  steps,  and  sills,  and 
stones  for  such  places  should  be  selected  with  this  in  mind.  A  stone 
that  might  last  indefinitely  in  the  wall  of  a  building  might  wear  aAvay 
rapidly  in  the  steps. 

Wind-blown  sands  and  dust  are  very  often  important  agencies  of 
injury.  These  are  generally  most  injurious  in  a  dry,  windy  climate,  such 
as  the  Basin  region  between  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  the  Sierras;  but 
are  often  conspicuous  elsewhere,  as  on  the  monuments  and  the  fronts  of 
many  buildings  in  our  large  cities  subject  to  the  sweep  of  winds  through 
the  streets. 

(5)  Methods  of  Quarpying  and  Dressing. — The  durability  of  a  build- 
ing stone  may  be  very  materially  affected  by  the  methods  of  quarrying 
and  dressing.  Thus,  stone  quarried  l)y  the  careless  use  of  powder  in 
which  it  is  subject  to  violent  jars  or  explosions  will  be  injured.  Stone 
has  a  life  which  may  be  destroyed  by  the  shock  from  heavy  explosions, 
and  the  dead  stone  will  crumble  more  rapidly  than  before.  This  in- 
herent life  or  texture  of  the  stone  may  be  destroyed  by  heavy  sledging 
or  hammering,  which  loosens  the  grains  and  forms  incipient  cracks,  in 
which  moisture,  frost,  and  other  agents  of  destruction  gain  a  foothold 
and  hasten  the  disintegration.  Sometimes  the  stone  is  quarried  at  the 
top  of  a  hill  or  mountain,  and  intentionally  or  accidentally  sent  tum- 
bling down  the  slope  by  force  of  gravity  alone,  in  which  operation  the 
stone  bounds  from  ledge  to  ledge,  striking  with  terrific  impact,  and 
shattering  it  as  badly  as  a  powder  explosion.  Hence,  the  keynote  to 
successful  quarr3ang  and  dressing  of  stone  is  to  avoid  explosions,  con- 
cussions, and  jars  that  will  injure  the  grain  or  life  of  the  stone. 

(6)  Time  of  Quarrying.— It  is  pretty  generally  recognized  tliat  build- 
ing stones,  like  lumber,  should  be  seasoned  before  being  placed  in  the 
wall.  The  necessity  for  seasoning  is  greater  with  some  rocks  than  with 
others,  and  greater  in  some  climates.  In  a  rigorous  climate  no  build- 
ing stone  should  be  quarried  in  the  winter  or  late  fall.  The  reason  for 
the  need  of  greater  care  in  cold  climates  is  the  liability  to  injury  from 
frost.  All  freshly  quarried  (green)  stone  contains  some  water,  known 
as  quarry  sap,  or  quarry  water,  similar  in  many  ways  to  the  sap  in 
timber,  which  when  once  evaporated  can  never  be  replaced.  The  green 
stone  is  softer,  weaker,  and  more  susceptible  to  injury  than  the  seasoned 
stone,  hence  the  desirability  of  getting  rid  of  the  greater  part  of  this 
quarry  sap  before  the  stone  is  subject  to  freezing  or  to  heavy  strains  in 
the  building.  Many  of  the  fragmental  stones  are  so  soft  and  friable  in 
the  green  state  that  they  lack  the  strength  to  support  the  overlying 
material  in  the  wall,  but  after  seasoning  they  are  quite  firm  and  strong. 
Such   stones  should  be  dressed  ready  for  the  wall  when  first  quarried, 


20  STRUCTURAL    AND    INDUSTRIAL    .MATERL\LS    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

wliilc  thev  are  soft  and  easily  cut,  but  should  be  well  seasoned  before 
being  placed  in  the  wall,  unless  it  be  a  very  mild  climate,  where  the 
seasoning  may  be  done  in  the  wall. 

(7)  Position  in  the  Wall. — Stratilied  rocks  should  be  placed  in  the 
wall  in  their  natural  position,  that  is,  with  the  lamination  or  bedding 
l)lanes  horizontal.  Stone  in  this  position  will  withstand  the  action  of 
the  weather  and  crushing  forces  much  better  than  the  same  stone  on 
edge.  The  effect  of  this  principle  is  shown  in  many  sandstone  build- 
ings, notably  the  brownstone  fronts  of  our  Eastern  cities. 

METHODS  OF  ASCERTAINING  THE  DURABILITY. 

(1)  Observation. — Careful  study  of  a  building  stone  on  the  outcrop, 
in  the  quarry,  and  in  the  buildings  and  monuments  where  it  has  been 
used,  is  probably  the  best  means  of  ascertaining  its  durability.  In  a 
new  country  or  with  an  undeveloped  stone  there  would  be  no  oppor- 
tunity to  study  the  stone  in  buildings  or  monuments,  and  observations 
on  the  outcrop  become  all  the  more  important.  Some  experience  and 
good  judgment,  combined  with  some  knowledge  of  minerals  and  the 
principles  of  geology,  are  necessary  to  interpret  what  may  be  seen  on 
the  outcrop.  It  involves  so  many  and  varied  local  conditions  that  no 
very  specific  directions  can  be  given  for  the  guidance  of  the  inexperi- 
enced, and  almost  any  general  rules  might  lead  to  mistakes  if  inter- 
preted too  literally. 

To  the  experienced  eye  a  study  of  the  outcrop  often  shows  the 
uniformity,  or  lack  of  it,  in  the  color,  texture,  and  structure  of  the 
stone.  It  also  indicates  the  possible  changes  of  color  which  tlie  stone  is 
likely  to  undergo  in  the  wall.  The  relative  durability  of  the  stone  is 
indicated  by  its  influence  on  the  topographic  relief.  Cross-grain, 
lamination,  unequal  disintegration,  and  presence  of  clay  or  other 
deleterious  substances  are  some  of  the  other  points  shown  by  a  study 
of  the  outcrop. 

In  the  observation  of  buildings  and  monuments  care  is  necessary  to 
avoid  wrong  conclusions  about  the  strength  and  durability  of  a  build- 
ing stone.  If  the  stone  has  been  injured  in  the  quarrying  or  dressing, 
as  indicated  above,  or  wrongly  placed  in  the  wall,  it  may  appear  to 
have  rapidly  deteriorated  from  exposure,  while  the  fault  was  in  the 
handling.  Likewise,  care  in  selection  may  not  have  been  used,  and  the 
stone  may  have  been  badly  injured  when  first  placed  in  the  wall.  If 
the  stone  has  been  (juarried,  dressed,  selected  with  care,  and  properly 
placed  in  the  wall,  then  the  effect  of  time  on  it  after  many  years  is  one 
of  the  Ijest  and  most  rigid  tests  that  can  l)e  applied  to  any  l>uilding 
stone. 


BUILDING  STONES — ECONOMIC  FEATURES.  21 

(2)  Labopatopy  Tests.— Some  of  the  laboratory  tests  which  are  more 
or  less  helpful  in  determining  the  durability  and  strength  of  a  stone 
are  the  chemical  analysis,  microscopical  examination,  specific  gravity, 
absorption,  acid,  freezing,  and  crushing  tests. 

Chemical  analysis  indicates  whether  or  not  there  are  soluble  constit- 
uents in  the  rock.  The  microscopical  examination,  which  is  much  more 
useful,  indicates  not  only  the  elements  of  the  rock,  but  also  the  separate 
minerals  which  compose  it.  It  also  shows  the  condition  of  the  miner- 
als, whether  fresh  or  partly  disintegrated,  and  the  texture  of  the  rock, 
whether  the  minerals  are  interlocked  in  a  manner  that  is  productive  of 
strength.  The  microscopic  examination,  if  properly  interpreted,  often 
proves  more  serviceable  than  any  other  laboratory  test. 

The  specific  gravity  and  porosity  tests,  if  properly  made  and  inter- 
preted in  the  light  of  other  tests,  may  prove  very  helpful.  There  are 
several  ways  in  which  the  specific  gravity  may  be  determined,  with 
different  results  in  each  case,  which  must  be  taken  into  account  in 
making  comparisons  between  the  different  stones.  The  porosity  is  a 
more  important  factor  in  cold  climates,  as  the  stone  which  absorbs  and 
holds  much  water  is  more  liable  to  injury  from  frost  than  a  non-absorb- 
ent stone,  or  one  that  dries  quickly.  To  ascertain  the  strength  of  a 
stone  in  resisting  the  action  of  frost,  the  attempt  is  made  to  subject  a 
sample  to  repeated  freezings  and  thawings  in  the  presence  of  moisture. 
A  modification  of  this  test  is  sometimes  made  with  a  saturated  solution 
of  some  salt,  like  sodium  sulphate,  which  will  crystallize  in  the  pores 
of  the  rock  and  exercise  an  action  similar  to  that  of  frost. 

(3)  Crushing  and  Tpansvepse  Tests. — One  of  the  most  common  labora- 
tory tests  is  the  crushing  of  a  small  cube,  and  measuring  the  force 
necessary  to  crush  it.  The  result  is  generally  given  in  the  number  of 
pounds  pressure  per  square  inch  of  surface  necessary  to  destroy  the 
stone.  Nearly  all  the  rocks  are  much  stronger  than  required  by  any 
stress  ordinarily  placed  upon  them  in  any  common  building.  It  is 
only  in  such  extraordinary  structures  as  the  Washington  monument 
that  actual  danger  from  crushing  is  at  all  imminent;  but  if  the  result 
of  the  test  is  properly  interpreted  in  the  light  of  the  chemical  analysis 
and  other  examinations,  it  is  helpful  as  indicating  the  strength  of  the 
rock  and  the  uniformity  of  texture,  or  the  lack  of  it. 

The  transverse  test  gives  a  clew  to  the  relative  value  of  the  stone  for 
lintels,  jambs,  water  tables,  etc.,  where  it  will  be  subject  to  transverse 
strains. 

The  modulus  of  elasticity,  if  properly  determined,  gives  a  clew  to  the 
strength  of  the  stone  in  resisting  the  extremes  of  heat  and  cold. 


2'2  STRUCTURAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

ARTIFICIAL  PRESERVATIVES. 

Where  a  stone  is  found  to  be  giving  way,  various  devices  have  been 
tried  and  substances  used  to  protect  the  surface  from  further  decay. 
The  principle  underlying  most  of  these  attempts  is  to  waterproof  the 
stone,  or  to  put  something  on  the  surface  which  will  prevent  moisture 
from  penetrating  the  pores.  Paint  has  been  used,  but  it  is  very  objec- 
tionable from  an  artistic  standpoint,  as  it  destroys  and  mars  the  grain 
and  natural  beauty  of  the  stone.  Paraffine  has  been  used  with  some 
success,  as  it  does  not  entirely  destroy  the  natural  texture  and  luster  of 
the  stone,  although  it  does  mar  it  to  some  extent.  Another  process 
that  has  met  with  some  success  is  the  use  of  water  glass,  or  an  alkaline 
silicate  in  solution,  followed  by  a  solution  of  some  salt  like  aluminium 
chloride,  which  forms  an  insoluble  silicate  in  the  pores  of  the  stone.  It 
gives  the  stone  a  glassy 'luster,  which  detracts  from  its  value,  and  it  is 
too  expensive.  In  foundations  and  substructures  the  rock  is  often 
coated  with  asphalt  or  tar  to  protect  it  from  moisture,  but  as  yet  no 
very  satisfactory  process  has  been  found  for  protecting  the  stone  in 
superstructures — a  process  that  is  not  too  expensive  and  does  not 
disfigure  nor  mar  the  beautv  of  the  stone. 

THE  SELECTION  OF  A  QUARRY  SITE. 

In  selecting  a  site  for  opening  a  cjuarry  the  following  points  should 
be  considered: 

(1)  The  Overburden  or  Waste  Material  to  be  Removed.— In  a  rolling  or 
hilly  country  the  stone  to  be  quarried  will  generally  outcrop  in  many 
places  under  different  thicknesses  of  overlying  material.  The  removal 
of  the  waste  is  expensive,  whether  it  be  soil,  disintegrated  or  fresh  rock, 
and  the  aim  should  be  to  avoid  as  much  expense  of  this  kind  as  possi- 
ble; but  in  doing  so  care  is  necessary  not  to  incur  a  still  greater  expense, 
since  a  layer  of  soil  or  clay  overlying  a  quarry  stone  protects  it  in  part 
from  disintegrating  agencies  so  that  practically  all  of  the  bed,  after  the 
removal  of  the  overburden,  is  availa])le  for  dimension  stone,  while  the 
portion  of  the  ledge  not  so  protected  may  be  so  injured  by  the  weather, 
either  by  discoloration  or  partial  disintegration,  that  a  large  part  of  it 
must  be  discarded.  Hence,  where  there  is  little  or  no  overburden  it  is 
advisable  to  note  carefully  the  condition  of  the  rock  before  selecting  it. 

(2)  The  Drainage.— Fre(inently  the  removal  of  water  from  a  quarry 
is  a  great  expense  that  might  have  been  avoided  with  proper  care  in 
selecting  the  opening  where  there  would  be  natural  drainage. 

(3)  The  Disposition  of  the  Waste  and  Ease  of  Quarrying.— Tlie  outcrop 
on  a  cliff,  for  instance,  already  has  one  side  free,  and   liciicc  there  will 


GRANITE  — DESCRIPTION.  ETC.  23 

be  much  less  expense  in  removing  the  stone  than  on  a  flat  area,  where 
the  quarry  must  he  sunk  down  through  the  soHd  bed,  and  where  the 
first  blocks,  inclosed  on  all  sides,  are  difficult  to  remove.  The  waste 
material  in  the  latter  case  must  be  carted  far  away,  or  it  will  have  to 
be  moved  again  on  extending  the  quarrj^  while  the  quarry  on  the  cliff 
may  dispose  of  its  waste  by  dumping  it  over  the  cliff,  where  it  is  dis- 
posed of  cheaply  and  for  all  time. 

(4)  Tpanspoptation.— The  cost  of  transportation  of  stone,  great 
enoueh  at  best,  mav  be  greatlv  increased  bv  a  lack  of  discretion  in 
selecting  the  quarry  site.  The  site  should  not  only  be  near  the  railway 
or  Avater-way,  but  care  should  l)e  taken  to  avoid  up-grades  wherever 
possible. 


GRANITE. 

The  term  "granite''  is  used  in  the  stone  trade,  ordinarily,  to  include 
all  the  massive  crystalline  igneous  rocks,  which  the  petrographer  sub- 
divides into  several  different  classes  and  sub-classes.  Sometimes  the 
term  is  used  to  include  the  volcanic  and  intrusive  rocks  as  well.  The 
other  crystalline  igneous  rocks  are  syenite,  diorite,  diabase,  gabbro,  and 
peridotite.  The  true  granite  is  a  crystalline  rock,  containing  more 
than  65  per  cent  of  silica,  and  is  composed  of  quartz  and  orthoclase 
feldspar,  with  generally  some  plagioclase  and  biotite,  muscovite,  horn- 
blende, or  augite,  one  or  more  of  them,  and  frequently  smaller  quanti- 
ties of  one  or  more  of  the  following:  apatite,  zircon,  tourmaline,  garnet, 
sphene,  magnetite,  and  pyrite.  The  materials  in  the  last  list,  except 
tourmaline  and  garnet,  are  generally  present  only  in  microscopic 
crystals,  and  ordinarily  do  not  greatly  affect  the  value  or  use  of  the 
stone.  Pyrite  is  sometimes  present  in  sufficient  quantities  to  discolor 
the  stone  on  exposure  to  the  weather,  and  occasionally  in  sufficient 
quantities  to  be  an  element  of  weakness. 

The  strength  and  durability  of  the  granite  are  dependent  upon  the 
size  and  arrangement  of  the  crystals,  the  relative  amounts  of  the 
different  minerals,  and  the  state  of  their  preservation.  If  the  minerals 
have  undergone  incipient  decay,  they  will  not  be  as  strong  nor  last  as 
long  as  fresh  minerals.  Large  crystals,  or  large  quantities  of  biotite,  in 
a  rock  will  prove  to  be  a  factor  of  weakness.  The  close  interlocking  of 
medium-sized  feldspar  crystals  which  inclose  the  quartz  in  the  inter- 
spaces gives  the  texture  desirable  for  a  good  building  granite. 

The  orthoclase  feldspar  and  the  quartz  alone  form  the  graphic  granite 
or  pegmatite  (sometimes  called  binary  granite),  which  commonly  occurs 
in  vein-like  bands,  from   a  few  inches  to  many  feet  in   width,  in  the 


24  STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATERLVLS   OF    CALIFORNLV. 

midst  of  otlier  rocks,  and  which  may  locally  be  much  enriched  with 
other  minerals  such  as  tourmaline,  garnet,  or  mica.  It  is  quite  common 
in  ISan  Diego  County. 

Most  of  the  granites  of  California  that  are  used  for  building  stone  are 
true  granites.  At  Penryn,  a  gabbro  is  quarried  in  small  quantities,  and 
the  stone  at  Rocklin  has  been  classed  as  a  granodiorite. 


METHOD  OF  QUARRYING  AND  DRESSING  THE  GRAT'JITE. 

In  the  smaller  quarries  the  drilling  is  done  by  hand,  but  in  most  of 
the  larger  ones  steam  or  electric  drills  are  used.  In  many  of  the 
quarries  the  blocks  are  loosened  from  the  bed  by  driving  wedges,  plugs, 
or  feathers  in  the  drill  holes.  In  some  of  the  quarries  the  Knox* 
blasting  system  is  used,  and  in  some  the  rocks  are  blasted  without  any 
system. 

The  Raymond  Granite  Company  uses  a  quarry  bar  to  cut  out  the 
ends  of  the  quarry.  In  many  of  the  granite  quarries  in  the  Eastern 
States  channeling  machines  are  used  for  this  purpose. 

In  the  smaller  quarries  the  stone  is  dressed  by  hand,  by  means  of 
hammer  and  chisels  and  the  bush  hammer.  In  the  larger  quarries 
this  part  of  the  work  is  facilitated  by  machinery.  Rock  planers,  pol- 
ishing machines,  surfacing  machines,  and  pneumatic  surfacing  tools  are 
in  quite  general  use  at  the  largest  quarries.  Lathes  are  used  also  for 
turning  and  polishing  columns,  pillars,  and  round  monuments. 

PRODUCTION    OF   GRANITE    IN    CALIFORNIA  IN   1904,  USED  FOR  BUILDING 

AND  MONUMENT  STONE, 

Cubie  Feet.  Value. 

Maderu  County -  113,627  !i)i«,083 

Xevada  County 2,335  5.395 

Placer  County 84,796  110,:571 

Riverside  County 250,055  195,364 

Sacramento  County 5,164  4,458 

San  Bernardino  County 250  250 

San  Diego  County  7,760  7,851 

Tulare  County  -. 7,000  16,000 

Tuolumne  County 9,700  9,700 

Total...   480,687  .$447,472 

Besides  this  there  was  produced  $1,388, 901  worth  of  rubble  and 
paving  blocks,  which  is  nearly  all  of  igneous  rocks,  mostly  granite, 
witli  some  basalt,  etc. 

*The  Knox  blasting  system  (patent)  consists  of  drilling  an  oval-shaped  liolo.  elon- 
gated in  the  direction  of  tlie  desired  break,  and  putting  in  a  small  c|uaiitity  of  l)hu'k 
powder,  leaving  an  air  space  between  the  powder  and  the  covering.  The  expansion  ot' 
the  air  on  the  exi)losi()n  of  the  jiowder  acts  as  a  great  force  t(>  sj)lit  the  rock. 


ILL.  No.  2.  RAYMOND  GRANITE  QUARRY,  MADERA  COUNTY. 

Showing  use  of  quarry  bar. 


ILL.  No.  :;.     VIEW  OF  STUNK  I'LANKU,  13LV  IJIIUS.'  STuNE  LUMi'ANV,  L( JS  ANGELES. 

(25) 


26  STRUCTIHAL    AND    IXDI'STRIAI,    .MATERIALS    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

According  to  the  mineral  resources  of  the  United  States,  })uhlished 
by  the  U.  S  Geological  Survey  for  1902,  California  stood  sixth  in  the 
list  of  granite-producing  states. 

GRANITE  PRODUCED  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES  IN   1902. 

Ni'w  Jersey... !i;753,005 

Massachusetts •. 427,035 

Pennsylvania 386,774 

New  York.--. :.  318,003 

Connecticut 295,063 

California 266,103 

Total  for  United  States $3,211,780 


THE  GRANITE  QUARRIES  AND  QUARRY  DISTRICTS  IN 

CALIFORNIA. 

Granite  and  the  closely  associated  granitic  rocks  (granolites)  form 
part  of  the  Gavilan  and  Santa  Lucia  ranges  of  the  coast  south  of  San 
Francisco  bay;  farther  south  they  form  the  principal  part  of  the  moun- 
tain ranges  in  the  western  part  of  southern  California,  connecting  with 
the  large  exposure  of  granitic  rocks  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  range,  which 
runs  from  Tehaehapi  northward  to  the  recent  volcanics,  in  Lassen 
County.  Considerable  exposures  of  granitic  rocks  are  also  found  in 
northwestern  California  in  the  eastern  portion  of  the  Klamath  moun- 
tain region. 

The  accompanying  sketch  map  gives  the  general  outline  of  the 
granite  formations  in  California. 

BUTTE   COUNTY. 

Granitic  rocks  form  the  core  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  range,  and  large 
bodies  of  those  rocks  are  found  in  the  eastern  part  of  Butte  County. 
As  yet,  lack  of  transportation  facilities  has  prevented  their  commercial 
use.     The  principal  and  most  approachable  exposures  are: 

Bald  Roek.-:\Iiddle  Fork  of  Feather  River,  Sec.  27,  T.  21  N.,  R.  6  E. 

Big  Bend.— North  Fork  of  Feather  River,  Sec.  3,  T.  21  N.,  and  Sec.  33, 
T.  22  N.,  R.  5  E. 

Stirling.— Sec.  31,  T.  24  N.,  R.  4  E.    Diamond  Match  Company,  owner. 

FRESNO  COUNTY. 

Academy  Granite  Company.— Sec.  1:5,  T.  12  S.;  R.  22  E.,  ^l.  D.  M. 
J.  S.  Williams,  M.  F.  Marshall,  and  Mr.  Dubois,  Fresno,  owners.  The 
rock  is  a  dark,  medium-grained  granite,  and  is  quarried  from  large 
boulders.  Its  dark  color  makes  it  a  pretty  trimming  stone  for  struc- 
tures of  other  stones. 


ILL.  No.  4. 

MAP  OF  CALIFORNIA, 

SHOWING  AREA  OF 

^GRANITE  OUTCROPPINGS. 


By  Wm.  Fokstner. 


«5X7A'  BEHN^fiP'^p 


C-iT) 


28  STRUCTURAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL    MATERIALS    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

GLENN  COUNTY. 

Talbott  Granite.— In  Sec.  8,  T.  18  N.,  K.  4  W.,  10  miles  southwest  of 
Willows.  James  Talbott,  Willows,  owner.  S3'enitic  granite  is  exposed 
in  the  form  of  a  dike  intruding  through  the  sandstone  formation,  within  8 
miles  of  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad.  At  the  point  of  chief  exposure, 
the  granite  stands  from  10  to  15  feet  high  and  is  exposed  along  the  sur- 
face of  the  western  slope  of  the  hill  for  a  width  of  about  40  feet.  The 
dike  strikes  north  14  degrees  west,  and  follows  the  general  trend  of  the 
sandstone.  This  granite  is  hard,  fine-grained,  and  of  even  fracture,  as 
has  been  shown  by  rifting  large  pieces  from  the  main  body. 

LOS  ANGELES  COUNTY. 

At  Devil's  Gate,  near  Pasadena,  the  San  Pedro,  Los  Angeles  and  Salt 
Lake  Railway  Company  quarries  granite  boulders.  This  granite  is 
crvished  and  used  for  liallast  on  its  roadbed. 

E.  M.  Ross,  Glendale.  On  the  Glendale  ranch,  Verdugo  Canon,  8 
miles  from  Los  Angeles,  and  three  fourths  of  a  mile  from  railroad,  is 
a  body  of  very  dark  hornblende  biotite  granite,  somewhat  banded 
(gneissic),  taking  a  very  high  polish,  and  very  well  adapted  for  monu- 
ment work  and  for  trimming  of  the  light-colored  granites  and  marbles. 
No  development  work. 

MADERA  COUNTY. 

The  granite  quarries  near  Raymond  are  at  present  large  producers. 
There  are  two  quarries  in  operation  (September,  1904),  employing 
about  300  men,  and  at  times  it  is  said  as  high  as  from  400  to  500  men. 
The  quarries  are  located  about  2  miles  southeast  of  the  village  of 
Raymond,  on  a  spur  of  the  Raymond  branch  of  the  Southern  Pacific 
Railroad.  The  two  (juarries  are  about  half  a  mile  apart,  on  the  east 
side  of  the  little  valley  in  which  they  occur. 

There  is  an  extensive  granite  area  covering  many  square  miles  in  the 
vicinity  of  Raymond.  Near  the  town  it  is  a  hornblende  biotite  granite, 
but  at  the  (quarries  there  is  almost  no  hornblende  except  an  occasional 
crystal.  Li  many  places  the  granite  is  disintegrated  to  a  depth  of 
many  feet,  while  over  limited  areas  it  outcrops  firm  and  solid  on  the 
surface.  It  is  on  such  areas  that  the  quarries  should  be  located.  The 
weathering  of  the  granite  is  mainly  by  slow  disintegration  over  the 
surface  and  along  the  joint  planes.  There  are  very  few  of  the  round 
residual  Ijoulders  so  conspicuous  in  many  places.  INIost  of  the  surface 
boulders  are  angular. 

Among  the  many  structures  built  of  Raymond  granite  may  be 
mentioned   tiic  new  i»ostoflic('   in   San  l-'ramisco,  which  was   furnished 


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(29) 


30  STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

$425,()00  worth,  with  only  oiu'  small  stone  mciliiig  replacement;  the 
Fail-mount  Hotel  was  fui-nished  ahout  20,000  euljic  feet  ;  the  Dewey 
Monument,  in  rnion  Square;  the  Mercantile  Trust  Company,  of  San 
Francisco,  on  Califoi-nia  street,  and  numerous  others. 

The  Hall  Quappy,  located  ahout  2  miles  nortli  of  the  McClellan 
quariy,  near  the  Raymond-Berenda  Railway,  was  opened  a  ninnher  of 
years  ago,  and  furnished  stone  for  a  San  Francisco  contract,  hut  was 
then  abandoned  and  has  not  been  operated  for  ten  years  or  more. 

The  Knowles  Quappy,  operated  by  the  Raymond  Granite  Company, 
S.  E.  Knowles,  president,  Tenth  and  Division  streets,  San  Francisco, 
has  been  open  for  seventeen  years,  and  is  well  equipped  with  modern 
machinery  for  taking  out  and  handling  large  quantities  of  stone.  The 
outcrop  of  the  granite  at  this  point  is  something  like  a  portion  of  the 
surface  of  a  huge  globe,  about  300  feet  or  more  in  diameter,  partly 
buried  in  the  earth.  Where  it  })rojects  above  the  surface  it  is  almost 
entirely  bare  of  any  soil,  vegetation,  or  other  material.  It  is  apparently 
barren  of  seams,  except  the  curved  exfoliation  seams  parallel  with  the 
surface,  and  -which  are  partly  at  least  the  result  of  weathering.  In 
places  there  are  remnants  of  these  layers  of  exfoliation  only  a  few 
inches  in  thickness,  but  the  underlying  layers,  which  are  the  ones 
worked  in  the  quarry,  vary  from  1  or  2  feet  to  25  feet  in  thickness. 
The  quarry  opening  is  on  the  northwest  side  of  the  sphere,  and  the 
quarry  floor,  which  follows  the  foliation  cleavage,  is  inclined  from 
20  to  30  degrees  to  the  northwest. 

The  three  large  cutting  sheds  are  located  below  the  quarry  opening, 
and  an  inclined  tramway  is  run  up  to  the  quarry  floor,  down  which  the 
blocks  are  carried  into  the  cutting  sheds. 

Hand  and  steam  drills  and  the  quarry  bar  are  used  in  quarrying 
the  stone.  The  quarry  bar  is  used  for  cutting  out  the  sides  and  ends  of 
the  quarry  and  also  for  drilling  the  large  blocks  in  cutting  dimension 
stone. 

The  stone  is  easily  split  and  has  a  straight,  even  grain.  It  is  split 
from  the  thin  layers  by  drilling  shallow  holes  and  driving  in  wedges  or 
plugs  and  feathers.  From  large  layers  the  l)locks  are  split  off  by 
drilling  deeper  holes  and  using  the  Knox  blasting  system,  which  leaves 
an  even  surface.  The  thickest  layer  exposed  is  about  25  feet  thick,  but 
most  of  that  part  quarried  is  much  thinner,  from  4  to  10  feet.  As  the 
quarry  opening  is  carried  deeper  the  succeeding  layers  will  probably 
become  thicker,  that  is,  the  joints  will  be  farther  and  farther  apart. 

Nearly  all  the  stone  is  cut  and  dressed  at  the  quarry  for  building 
stone,  or  for  monunients  and  cemetery  work.  After  loosening  the 
blocks  from  the  quarry  face  and  si)litting  them  to  the  recjuired  dimen- 


p 


T'Cr 


(31) 


32  STRUCTURAL    AND    INDUSTRIAL    MATERIALS    OP    CALIFORNIA. 

sions  by  plugs  and  feathers,  they  are  taken  to  the  cutting  sheds,  where 
they  are  handled  by  steam-power  overhead  traveling  cranes,  and 
the  surfaces  are  finished,  either  tool-dressed,  rock-faced,  or  polished,  as 
is  desired,  by  hand  or  machine.  The  company  has  two  of  the  heavy 
Barre  granite  surfacing  and  polishing  machines  and  about  ten  of  the 
lighter  Concord  surfacing  machines.  There  are  also  a  dozxMi  or  more 
pneumatic  and  surfacing  tools  for  surfacing  and  carving,  besides  a 
hundred  or  more  stonecutters  and  finishers  at  work  with  hand  tools. 

The  finished  stone  is  placed  on  the  railway  car  in  the  cutting  shed 
and  run  down  the  inclined  track  to  the  base  of  the  hill,  where  it  is 
taken  to  market  over  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad. 

The  supply  of  stone  at  this  quarry  is  almost  inexhaustible ;  it 
lies  in  admirable  position  for  quarrying  Avith  a  minimum  amount  of 
waste,  and  the  facilities  for  handling  the  stone  are  excellent,  all  of 
which  favor  the  large  stone  industry  which  has  grown  up  at  this  place. 

The  stone  is  a  biotite-muscovite  light-gray  granite,  with  the  Inotite 
mica  in  excess  of  the  muscovite,  and  an  occasional  crystal  of  black 
hornblende.  It  has  a  medium-fine  grain  and  is  remarkably  uniform 
in  color  and  texture  throughout  the  mass.  Over  the  entire  ({uarry 
area  only  one  small  dark  blotch  was  observed.  Some  of  the  biotite 
crystals  are  idiomorphic,  six-sided  prisms. 

The  MeClellan  Quarry,  owned  and  operated  by  the  Wilson-Lyon  Con- 
struction Company,  office  220  Market  street,  San  Francisco,  lies  on 
the  same  hillside,  about  one  half  mile  south  of  the  Raymond  Granite 
Company's  quarry.  It  has  been  in  operation  for  nine  years,  and  pro- 
duces a  stone  similar  to  that  from  the  Raymond  Granite  Company's 
quarry,  except  the  rock  is  to  some  extent  more   deeply  weathered. 

The  company  has  two  quarry  openings,  with  a  large  derrick  in  each, 
and  a  large  circular  cutting  shed,  with  derrick  in  the  center,  at  each 
quarry.  The  one  quarry  is  about  50  feet  square  and  works  two  layers, 
each  4  to  o  feet  thick.  The  other  quarry  has  a  face  about  100  feet  long 
and  from  25  to  40  feet  high,  with  many  vertical  weather  seams,  but 
good  granite  between  the  seams.  A  branch  railwa}^  si>ur  connects  this 
quarry  with  the  same  branch  that  leads  to  the  other  quarry.  This 
stone,  like  that  from  the  other  quarry,  is  used  largely  for  building  and 
monument  purposes.  They  are  at  present  (September,  1904)  prepar- 
ing the  stone  for  the  McKinley  memorial  monument  in   San  Francisco. 

About  one  lialf  mile  southeast  of  the  villngo  of  Raymond  tlicre  is  a 
small  (piarry  with  a  face  of  about  IS  or  20  feet,  of  a  spotted  gray  gran- 
ite, with  large  black  crystals  of  hornblende  and  biotite.  In  places  it 
approaches  a  syenite  in  character.  A  few  feldspar  veins  occur  and 
numerous  dark  blotches  of  segregated  mica.  There  are  a  number  of 
joint  planes,  yet  blocks  of   large    dimensions   can  be  obtained.     The 


I. 


3— BUL.  38 


(.«) 


34  STRrrrrRAT,  and  ixni'STRiAT.  matkriai,r  of  California. 

greatest  drawback  is  the  large  dark  l)lotclies,  which  mar  the  beauty  of 
the  stone;  but  where  it  can  be  obtained  free  from  blotches,  it  is  one  of 
the  prettiest  granites  in  the  State. 


NEVADA   COUNTY. 

Granite  production  in  Nevada  County  forms  only  a  local  industry 
and  is  confined  chiefly  to  quarrying  and  working  the  massive  l)oulders 
at  Nevada  City,  Grass  Valley,  and  Rough  and  Ready,  and  the  heavier 
deposits  at  Graniteville.  The  character  is  somewhat  marred  l)y  intru- 
sions of  syenite,  known  to  stonecutters  as  "black  knot,"  especially  in 
regard  to  the  value  of  the  stone  for  monument  purposes.  The  granite 
at  Rough  and  Ready  contains  fewer  of  these  intrusions  than  that 
at  Nevada  City  and  Grass  Valley.  The  principal  employment  of  the 
granite  of  these  sections  is  in  the  cutting  of  posts,  copings,  stoops,  and 
bases  for  monuments.  The  chief  color  is  blue.  The  weight  varies  from 
165  to  198  pounds  to  the  cubic  foot. 

T.  J.  Ahearn,  Grass  Valley,  obtains  blue  granite  from  boulder  crop- 
pings  and  ledge  formation  southwest  of  Rough  and  Ready,  in  Sec.  26, 
T.  16  N.,  R.  7  E.;  l)ut  quarried  none  in  1904,  it  is  reported,  owing  to 
his  inability  to  secure  competent  labor. 

Charles  Bouehapd  &  Son,  yards  one  mile  northwest  from  Grass  Valley, 
obtain  blue  granite  from  the  boulder  quarries  at  Rough  and  Ready, 
and  black  granite  from  Sec.  20,  T.  16  N.,  R.  7  E.,  south  of  Deer  Creek. 
This  black  granite  occurs  only  in  boulders.  It  is  of  fine  grain  and  pro- 
duces handsome  monument  work. 

E.  D.  Bridges,  at  Pine  Grove  Quarry,  in  Sec.  8,  T.  16  N.,  R.  9  E.,  on 
the  Masonic  cemetery  site  in  the  eastern  edge  of  Nevada  City. 

D.  C.  Morrison,  Rough  and  Ready,  quarries  and  dresses  for  monu- 
ment and  other  uses  fine-grained  black  and  blue  syenite  granite  at 
his  quarry  in  Sec.  24,  T.  16  N.,  R.  7  E.  The  granite  occurs  only  in 
boulders,  which  have  been  his  source  of  supply  for  the  })ast  twelve 
years. 

PLACER    COUNTY. 

Emigrant  Gap.  T.  17  N.,  R.  12  E.  There  is  a  large  exposure  of 
granite  in  the  extreme  northwestern  part  of  Placer  County;  reported 
to  be  of  excellent  building  variety.  This  material  was  used  in  the 
construction  of  the  dam  that  forms  Lake  S})aulding,  which  has  an  area 
of  240  acres  and  conserves  52  feet  of  water  above  the  gate. 


GRANITE— PLACER    COUNTY. 


35 


The  Gpifflth  Quappies  and  Polishing  Works.  Sec.  35,  T.  11  N.,  K.  7  E., 
M.  D.  M.  David  Griffith,  Penryn,  owner.  This  is  one  of  the  pioneer 
granite  quarries  of  the  State.  Mr.  David  Griffith  formerly  worked  in 
the  famous  slate  quarries  in  Penrhyn,  Wales.  He  quarried  granite  at 
Folsom,  but  in  1864  he  came  to  Penryn,*  which  he  named  after  his 
Welsh  home.  Here  he  remained,  and  he  and  his  descendants  have 
quarried  granite  from  that  time  until  the  present.  David  Griffith,  a 
nephew  of  the  first  quarryman,  now  has  charge  of  the  business.  The 
quarry  was  opened  about  the  time  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad  was 
being  constructed  in  this  region,  and  Penryn  stone  was  used  in  the 


ILL.  No.  8.     MANTYLA'S  GRANITE  QUARRY,  ROCKLIN.  PLACER  COUNTY. 


construction  work  on  this  line.  Many  Government  contracts  were 
filled  in  former  years,  and  at  times  there  have  been  200  men  or  more 
employed  in  these  quarries,  although  at  present  there  is  less  than  a 
score. 

The  stone  is  a  dark  gray  biotite  granite,  rather  uniform  in  color,  but 
varying  somewhat  in  texture  in  the  different  quarry  openings.  The 
only  variation  in  color  is  the  occasional  occurrence  of  a  dark  blotch 
where  the  biotite  crystals  have  segregated  into  a  small  irregular  mass 
in  a  partially  glassy  groundmass.     Care  in  selecting  the  stone  avoids 


*The  h  was  dropped  from  the  name  of  the  California  town  by  decree  of  court  a 
few  years  ago. 


.'^(i  STRUCTURAL   AND    IXDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

the  occurrence  of  any  of  these  ])lotches  on  the  exposed  faces  of  stone 
in  use. 

The  granite  outoro})s  in  rounded  knolls  and  prominences  in  many 
places  along  the  rolling  area  immediately  east  and  south  of  Penryii. 
The  largest  and  oldest  quarry  opening  lies  about  one  quarter  of  a  mile 
east  of  the  town,  and  a  few  hundred  feet  east  of  the  shoj)  where  the 
stone  is  cut  and  dressed.  This  opening  has  been,  at  least  temporarily, 
abandoned  and  they  are  now  quarrying  stone  from  large  residual 
l)oulders  a  half  mile  south  of  the  town  on  each  side  of  the  wagon  road. 
Some  of  these  boulders  are  quite  large  and  contain  many  tons  of  good 
stone.  Some  rest  on  solid  granite  in  place  and  some  on  disinte- 
grated rock  material  and  occur  as  residual  boulders  lying  on  and  in  the 
debris  of  the  decayed  rock,  of  which  they  formed  part  of  the  mass. 
Some  of  them  are  firm  and  solid  on  the  surface,  others  are  exfoliating 
and  covered  with  partially  disintegrated  concentric  shells  of  stone. 
This  concentric  weathering  is  shown  both  in  the  surface  of  the  loose 
boulders  and  on  the  projecting  knobs  of  the  massive  granite. 

Quarr}'  openings  and  road  and  railway  cuttings  show  the  granite  in 
some  places  to  be  disintegrated  to  a  depth  of  20  feet  or  more,  where  it 
consists  of  nothing  but  a  loose  granular  mass  of  mica  scales,  quartz 
grains,  and  crumbling  feldspar  grains.  It  frequently  retains  its 
original  joint  planes  and  gross  structure,  but  is  so  disintegrated  that  a 
blow  with  a  hammer  or  the  foot  causes  it  to  crumble  to  grains. 

There  is  a  small  quarry  opening  on  the  east  side  of  the  town  of 
Penryn.  This  is  said  to  have  l)een  opened  by  a  San  Francisco  com- 
pany, but  only  a  very  small  quantity  of  stone  was  removed  when  tlie 
quarry  was  abandoned. 

Besides  the  gray  granite,  Mr.  (Jriffith  quarries  some  very  dark  stone, 
known  as  "  black  granite,"  whieh  is  used  for  certain  lines  of  work.  It 
oecurs  about  one  mile  east  of  Penryn.  The  quantity  produced  is  small 
compared  with  that  of  the  gray  granite.  This  rock  is  classed  as  a 
gabbro  in  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  Atlas.  It  differs  from  a 
typical  gabbro  in  having  considerable  orthoclase  feldspar  along  with  the 
plagioclase,  and  biotite  and  hornblende  nearly  as  abundant  as  augite. 

The  stone  is  used  largely  for  monuments  for  cemeteries  and  for 
building  purposes.  Both  the  gray  and  the  '"  l)lack"  granite  dress  nicely, 
and  take  a  lu'illiant  polish.  The  ''  l)laek ''  stone  is  a  favorite  for  name 
blocks  in  front  of  ranches  or  fruit  farms,  as  well  as  in  cemetery  monu- 
ments, as  the  letters  cut  in  the  dark  polished  faces  are  so  distinct. 

At  Loomis  Station,  .")  miles  south  of  Penryn,  about  midway  between 
Penryn  and  Rocklin,  is  a  granite  ([uarry  operated  by  the  Rocklin 
Granite  Company,  S.  L.  Delano,  president,  Builders'  Exchange,  San 
Francisco.     Tlie  ([uarry  is  on  a  short  spur  of  the  Cential  Pacific  Rail- 


GRANITE— PLACER    COUNTY. 


37 


road,  about  half  a  mile  south  of  the  town  of  Loomis,  and  on  the  east 
side  of  the  railway  and  Avagon  road.  The  quarry  opening  is  on  a  nearly 
level  area,  and  is  about  100  feet  long,  50  feet  wide,  and  from  50  to  60 
feet  deep. 

The  west  end  of  the  quarry  is  a  massive  block  of  granite,  about  50 
feet  square,  which  forms  the  side  wall  of  the  quarry.  There  are  no 
vertical  seams,  except  those  on  each  side  of  the  mass,  and  no  horizontal 
seams  except  a  few  cracks  not  continuous  but  indicating  a  cleavage  in 
that  direction.  The  east  end  of  the  quarry  shows  several  vertical  seams 
10  to  12  feet  apart. 

The  Loomis  stone  is  a  biotite  granite   that  has  less   biotite    (black 


.  i*v:^J 


asi-       ** 


ILL.  No.  9.     EUREKA  (iKAXITE  QUARRY  AT  ROCKLIX,  PLACER  COIXTY. 

mica)  than  the  Penryn  stone,  and  hence  a  lighter  color.  In  color  and 
texture,  as  well  as  in  geographic  position,  it  stands  between  Rocklin 
and  Penryn  granite,  being  coarser  and  darker  than  the  Rocklin,  but  not 
so  coarse  or  dark  as  the  Penryn  stone.  Like  the  others,  it  has  a  straight 
cleavage,  and  splits  with  an  even,  regular  surface. 

In  places  in  the  Loomis  region  solid  granite  occurs  on  the  surface, 
but  in  most  places  the  solid  rock  is  covered  with  a  varying  thickness 
of  disintegrated  material,  which  at  the  quarry  opening  is  from  3  to  10 
feet  deep.  The  concentric  weathering  of  the  stone  is  indicated  not  only 
in  the  rounded  residual  boulders  over  the  surface,  but  in  places  on  the 
(juarry  walls  the  concentric  weather  seams  may  be  seen  several  feet 


38  STRUCTURAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

below  the  surface.  The  quarry  at  Loomis,  it  is  said,  is  not  in  opera- 
tion continuously,  but  is  worked  at  intervals  to  fill  special  orders.  At 
j)resent  the  owners  are  shipping  stone  to  San  Francisco  for  the  exten- 
sion which  is  being  made  to  the  Hibernia  Bank  Building. 

Rocklin  is  the  principal  granite-producing  point  in  the  Sacramento 
X'alley.  The  first  quarry  was  opened  in  1863,  and  the  stone  was  used 
in  construction  work  on  the  Southern  (then  Central)  Pacific  Railroad. 
Brigham  tVr  Hawes  operated  the  same  quarry  later  and  took  out  stone 
for  the  State  Capitol  at  Sacramento.  This  quarry,  after  changing  hands 
several  times,  came  into  possession  of  Degan  &  Brady,  who  took  out 
the  stone  for  the  Hibernia  Bank  and  the  Crocker  Building,  San  Fran- 
cisco, since  the  completion  of  which  this  quarry  has  been  idle.* 

The  Rocklin  ({uarries  are  comparatively  close  together.  They  occur 
on  an  area  probably  less  than  a  mile  square,  on  a  gently  rolling  plain, 
which  borders  the  railway  and  extends  from  1  to  2  miles  on  each  side 
to  the  bottom  of  a  bluff  200  feet  or  more  in  height,  which  marks  the 
border  of  the  upland  mesa. 

In  most  places  over  the  quarry  area  the  granite  occurs  at  the  surface. 
In  some  places  there  is  a  very  light  soil-covering,  and  in  others  the 
surface  is  covered  with  huge  residual  boulders.  The  stripping  is  very 
slight  over  the  entire  area. 

In  going  northward  through  Penryn  and  Newcastle,  the  Rocklin 
plain  becomes  narrower  and  gradually  disappears  in  the  low  rounded 
granite  hills,  which  become  higher  and  more  rugged  as  one  follows  the 
railwa}'  north  and  east  into  the  Sierras. 

The  granite  area  is  many  miles  in  length  and  width,  but  the  (quar- 
ries above  mentioned  are  the  only  ones  on  the  area  in  Placer  County 
that  have  more  than  local  importance. 

The  Rocklin  stone  is  a  biotite  granite,  bordering  on  monzonite.  It 
contains  some  plagioclase  and  a  little  augite,  but  the  prevailing  feld- 
spar is  orthoclase,  and  biotite  is  in  excess  of  muscovite.  Some  of  the 
orthoclase  shows  a  zonal  structure  and  other  portions  show  partial  dis- 
integration, most  marked  in  the  central  portions  of  the  crystals.  In 
places  on  the  weathered  surfaces  the  biotite  is  partially  disintegrated. 

There  are  fifteen  quarries  in  operation  (August,  1904),  and  several 
others  idle.  Most  of  the  ([uarries  are  small,  employing  from  3  to  10 
men.  The  largest  quarry  is  working  33  men,  but  at  times  employs  as 
many  as  50.  Most  of  the  smaller  quarries  are  operated  by  Finns,  Rus- 
sians, and  Italians.  The  following  is  a  list  of  the  operators  in  August, 
1904,  as  nearly  correct  as  could  be  obtained.  Some  of  the  men  speak 
very  broken  English,  if  any  at  all,  and  a  few  of  the  names  may  not  be 
spelled  correctly:     (1)  The  Rocklin  Granite  Company,  I.  L.  Delano, 

*  Historical  information  furnislied  by  A.  \V.  (iriiidoll  of  Rocklin. 


GRANITE— PLACER    COUNTY. 


39 


president,  Builders'  Exchange,  106  Jessie  street,  San  Francisco; 
(2)  Adolph  Penrii;  (3)  August  Martin  &  Co.;  (4)  Band  Granite 
Company;  (5)  Nikolai  Naj^kki;  (6)  John  Pisili;  (7)  Holowen  &  Co.; 
(8)  A.  O.  Wickman;  (9)  John  Kannasta;  (10)  Henry  Hebuck  Granite 
Company:  (11)  Pete  Johnson;  (12)  Matt  Johnson;  (13)  Oskar  Kesti; 
(14)  John  Mantyla;  (15)  Janhiala  Company. 

Nos.  1  and  14  are  the  largest  quarries.  The  Allen  quarry,  owned  by 
Myers,  now  idle,  had  been  quite  productive  in  the  past. 

The  most  northern  and  the  largest  quarry  in  the  Rocklin  area  is  owned 
by  the  BnrlJin    Granite  Company.     Like  all  the  other  quarries  in  this 


ILL    N(i.  10.     Itoi'KLLX  liKAXITE  COMrANY'S  qrAKKV,  I'LACEK  COUXTY 


locality,  it  is  in  a  rectangular  pit,  sunk  in  the  surface  of  the  rolling 
plain.  The  opening  is  about  100  feet  deep,  100  feet  wide,  and  250  feet 
long.  The  rock  has  a  remarkably  straight  grain  and  regular  cleavage. 
Curbing  slabs,  from  10  to  20  feet  long,  are  split  with  surfaces  almost  as 
regular  and  even  as  those  cut  with  saws.  Numerous  slabs  up  to  16  by 
20  feet  surface,  and  from  10  to  12  inches  thick,  have  been  removed  from 
the  quarry.  These  large  slabs,  like  the  smaller  ones,  are  nearly  all 
split  from  the  ledge  by  use  of  plugs  and  feathers.  The  large  slabs  are 
used  in  construction  of  cemetery  vaults.  The  quarry  is  well  equipped 
with  machinery  for  handling  and  dressing  the  stone.  It  is  provided 
with  large  derricks  and  steam  hoists,  an  overhead  steam  traveler  in  the 


40  STKICTI  KAI.    AM)    INDUSTRIAL    MATERIALS    OF    CALIFORNLV. 

cutting  sheds,  and  several  polishing  and  surfacing  machines.  Com- 
pressed air  is  used  in  the  cutting  shed  for  drilling  and  surfacing.  Steam 
and  hand  drills  are  used.  The  ([uarry  was  opened  in  1877  by  Mr. 
Marine.  From  1878  to  1889  it  was  operated  by  Mr.  G.  Gritiith.  Since 
1880  it  has  been  operated  by  the  Rocklin  Granite  Company.  It  has  fur- 
nished large  (juantities  of  building  and  ornamental  stone  in  that  time. 
Compression  tests  made  on  the  Rocklin  granite  at  the  Watertown 
Arsenal  December  24,  1896,  gave  the  following  results: 

No.  L  ;i.!l(j"  X  3.!l(i"  X  ;5.!)6".  First  crack,  ;«2,UU0  lbs. ;  ultimate  strcii^nh,  312, OdU  lbs. 
No.  2.  3.V»4"  X  .3.97"  x  .3.i)()".  First  crack,  329,000  lbs. ;  ultimate  strength,  :340,900  lbs. 
No.  3.     3.!)(i"  X  3.!Ki"  x  3.97".     First  crack,  271, (KIO  lbs.  ;  ultimate  stren^'th,  311,400  lbs. 

No.  1.     riiiiiialc  strength  JHT  scjuare  inch 21,817  lbs. 

No.  2.     ritimatc  strength  i)cr  square  inch 21,08(i  ll)s. 

No.  3.     ritimate  strength  per  scjuare  inch. 19,809  lbs. 

Average  for  the  three 21,104  lbs. 

About  three  hundred  yards  soutli  of  the  Rocklin  Granite  Company's 
(juarry  is  tmother  opening  on  similar  granite,  which  l)elongs  to 
AdolpJi  Penrri.  It  is  50  feet  deep  and  about  50  feet  stjuare,  and  is  sup- 
plied with  a  large  derrick  at  the  quarry  and  another  at  the  cutting 
shed.     Tlie  work  is  done  entirely  by  hand. 

Besides  the  (juarries  ;d)ove  mentioned  which  were  in  operation  part 
or  all  of  the  time  during  the  year  1904,  there  are  several  others  Avhich 
were  not  operated.  The  largest  one  of  the  abandoned  quarries  is  that 
known  as  the  Allen  <juarry,  now  owned  by  Myeri<.  It  is  about  300  feet 
west  of  the  property  of  the  Rocklin  Granite  Company.  There  are  two 
other  abandoned  (jutirries  of  considerable  extent  near  the  south  end  of 
the  area. 

Much  of  the  work  in  the  different  quarries  is  done  by  hand.  The 
larger  (juarries  are  supplied  with  steam  drills  and  surfacing  and  polish- 
ing machines,  but  in  the  smaller  (jutirries  the  drilling,  surfacing,  and 
polishing  are  done  by  liaiid.  There  arc  nineteen  steam-})owcr  derricks, 
mostly  at  the  larger  (jutirries,  and  fourteen  horse-power  derricks  used 
at  the  smaller  (quarries,  lilasting  is  carried  on  to  some  extent,  but 
most  of  the  stone  is  split  with  wedges,  or  l)y  use  of  plugs  and  feathers. 
Each  of  the  (|uarries  has  a  railway  si)ur  to  the  tjuarry,  all  connecting 
with  the  Southern  Pacific  Kailiojul  at  Rocklin. 

RIVERSIDE  COUNTY. 

Granite  is  prett}'  widely  distributed  over  Riverside  County.  It  has 
l)ecn  (jUiirried  on  a  large  scale  for  rubl)|{'  for  ust'  in  the  San  Pedro  break- 
water, at  Casa  Blanca,  and  for  Ituilding  and  ornamental  purposes  at 
Corona,  Riverside,  and  Temecula.  At  Por})hyry  and  Riverside  it  has 
been  (|uarri(Ml  for  tn'nkcn  stone. 


GRANITE— RIVERSIDE  COUNTY. 


41 


Corona.— East  of  Corona,  on  the  north  side  of  the  Southern  Pacific 
Raih-oad,  and  a  half  mile  from  the  railway,  are  several  prodvictive  gran- 
ite (iiiarries.  There  are  a  number  of  more  or  less  regularly  rounded 
hills  or  buttes  that  occur  at  this  place,  over  the  tops  and  slopes  of  which 
the  granite  outcrops  in  rounded  ledges  in  the  midst  of  a  multitude  of 
large  rounded  boulders.  Many  of  the  boulders,  as  well  as  the  pro- 
jecting ledges,  have  a  smooth,  hard,  firm  surface.  Some  of  them  are 
even  polished  by  the  winds  carrying  dust,  which  has  worn  away  the 
disintegrated  surface  as  fast  as  it  has  been  formed.  A  large  part  of  the 
granite  has  been  quarried  here  from  the  boulders,  as   these   are  more 


ILI,.  No.  11.     (iKANITE  QUARRY,  ( ORONA.   RIVERSIDE  COUNTY. 

easily  worked  into  dimensions  than  the  massive  bedrock.  The  boul- 
ders are  especially  sought  in  making  the  Belgian  paving  blocks,  which 
are  made  here  in  large  numbers. 

Besides  the  use  for  paving  stone,  the  Corona  granite  is  used  to  some 
extent  for  building  stone,  and  in  considerable  quantities  for  monuments, 
in  Los  Angeles,  Riverside,  and  other  places  in  southern  California. 

The  stone  from  all  the  quarries  is  hauled  by  wagon  to  the  railroad 
at  Hammer  switch,  about  a  mile  east  of  Porphyry  station. 

The  monument  dealers  in  the  different  towns  nearly  all  speak  highly 
of  the  Corona  granite  for  monuments,  thus  giving  it  a  growing  reputa- 
tion in  that  field.  Its  nearness  to  Los  Angeles  and  Riverside  also  favors 
the  use  of  this  stone  for  Belgian  blocks. 


42 


STRUCTURAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


A  microscopic  examination  of  the  granite  from  Mayer's  quarry  at 
Corona  shows  it  to  consist  of  orthochise  feldspar,  with  a  little  microcline 
and  albite,  quartz,  biotite,  and  niuscovite — the  constituents  of  typical 
granite. 

Temeeula. — There  are  two  granite  quarries  about  two  miles  south  of 
Temecula,  near  tiie  junction  of  Temeeula  Creek  and  the  San  .Jacinto 
River.  One  quarry  is  owned  and  operated  by  F.  L.  Fernald,  and  the 
other  by  Patrick  Quinn.  The  quarries  are  both  worked  by  hand,  and 
the  stone  is  largely  quarried  from  boulders.  The  solid  ledges  are  ex- 
posed in  a  number  of  places,  but  in  most  places  the  surface  is  covered 


ILl,.  No.   IJ.     ST()NK-SA\VIN(,    MACHIXK.     \U.\  HKOS.  STOXK  COMrANV.   l.OS  AMiKI.KS. 

wholly  or  in  part  with  large  rounded  boulders  of  disintegration.  Nearly 
all  the  work  has  l)een  done  on  boulders,  because  they  are  more  readily 
split  and  cut  to  the  desired  shape.  The  rock  lias  a  remarkalily  even 
fracture,  one  large  boulder  having  been  split  with  a  single  drill  hole, 
leaving  the  fractured  surface  more  than  200  feet  square,  almost  as 
regular  as  a  sawed  surface.  Some  of  the  boulders  are  partially  disin- 
tegrated to  a  depth  of  several  inches,  and  sometimes  discolored  slightly 
to  a  depth  of  a  foot  from  the  surface.  The  interior  of  the  stone  has  a 
rich,  light  gray  color,  with  a  faint  rose  tint  which  makes  it  very  attrac- 
tive. Part  of  the  stone  is  made  into  Belgian  l)locks,  and  part  is  cut  into 
dimension  stone.  They  now  have  two  contracts  of  80,000  blocks  each. 
Its  smooth  fracture  makes  it  a  desirable  stone  for  paving  blocks,  as  they 


GRANITE — RIVERSIDE   COUNTY. 


43 


ran  be  made  more  rapidl}^  and  more  regular  than  from  a  stone  with  a 
rough  fracture.  It  is  also  adapted  for  curbing  and  flagging  for  the 
same  reason.  It  has  a  local  use  for  fence  posts,  where  the  stone  has 
been  split  out  in  pieces  about  4  by  8  inches  and  5  or  6  feet  long,  and 
barbed  wire  fastened  to  them  after  they  have  been  put  in  place. 

There  is  a  hand  derrick  in  each  quarry,  and  two  derricks  are  at  the 
railway  station,  used  in  loading  the  stone.  The  railway  formerly 
extended  down  the  valley  near  the  quarries,  but  the  part  south  of 
Temecula  is  now  abandoned  and  the  stone  is  hauled  by  wagon  from 
the  quarries  to  Temecula,  two  miles  distant. 

The  microscope  shows  the  Temecula  stone  to  be  a  biotite  granite,  with 


ILL.  No.  l:'..    MACHINE  SURFACING  GRANITE  AT  BLY  BROS.'  STONE  YARDS,  LOS  ANGELES. 

a  very  little  hornblende  and  muscovite.  There  is  a  little  soda  feldspar 
and  some  microcline,  but  the  prevailing  feldspar  is  orthoclase,  some  of 
it  perthite. 

Bly  Brothers,  720  Alameda  street,  Los  Angeles.  Two  quarries:  one 
in  the  X.  W.  i  of  Sec.  2,  T.  2  S.,  R.  6  W.,  S.  B.  M.;  the  other  in  the  S.  E. 
i  of  same  section.  (Formerly  belonged  to  the  West  Riverside  Granite 
Company.)  This  quarry  produces  a  large  quantity  of  fine  granite  used 
for  building  purposes  in  Los  Angeles  and  vicinity.  This  firm  has  in 
Los  Angeles  one  of  the  best  equipped  stone  yards  for  handling  and 
dressing  the  stone  that  there  is  in  southern  California.  There  are  saw 
gangs  for  sawing  the  stone,  as  they  handle  considerable  sandstone  and 


44  STRUCTURAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL    ALVTERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

marble  in  their  contracts.  They  have  stone  planers,  surfacing  machines, 
steam  drills,  pneumatic  drills,  and  surfacing  tools.  There  is  also  a  large 
force  of  stonecutters,  as  mucli  of  the  cutting  and  finishing  of  granite  is 
necessarily  done  by  hand. 

The  stone  from  Bly  Brothers'  Declez  quarry  is  a  typical  granite,  com- 
posed of  quartz,  orthoclase  feldspar,  and  muscovite  and  biotite  mica, 
with  a  small  percentage  of  the  soda  feldspar,  albite.  It  has  a  light  gray 
color  and  medium-grained  texture.  Physical  tests  made  on  this  stone 
by  L.  1).  Hunt,  Kngineer  at  the  University  of  California,  gave  the 
following  results: 

Dimension  of  sample,  3.02" x 3.03" x 3.01". 
Crushing  load,  201,120  pounds. 
Crushing  strength  per  sijuare  inch,  21,980  poumls. 
Weight  of  stone  per  cubic  foot,  K!"  jxiunds. 

It  will  be  seen  that  in  both  specific  gravity  and  crushing  strength,  as 
well  as  in  mineral  composition,  it  is  an  average  granite.  Because  of 
the  uniformity  of  its  pleasing  light  gray  color,  it  will  no  doubt  continue 
to  be  a  popular  building  stone. 

Casa  Blanea  Quarries,  in  Sec.  10,  T.  3  S.,  R.  5  W.,  and  Sec.  15,  T.  3  S., 
H.  5  \\'.,  S.  B.  M.  Two  large  granite  quarries  owned  l)y  the  Southern 
Pacific  Railroad  Company,  and  operated  by  the  California  Constriiction 
Company.  The  quarries  are  about  half  a  mile  apart  north  and  south, 
and  about  a  mile  southeast  of  the  Casa  Blanea  railway  station,  and 
located  at  the  base  of  the  granite  buttes  of  the  vicinity.  The  rock  is  a 
medium  dark  gray  granite  of  rather  uniform  texture  and  color,  except 
the  occurrence  of  the  dark  blotches  scattered  through  the  mass.  The 
blotches,  which  vary  from  a  fraction  of  an  inch  to  several  inches  in 
diameter,  consist  in  i)art  of  glass,  which  for  some  reason  did  not  crys- 
tallize equally  with  the  surrounding  portions,  and  which  injure  the 
stone  for  monument  purposes,  but  do  not  affect  the  durability  or 
strength  of  the  rock,  as  the  dark  patches  are  even  more  durable  than 
the  surrounding  rock.  They  are  more  abundant  in  the  north  quarry 
than  in  the  south  one.  The  north  quarry  has  an  opening  about  100 
feet  square,  with  a  face  of  from  50  to  60  feet.  The  joints  cut  the  mass 
into  layers,  which  range  from  4  to  15  feet  thick.  The  stone  is  loosened 
from  the  bed  by  blasting. 

The  south  (juarry  is  100  feet  long  by  30  feet  deep,  with  a  face  of  frou) 
30  to  40  feet.  The  stone  has  fewer  dark  si)ots  than  that  of  the  north 
([uarry  and  a  more  even  fracture.  The  regularity  and  evenness  of  the 
surface  along  the  lines  of  the  fracture  are  remarkable.  111.  No.  15  shows 
a  surface  about  ;>0  feet  square,  from  whic  li  n  huge  block  has  been  broken 
off  by  only  a  few  ilrill  holes,  and  the  face  is  as  regular  as  if  it  had  been 
tool-dressed.     There  are  very  few  seams,  and  almost  no  waste  in  quarry- 


^av^ 


'S  ^«w''-^«'y  o. . 


4*--' 


ILL.  Xo.  W.    CASA  BLANCA  GRANITE  QUARRY,  RIVKRSIDP:  COUNTY. 


,5        .  •-•-Vf/  , 


ILL.  No.  15.     CASA   BLANCA  (^lAKltY  No.  2  (fiRANITE),  RIVEKSIDK  COUNTY 


(45) 


46 


STRUCTURAL    AXn    IXDrSTKIAL    MATERIALS    OF    CALIFORNL\. 


ing.  Excellent  bridge  and  building  stone  could  be  quarried  advan- 
tageously at  tins  place.  The  rock  shows  concentric  weathering  on  a 
large  scale.  The  entire  end  of  the  hill  on  which  the  quarry  is  located 
is  rounded  off  like  the  surface  of  a  great  boulder. 

The  rock  is  a  biotite-hornblende  granite,  bordering  on  a  granodiorite, 
as  it  contains  much  plagioclase  and  runs  low  in  quartz. 


:  I 


1 


s 


^fr 


r 


rL 


II 1  Si 


MM  t    \ 


if 


i 


ILL.  No    Ifi      H.  W.   IIELLMAN    HT 1 1,1)1.\( ,,    LUS  AN(iKLKS.     FIRST 
TWO   STORIES  COXSTRrcTKD  OF  KIVKRSIDK  (iRANITE. 

A  spur  from  the  Santa  Fe  Railroad  extends  into  both  of  the  Casa 
Blanca  (juarries,  and  the  stone  is  shipped  by  rail  as  rubble  to  the  great 
San  Pedro  breakwater.  Excellent  granite  for  building  purposes  could 
be  obtained  at  these  quarries. 

Fairehild-Gilmore-Wilton  Company,  516-517  Pacific  Electric  Build- 
ing, Los  Angeles.  The  (juarry  is  located  in  Sees.  8  and  17,  T.  3  S., 
Iv.  6  \V.,  S.   B.   >r.     This    is    a  contracting   company,  and  uses    large 


GRANITE  — SACRAMENTO  COUNTY.  47 

quantities  of   building  granite,  as  well  as  paving  blocks,  and  broken 
stone  for  ballast  and  concrete. 

Besides  the  granite  quarries  at  Hammer  switch,  this  company  operates 
a  large  quarry  at  Porphyry  station.  The  stone  is  used  for  concrete, 
macadam,  and  railway  ballast. 

F.  L.  Fernald,  Temecula.     See  page  42. 

M.  J.  Mayer,  Corona.  The  quarry  is  in  the  low  foothills,  close  to  the 
track  of  the  Santa  Fe  Railroad,  near  Porphyry  station,  a  couple  of 
miles  east  of  Corona.  Mr.  Mayer  is  working  the  outcropping  granite 
boulders  into  paving  stones  in  several  places. 

Peepless  Quappy,  J.  B.  Lane,  910  South  Main  street,  Los  Angeles. 
The  product  of  this  quarry  is  shipped  to  the  stone  yard  of  Lane  Bros, 
in  Los  Angeles,  where  it  is  made  into  monuments. 

Patpiek  Quinn,  Temecula.     See  page  42. 

Roek  Mine,  Stephen  Connolly,  Elsinore. 

Rubidoux  Hill  Quappy,  very  near  and  west  of  Riverside;  OAvned  by  the 
Riverside  Water  Company.  A  small  opening  on  the  northwest  side  of 
the  city,  where  the  stone  is  a  gray  granite,  partially  disintegrated  to  a 
depth  of  several  feet.  It  has  apparently  been  used  for  building  stone, 
probably  for  foundations. 

Sieppa  Gpande  Quappies,  M.  J.  Mayer,  Corona,  Sec.  16,  T.  3  S.,  R.  6  W., 
S.  B.  M.,  manufacture  large  numbers  of  Belgian  blocks  for  Los  Angeles 
streets,  and  also  ship  considerable  granite  to  the  monument  dealers 
in  different  towns. 

SACRAMENTO    COUNTY. 

Folsom  State  Ppison  Gpanite  Quappy;  State  of  California,  owner; 
Represa  P.  O.;  Brainard  F.  Smith,  clerk.  In  Sec.  25,  T.  10  N  ,  R.  7  E., 
on  the  east  bank  of  the  American  River,  one  mile  east  of  north  from  the 
town  of  Folsom.  The  quarry  is  operated  with  convict  labor;  the  product 
is  principally  used  in  prison  and  other  State  construction.  The  mac- 
adam quarry,  situate  in  the  same  <|uarter-section,  and  farther  south,  is 
described  elsewhere. 

The  exposure  of  granite  on  the  prison  lands  is  at  the  southeasterly 
end  of  the  granite  formation  that  extends  in  a  northwest  course  from 
the  northeast  corner  of  Sacramento  County  to  Rocklin,  in  Placer  County. 
Paralleling  the  granite  is  a  gray  diorite,  exposed  in  large  masses  in  the 
prison  macadam  quarry. 


48  STRUCTURAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL    MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

The  material  produced  in  the  })rison  quarry  is  a  hiotite  granite  of 
good  buihling  quality  that  has  inij)roved  with  depth  from  170  pounds 
to  178  pounds  to  the  cul)ic  foot.  In  December,  1904,  the  working  face 
of  the  quarry  had  a  north  and  south  lengtli  of  300  feet,  65  feet  vertical 
depth,  and  a  width  of  100  feet  from  the  edge  of  the  river  l^ed.  The 
granite  has  a  regular  cleavage,  the  dimension  stone  quarried  averaging 
2  feet  by  2  feet  by  6  feet;  the  irregular  shapes  of  smaller  sizes  are  graded 
as  rubble  rock. 

Electric  power,  furnished  by  the  Sacramento  Electric,  Gas,  and  Rail- 
way Company,  is  used  for  the  compressed  air  drills,  hoisting  engines, 
and  rock-crusher  in  the  quarries. 

The  production  in  1904  was  5170  cubic  feet  of  dimension  stone  and 
7760  tons  of  rubble  rock. 

SAN  BERNARDINO  COUNTY. 

Granite  occurs  over  considerable  areas  in  San  Bernardino  County,  but 
is  quarried  only  at  Declez,  Oro  Grande,  and  Vietorville. 

The  Deelez  Quarries,  owned  by  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad  Com- 
pany, and  leased  to  the  California  Construction  Company,  324  East 
Market  street,  Los  Angeles,  are  in  Sec.  35,  T.  1  S.,  R.  6  W.,  S.  B.  M. 
At  Declez,  on  a  spur  of  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad,  about  1  mile 
south  of  Declez  station  on  the  main  line,  and  9  miles  west  of  Colton. 
The  stone  is  a  rather  dark-colored  l)iotite  granite,  which  has  a  gneissoid 
.structure  in  places.  There  are  a  number  of  feldspar  veins  from  2  to  4 
inches  wide,  which  consist  principally  of  orthoclase  feldspar,  but  in  a 
few  places  contain  large  biotite  crystals.  The  rock  is  partially  disinte- 
grated for  a  few  feet  from  the  top,  but  below  this  comparatively  thin 
weathered  portion  it  is  bright  and  fresh,  and  below  the  few  feet  of 
weathered  stone  the  rock  could  be  quarried  in  blocks  large  enough  for 
dimension  stone,  and  good  building  and  monument  stone  could  be 
obtained.  At  present  nearly  the  entire  output  is  used  for  rubble  in  the 
Government  breakwater  at  San  Pedro.  Dynamite  is  used  to  loosen  the 
stone  from  the  bed,  and  the  large  irregular  blocks  are  loaded  on  the  cars 
at  the  quarry  and  taken  to  the  breakwater  at  San  Pedro.  The  drilling 
is  done  with  steam  drills,  and  seven  large  steam-power  derricks  are  used 
to  handle  the  stone. 

The  Oro  Grande  Quarries  have  furnished  considerable  granite  in  the 
past  few  years,  but  they  were  not  in  operation  during  the  summer  of  1904. 
About  two  miles  south  of  Oro  Grande  the  Mojave  River  cuts  a  narrow 
canon  through  the  granite  rock,  which  forms  rocky  hillsides  on  eacli 
side  of  the  river.  On  the  west  side  of  the  river  the  granite  is  deeply 
disintegrated,  and  except  on  the  river  bluff  no  solid  rock  appears  on  the 


ILL.  No    17.     DECLEZ  (iRAXITE  Ql'ARRY,  DECLEZ,  SAX  BERNARDINO  COUNTY. 


ILL.  No.  IS.     FARMERS  AXJi  .Mi;it(  H.VNTS  XATIoX.VL  KAXK  BriLI)L\(i,  LOS  AXGELES. 

The  <iranite  in  thij;  buildin;;  was  quiirried  in  Bly  Brothers'  Quarry. 
Declez,  San  Bernardino  ('o\iniv. 
4— lUL.    38  "  (49) 


50 


STRUCTURAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL    MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


surface.  On  tlie  east  side  of  the  river  the  solid  granite  in  rounded 
ledges  and  rounded  boulders  of  disintegration  covers  an  area  of  more 
than  a  square  mile.  In  several  different  places  over  this  area  small 
granite  quarries  have  been  operated,  the  j)roduct  being  mostly  Belgian 
blocks.  The  quarries  are  in  Sees.  28  and  29,  T.  6  N.,  R.  4  W.  Most  of 
the  work  has  been  done  on  the  surface  boulders,  but  in  a  few  places 
some  Avork  has  been  done  in  the  solid  ledge  underneath  the  boulders. 
The  quarrying  has  been  done  almost  entirely  by  hand,  and  most  of  it 


ILL.  No.  r.i.     i;iiANITK  (^lAKKV  AT  olU)  (iKAXI)E,  SAX  HERNARDINO  COUNTY. 


has  been  on  paving  blocks,  although  some    building   and    monument 
stone  has  been  shipped. 

Near  Vietorville  several  quarries  are  in  operation,  also  princi])ally 
producing  ])aviiig  blocks. 

Brownstone  Quarry  No.  4,  in  Sec.  34,  T.  6  N;,  R.  4  W.,  S.  B.  M.; 
J.  \y.  Auchinachie,  Vietorville,  owner.  'I'his  quarry  is  in  the  northern 
part  of  a  narrow  and  low  granite  ridge,  running  about  north  and  south, 
through  which  the  Mojave  Kiver  cuts  just  above  Vietorville,  forming 
the  Upper  Narrows,  and  on  whicli  all  the  granite  quarries  near  Vietor- 
ville are  located.  The  surface  boulders  in  this  quarry  have  a  less 
banded  structure  than  those  in  the  quarries  south  of  and  nearer  Vietor- 
ville.    The  solitl  granite  lies  in  beds  dipping  very  slightly  to  the  north- 


GRANITE — SAN   BERNARDINO    COUNTY.  51 

east,  from  6  to  8  feet  thick.  The  granite  breaks  regularly  and  readily. 
It  is  medium-grained,  of  a  very  even,  light-gray  color.  It  is  used  for 
building  and  monument  purposes.  The  county  jail  in  San  Bernardino 
is  built  of  this  granite.  Through  the  quarry  run  seams  of  rhyolite, 
and  in  places  masses  of  segregated  quartz  are  found. 

Copona  Quarry,  in  Sec.  3,  T.  5  N.,  R.  4  W.,  S.  B.  M.;  Fairchild-Gilmore- 
Wilton  Company,  Nos.  516-517  Pacific  Electric  Building,  Los  Angeles, 
owner.  Granite  boulders  are  worked  in  this  quarry.  The  granite  has 
a  yellowish  cast.     Paving  blocks  are  shipped  from  this  quarry. 

Leahy  &  Tupner  Gpanlte  Quarry,  in  Sec.  28,  T.  6  N.,  R.  4  W.,  S.  B.  M.; 
P.  H.  Leahy  and  J.  C.  Turner,  Victor ville,  owners.  It  is  on  the  south- 
w^est  slope  of  Silver  Mountain,  north  of  Victorville,  three  fourths  of  a 
mile  from  the  Santa  Fe  Railroad.  The  granite  lies  in  nearly  horizontal 
beds  from  6  to  15  feet  thick.  It  is  medium-grained  and  hard,  and  is 
broken  down  by  hand  drilling  and  blasting  with  black  powder,  and 
further  split  with  plugs  and  feathers.  It  has  been  used  in  the  Ferry 
Building,  San  Francisco,  the  Simpson  Tabernacle,  Los  Angeles,  and 
other  structures.  This  quarry  was  formerly  known  as  the  Leahy, 
Storan  &  Rodgers  quarry. 

Seheerer  Quapry,  in  Sec.  29,  T.  6  N.,  R.  4  W.,  S.  B.  M.;  Clemens  Scheerer, 
San  Bernardino,  owner.  It  is  close  to  the  preceding  quarry  and  in 
similar  material. 

St.  John  Quappy,  at  Victorville,  on  the  Upper  Narrows  of  the  Mojave 
River;  Hesperia  Land  and  Water  Company,  owner.  This  quarry  has 
been  idle  for  several  years. 

Victor  Quarry,  in  Sec.  3,  T.  5  N.,  R.  4  W.,  S.  B.  M.;  T.  H.  Hargraves, 
Victorville,  owner.  Principally  boulders  are  worked  in  this  quarry. 
The  material  is  similar  to  that  of  the  Corona  quarry  in  same  section. 
Paving  blocks  and  curbstones  are  shipped. 

White  Granite  Quarry,  in  Sees.  22  and  23,  T.  6.  N.,  R.  4  W.,  S.  B.  M.; 
George  E.  Hunt,  Victorville,  owner.  It  is  on  the  south  slope  of  Silver 
Mountain,  northeast  of  the  Leahy  &  Turner  quarry.  The  granite  is 
stated  to  be  bedded  nearly  horizontally  and  to  be  a  rather  fine-grained 
material  of  good  (juality  for  dimension  stone.  Very  little  work  has  as 
yet  been  done. 


52 


STRUCTURAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


SAN  DIEGO  COUNTY. 

Tliere  is  a  broad,  irregular  l)t'lt  of  granite  running  through  San  Diego 
County  west  of  the  middle  of  the  county.  With  the  exception  of  a  little 
stone  quarried  at  different  points  for  local  use,  the  only  (juarries  now 
producing  granite  are  those  at  Foster  and  Santee,  on  the  San  Diego, 
C'uyamaca  and  Eastern  Railway,  and  at  the  Sweetwater  Dam. 

A.  E.  Babeock,  Lawyer's  Block,  Fourth  and  E  streets,  San  Diego.  At 
Foster,  the  terminus  of  the  San  Diego,  Cuyamaca  and  PJastern  Railway, 
granite  is  quarried  for  rubble  and  shipped  to  the  San  Diego  breakwater. 


ILL.  No.  20.    SANTEE  GRANITE  QUARRY,  SAN  DIEOO  COUNTY. 

A  spur  is  run  from  the  railway  into  the  (juarry,  which  is  located  near 
the  railway  station,  and  the  rock  loaded  by  derrick  directly  on 
the  cars. 

Simpson-Pirnie  Granite  Company,  .Tames  Simpson,  president,  San 
Diego.  At  Santee,  a  station  on  the  San  Diego,  Cuyamaca  and  Eastern 
Railway,  3  miles  north  of  El  Cajon  and  25  miles  north  of  San  Diego, 
is  a  granite  (juarry  that  has  been  operated  for  several  years.  A  short 
railway  spur  extends  from  Santee  to  the  quarry,  which  is  on  the 
east  side  of  a  small  granite  butte  that  stands  close  to  the  hills  on  the 
north  side  of  the  El  Cajon  Valley.  The  granite  is  quarried  by  hand. 
The  stone  is  a  bright-colored,  light-gray,  biotite-augite  granite,  which 


GRANITE  — SAN    DIEGO    AND    SHASTA    COUNTIES.  53 

has  a  reddish  to  a  brownish  tint  on  the  weathered  outcrop.  In  some 
places  tliis  brownish  discoloration  from  the  oxidation  of  the  iron 
extends  several  feet  below  tlie  surface,  while  in  other  places  it  is  a  mere 
shell  on  the  surface.  In  the  middle  of  the  quarry  face  is  a  dike-like 
band  that  shows  several  open  vertical  joint  seams,  but  elsewhere  on 
the  face  the  rock  is  massive  and  almost  free  from  open  seams.  It  has  a 
remarkably  straight  fracture,  and  is  easily  obtained  in  regular  rectan- 
gular blocks  as  large  as  can  be  handled.  There  is  comparatively  little 
stripping  to  the  granite  mass  and  no  expensive  waste  in  quarrying.  As 
the  quarry  is  at  the  base  of  the  butte,  the  height  of  the  quarry  face  will 
increase  as  it  is  worked  back  toward  the  center  of  the  hill.  The  stone 
is  quite  uniform  in  texture  and  color,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  small 
dark  blotches  caused  by  a  local  segregation  of  the  dark  mica  flakes. 
It  is  used  largely  for  monuments,  and  for  this  purpose  it  is  cut  and 
dressed  at  the  company's  yard  in  San  Diego  and  shipped  in  considerable 
quantities  to  Los  Angeles  and  other  points  in  southern  California.  It 
also  makes  an  excellent  building  stone,  for  which  it  is  used  to  some 
extent. 

SweetwatBP  Dam  Quappy,  E.  A.  Hornbeck,  National  City,  general 
manager.  This  granite  quarry  is  some  miles  southwest  of  San  Diego, 
and  the  product  was  used  entirely  in  the  construction  of  the  reservoir 
dam. 

MPS.  W.  S.  WatBPman,  Hawthorn  and  Albatross  streets,  San  Diego. 
The  quarry  is  in  the  canon  about  a  mile  west  of  Foster.  The  granite 
is  hauled  by  wagon  to  Foster,  where  it  is  loaded  on  cars  for  shipment. 
The  product  is  used  for  building  and  monument  stone.  The  four 
Government  buildings  at  Fort  Rosecrans,  on  Point  Loma,  erected  in 
1908-04,  are  constructed  of  granite  from  this  quarry.  The  stone  is  light- 
colored  and  very  fine-grained,  bordering  on  a  felsite  in  places. 

SHASTA  COUNTY. 

The  granite  in  Shasta  County  is  principally  a  hornblende  granite. 
It  contains,  as  a  rule,  relatively  little  hornblende  and  bioxite  and  is  of 
light  color.  Where  not  decomposed,  the  rock  is  much  jointed  and  cross- 
jointed,  showing  the  effect  of  strong  pressure.  These  fracture  planes 
and  the  quartz  seams  cutting  through  the  rock  are  the  cause  of  its  not 
being  used  for  building  or  monument  purposes. 

Mastepson  Bpothers,  Redding,  formerly  quarried  the  granite  in  Sec. 
25,  T.  31  N.,  R.  6  W.,  and  Sec.  20,  T.  32  N.,  R.  6  W.,  but  have  aban- 
doned their  quarries. 


54  STRUCTURAL    A.\"l>    I  MM  STI^l  A  I.    .M  Al'KHl  AI,S    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

SJERRA  COUNTY. 

Granite  and  granitic  rocks  occupy  a  prominent  place  in  the  geolog- 
ical structure  of  Sierra  County,  especially  in  the  eastern  and  south-central 
portions.  No  exploitation  with  a  view  to  determining  its  structural 
qualification  has  been  undertaken. 

SISKIYOU  COUNTY. 

There  is  a  great  amount  of  granite  and  granodiorite  in  Siski3'^ou 
County.  The  greater  ]Kn-tion  is,  however,  too  much  shattered  to  be 
used  for  monument  or  building  purposes. 

On  Craggy  Mountain,  about  in  Sees.  22  and  23,  T.  41  N.,  R.  8  W., 
there  is  a  large  body  of  granite  from  which  blocks  of  any  desired  size 
can  be  obtained.     It  is  used  for  building  purposes  and  coping. 

In  Scott  River  caiion,  between  Fort  Jones  and  Scott's  Bar,  is  a  grano- 
diorite, mostly  dark  colored,  sometimes  grayish,  which  is  sufiicientl}^ 
massive  to  be  used.     It  is  of  very  good  quality  and  very  easily  worked. 

Southeast  of  Etna,  on  Mill  Creek,  about  in  Sec.  1,  T.  41  N.,  R.  9  W., 
there  is  a  large  body  of  very  fine-grained  granite,  closely  resembling 
Berry  granite  (Vermont),  taking  a  fine  polish  and  used  for  monument 
work. 

A  similar  grade  of  granite  is  found  southwest  of  Callahan,  in  the 
southwest  corner  of  T.  40  X.,  R.  8  W.,  and  the  southeast  corner  of 
T.  40  N.,  R.  9  W. 

At  the  head  of  Park's  Creek,  in  T.  41  N.,  R.  6  W.,  another  body  of 
gray  granite  of  good  quality  is  found. 

TRINITY  COUNTY. 

The  granite  in  Trinity  County  is  the  same  material  and  occurs  in  the 
same  manner  as  in  Shasta  County. 

In  Rush  Creek,  in  Sec.  26,  T.  84  N.,  R.  9  W.,  M.  D.  M.,  the  hard 
boulders  found  in  the  soft  mass  of  weathered  granite  were  formerly 
quarried  by  Masterson  &  Armstrong  of  Redding,  but  at  present  this 
quarry  is  abandoned. 

Better  quarries  could  be  opened  in  the  county,  provided  transportation 
facilities  to  bring  the  material  to  market  were  at  hand. 

TULARE  COUNTY. 

Mp.  Bartlett,  of  Porterville,  is  quarrying  granite  for  building  purposes 
in  the  foothills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains,  3  miles  northeast  of 
Porterville.  The  stone  that  is  quarried  for  building  ])urposes  is 
obtained  in  a  gap  of  the  ridge  close  to  the  north  end  of  the  granite  out- 
crop.    The  mountain  on  the  south  side  of  the  gap  is  all  granite;  on  the 


GRANITE— TULARE    COUNTY. 


55 


north  side  the  granite  extends  probably  a  third  of  the  distance  up  the 
hill,  where  it  meets  the  magnesite-bearing  serpentine.  (See  under 
Magnesite,  page  333.)  The  granite  is  quarried  on  both  sides  of  the  gap 
from  the  surface  boulders,  most  of  which  are  rounded  by  concentric 
weathering.  Some  are  partially  disintegrated  over  the  surface,  while 
others  are  sound  to  the  surface,  but  all  are  sound  in  the  interior.  The 
rock  is  a  biotite  granite  of  medium-coarse  grain.  It  has  a  fairly  straight 
cleavage  and  takes  a  nice  polish.  The  rock  mass  is  intersected  by  a 
great  many  joint  planes,  hence  the  stone  does  not  occur  in  large 
dimensions,  but  blocks  large  enough  for  ordinary  building  purposes  are 


ILL.  No.  21.     SHED  AND  YARD  AT  ROCKY  POINT  GRANITE  QUARRY.  TULARE  COUNTY. 

obtained.  The  supply  of  granite  here  is  practically  unlimited.  The 
stone  is  now  being  used  in  the  construction  of  a  bank  building  in 
Porterville. 

Reeky  Point  Granite  Quarry,  in  Sec.  8,  T.  19  S..  R.  27  E.;  Griffith  & 
Owens,  of  Exeter,  owners.  The  granite  is  a  gray  syenitic  rock,  of  very 
uniform  texture  and  color,  which  splits  readily  in  any  direction  and 
takes  a  fine  polish.  It  occurs  in  large  detached  masses  and  flattened 
beds;  the  pitch  of  the  latter  is  a  little  east  of  north,  at  an  angle  of  about 
30  degrees.  These  beds  or  layers  vary  from  2  to  25  feet  in  thickness, 
and  are  so  situated  that  a  back  of  any  required  height  may  be  obtained 
to  the  quarry.     The  "rift"  appears  to   be  east  and  west.     All  drilling 


56  STKL'CTL'KAL    AND    IXDISTKIAL    MATERIALS    OK    CAMFOKXI A. 

is  done  by  hand.  Powder  is  used  only  to  break  the  hirger  pieces,  while 
the  dimension  stone  is  split  by  plugs  and  feathers.  Any  desired  size 
of  building  stone  is  obtainable.  The  company  also  operates  a  yard  in 
Exeter  for  dressing  and  ])olishing  the  stone  before  ship})ing.  (See 
Xllth  Annual  iicport  of  California  State  Mining  Bureau.  lSi)4,  page 
387.) 

TUOLUMNE  COUNTY. 

Phoenix  Lake  Granite  Quarpy,  in  Sec.  28,  T.  2  X.,  R.  15  E.;  J.  M. 
Phillips,  general  manager,  l)uildcrs'  Exchange,  26  Jessie  street, 
San  Francisco.  The  quarry  is  located  at  the  head  of  Phouiix  Lake, 
about  7  miles  northeast  of  Sonora.  The  granite  is  hauled  by  wagon 
to  a  siding  of  the  Sierra  Railway  Company,  about  2  miles  above  Sonora. 
The  stone  is  a  very  fine-grained  granite,  a  sprinkling  of  small  crystals 
of  biotite  giving  it  a  gray  color. 

YUBA  COUNTY. 

(iranite,  of  a  quality  suitable  for  structures,  occurs  in  Yuba  County 
on  the  east  side  of  Willow  Creek,  in  Sec.  9,  T.  18  N.,  R.  8  E.,  2  miles 
by  wagon  road  southwest  from  Camptonville.  Willow  Creek,  from  this 
point  southwest  and  west  to  its  confluence  with  the  North  Yuba  River, 
appears  to  mark  the  northern  end  of  the  granite  belt  which  extends 
west  to  the  North  Yuba  River. 


GRANITIC  ROCKS. 


SAN  DIEGO  COUNTY. 

Dehesa  Quarry,  N.  Kessler  and  Marion  Powers,  Dehesa,  owners.  On 
the  north  side  of  the  Sweetwater  River,  a  few  miles  east  of  El  Cajon,  is 
a  large  mass  of  gabbro,  portions  of  which  are  orbicular  and  are  highly 
ornamental  on  a  polished  surface.  This  rock  is  mentioned  in  the 
Xlth  Annual  Keport  of  the  State  Mining  Bureau,  page  95,  by 
H.  W.  Fairbanks.  The  orbicular  rock  was  first  discovered  by  Marion 
Powers,  of  Dehesa  Prof.  A.  C.  Lawson,  of  the  University  of  California, 
gave  a  short  description  of  it  in  "Science"  (Vol.  XV,  p.  415),  and  a 
more  extended  description  of  it  in  Bulletin  No.  17,  \'ol.  Ill,  Department  of 
Geology,  rniversity  of  California.  See  also  Bulletin  No.  ?>7,  "Gems, 
Jewelers'  Materials,  and  Ornamental  Stones,"  State  Mining  Bureau. 
W.  H.  Kessler  and  W.  R.  Hamilton,  (»f  Stanford  University,  made  a  study 
of  this  rock  and  published  an  excellent   illustrated  description  of  it  in 


GRANITIC  ROCKS  — SAN   DIEGO  COUNTY. 


57 


the  American  Geologist  for  September,  1904.     The  Mining  Bureau  is 
indebted  to  these  gentlemen  and  to  the  American  Geologist  for  the    Mts 


ILL    No.  22,     BOULUER  OF  ORBICULAR  GABKRO. 

of  the  orbicular  gabbro  shown  in  this  Bulletin.     Free  use  of  boll-  of 
the  above  papers  has  been  made  in  the  following  pages. 

The  gabbro  occurs  apparently  as  an  intrusive  boss  in  the  midst  of 


58 


STRUCTLKAl,    AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATERLVLS   OP    CALIFORNIA. 


the  granites.  It  outcrops  over  ;m  area  of  about  a  square  mile  on  the 
hill  at  Dehesa,  and  is  said  by  Fairl)anks  to  extend  4  or  5  miles  south- 
east. The  hill  on  which  it  occurs  extends  about  1200  feet  above  the 
river  and  ISOO  feet  above  sea  level.  On  the  slopes  in  the  central  por- 
tion of  the  gabbro  mass  there  are  scattered  boulders  of  the  orbicular 


ILL.  No.  2:^.    SECTION  OF  ORBICULAR  GABBRO,  SHOWING  GENERAL 

APPEARANCE. 

W\uU'  minerals  are  feldspars.     Dark  minerals  are  olivines,  hornblendes  and  hyper- 

sthenes.    Thickness,  about 'imm.    Natural  size. 

rock.     The  boulders  vary  in  size,  some  of  the  larger  ones  being  several 
feet  in  diameter.     The  orl)icular  rock  has  not  been  found  in  place. 

There  are  several  varieties  of  the  orbicular  rock,  based  on  variations 
in  texture.  The  most  common  variety  is  one  in  which  there  is  a  ring 
of  feldspar  around  the  outside,  surrounding  the  nucleus  composed  of  a 
crystalline  aggregate,  much  like  the  groundmass  of  the  rock.     Another 


GRANITIC  ROCKS— SAN   DIEGO   COUNTY,  59 

variety  consists  of  spheroidal  bodies  which  do  not  show  either  concen- 
tric or  radial  structure.  They  appear  to  be  harder  and  of  firmer  texture 
than  the  surrounding  material,  and  on  the  disintegration  of  the  rock  by 
weathering,  the  rounded  balls  remain  like  pebbles  in  the  residuum.  A 
third  variety  has  both  radial  and  concentric  structure. 

The  rock  is  composed  of  plagioclase  feldspar,  hornblende,  hypersthene, 
and  iron  oxide.  It  varies  considerably  in  texture  outside  of  the  spheroidal 
masses,  portions  of  the  mass  being  a  rather  finely  crystalline  aggregate, 
with  parts  quite  coarsely  crystalline.  Some  of  the  hornblende  crystals 
in  place  along  joint  planes  are  several  inches  in  length.  The  basic 
character  of  the  orbicular  portions  is  shown  by  the  analysis  of  the 
orbule,  one  of  the  round  portions  of  the  mass. 

Analysis*  of  Orbule  of  the  Orbieular  Gabbro. 

I.  II. 

Silica  (SiO,) 40.50  39.76 

Aluminum  (AI2O3) 23.01  22.71 

Iron(FeO) 11.96  11.96 

Magnesia  (MgO) 12.24  12.56 

Lime(CaO) 11.44  11.39 

Soda  (NaoO) 1.19  1.33 

Potash  (K2O) .40  .87 

Analysist  of  the  Feldspar  of  the  Orbicular  Gabbro. 

Silica  (SiO.) 44.39 

Aluminum  (AUOs) 36.55 

Lime  (CaO)--.   18.67 

Soda(Na20) . .83 

Analysis  indicates  anorthite  or  nearly  pure  lime  feldspar. 

The  orbicular  gabbro  is  adapted  to  interior  decoration,  because  of  its 
variegated  texture  and  coloring.  Without  being  gaudy  or  bizarre,  it 
has  a  rich  coloring  and  a  unique  configuration  that  will  catch  and 
please  the  eye. 

No  very  definite  estimate  could  be  made  of  the  quantity  of  this  stone 
available.  It  occurs  on  the  surface  only  in  boulders,  and  these  form 
but  a  small  percentage  of  the  boulders  on  the  hillside.  The  occur- 
rence of  the  boulders  is  such  as  to  leave  one  in  doubt  as  to  whether 
they  came  from  a  single  dike  or  vein-like  portion  of  the  mass,  or  from 
several  separated  portions  of  the  whole  mass. 

The  number  and  size  of  the  boulders  scattered  over  the  surface  indi- 
cate that  there  is  considerable  stone  here  for  commercial  purposes,  and 
exploitation  may  at  any  time  reveal  the  rock  in  place.  If  it  should  be 
found  in  place  in  sufficient  quantities  to  furnish  a  constant  supply  to 
the  market,  and  to  fill  any  orders  in  reasonable  time,  it  ought  to  readily 
find  a  place  among  ornamental  stones.     It  is    almost  unknown  as    a 

*  University  of  California,  Department  of  Geology,  Bulletin  No.  17,  Volume  III,  p. 
394.    Analysis  made  by  James  W.  Howson. 
tAnalvsis  by  W.  T.  Schaller. 


60 


STRUCTURAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS    OF    CALIFORNIA. 


commercial  })roduct,  so  that  architects  would  be  slow  to  use  it  until 
assured  that  it  is  obtainable  in  quantity. 

Orbicular  gabbro  occurs  elsewhere  in  California.  There  is  a  speci- 
men in  the  museum  of  the  State  Mining  Bureau  from  Rattlesnake  Bar, 
El  Dorado  County,  which  was  sfent  in  by  John  Muir,  and  labeled 
"Orbicular  Diorite  (Napoleonite)." 

Orbicular  gabbro  from  Sierra  County  and  norite  from  Plumas  County 
are  described  by  Turner.*  His  description  indicates  that,  while  part 
of  the  stone  is  similar  to  that  at  Dehesa,  there  are  some  varieties  which 


^.'. 


^^SiT" 


,«!■:.'*  •. 


.'*. 


^,^^«i^^.T« 


'hmmm 


ILL.  No.  24.    ORBICULAR  DIORITE  MINE,  DEHESA,  SAN  DIEGO  COUNTY— NEAR  VIEW 

OF  OUTCROP. 

have  not  been  observed  at  the  latter  point.  He  says  that  not  many  of 
the  orbicules  are  strictly  orbicular,  but  that  one  of  the  finest  is  kidney- 
shaped,  A\  inches  long  and  1^  inches  wide.  (See  i)hotograph  in  17th 
Annual  Report,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  ])1.  .')0.)  There  is  nothing  in 
Turner's  description  to  indicate  the  quantity  of  the  orbicular  stone  in 
the  above  localities,  nor  whether  it  occurs  in  boulders  or  ledges,  nor 
the  possible  sizes  obtainable. 

Orbicular  granite  is   said  to  occur  in  Rhode  Island  and  in  Ontario, 
but  so  far  as  known,  no  commercial  use  has  been  made  of  it  in  either 


*14th    Report    IT.  S.  Goologicnl  Suivcy,   I'l. 
logical  Survey,  Pt.  1,  p.  «)42. 


II,  i>.    171,  and  ITtli    IleiKirt   U.  S.  Geo- 


LIMESTONE    AND    LIME.  61 

})lace.     The    same    is    true    of   the    locality    in    Davie    Count}^    North 
Carolina.* 

Persons  desiring  further  information  on  orhicular  gabbro,  diorite  and 
granite  are  referred  to  the  papers  by  Kessler  and  Hamilton,  by  Lawson, 
l)y  Adams,  and  by  Wktson,  each  of  which  contains  a  bibliographical  list 
of  references  to  the  papers  on  this  subject. 


LIMESTONE  AND  LIME. 


LIMESTONE. 

Distpibution  of  Limestone  in  Califopnia,— Limestone  is  pretty  well  dis- 
tributed over  the  State  of  California;  no  very  large  area  is  entirely 
without  it,  yet  the  deposits  are  not  continuous  over  large  areas.  The 
stone  is  in  some  places  several  hundred  feet  thick,  but,  as  a  rule,  it 
extends  only  a  short  distance  on  the  surface. 

Uses  of  Limestone  and  Lime.— Limestone  is  used  for  building  and 
ornamental  purposes,  mostly,  however,  in  the  metamorphic  form — 
marble.  It  is  further  used  to  burn  lime.  The  lime  burned  at  Suisun, 
Napa  Junction,  and  Colton  is  principally  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
cement,  and  in  the  near  future  much  of  that  from  other  points  will  be 
so  used,  as  the  cement  industry  is  increasing  very  rapidly. 

The  numerous  large  beet-sugar  factories  in  the  State  use  large 
quantities  of  lime,  several  of  the  productive  quarries  being  operated  for 
the  sugar  factories  alone.  The  manufacture  of  beet-sugar  is  an  industry 
that  is  liable  to  increase  greatly  in  the  near  future  of  California,  and 
hence  an  increased  demand  for  lime  for  this  purpose. 

The  remainder  of  the  product  is  used  for  furnace  flux,  as  a  fertilizer, 
for  mortar  and  plaster  in  building  operations,  in  glass  manufacture, 
and  other  minor  industries. 

The  California  limestones  belong  in  several  different  geological  periods, 
were  formed  under  different  conditions,  and  hence  differ  considerably  in 
structure,  texture,  and  composition.  The  limestones  of  Santa  Cruz, 
Kern,  San  Bernardino,  and  San  Diego  counties  are  all  highly  metamor- 
phosed and  associated  with  granites  Their  geological  age  is  indefinite, 
but  is  probably  as  old  as  the  Paleozoic.  The  deposits  at  Suisun  and 
Concord  are  travertine,  and  probably  of  recent  age. 


*Orbicnlar  gabbro,  diorite  from  Davie  County,  N.  C,  by  Thos.  L.  Watson,  .Journal 
of  Geol.,  Vol.  XII,  p.  294. 


62 


STKUCTIKAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL    MATERIALS    OF    CALIFORNIA. 


PRODUCTION  OF  LIME  AND  LIMESTONE  IN  CALIFORNIA  FOR   1904. 


CmNTIF.S. 

LIMK. 

LIMESTONE. 

Barrels. 

Value 

Tons. 

Value. 

Amador      ..  

1,700 

$1,700 

Calaveras         _  .. . 

3,500 

$5,500 

Contra  Costa .  . 

12,187 

12,8(i4 

178,038 

10,000 

215 

3,240 

20,000 

25.000 

10,359 

7,(175 

172.000 

10,  (KK) 

850 

3,240 

20,000 

21,500 

El  Dorado 

Kern                                                            .  , 

Los  Angeles 

Mono                                    --        .  .-       - 

Monterey 

Riverside.             _     -     _       . 

4,550 

21,500 

San  Bernardino  .  -  

28.421 
6,000 

42,575 

Santa  Barbara 

12,000 

Santa  Cruz 

293,207 

18,000 

.      1,500 

306,775 

10,500 

2,2.50 

Shasta 

Sonoma - 

Unapi)ortioned 

1,236 
43,707 

11,132 

Totals      -- 

565,951 

.$566,249 

192,707 

Total  value  of  lime  and  limestone,  .|658,956. 

From  this  it  will  be  seen  that  the  total  value  of  the  lime  produced  in 
one  year  is  $566,249,  and  of  the  lime  and  limestone  nearly  $660,000. 
Lime  is  produced  in  twenty  counties.  The  limestone  is  given  as  used 
for  furnace  flux,  beet-sugar  manufacture,  and  paving.  The  part  that 
is  used  in  the  sugar  factories  is  first  made  into  (|uicklime,  and  that  used 
for  furnace  flux  is  reduced  to  lime  in  the  furnace;  hence,  all  the  lime- 
stone quarried  in  the  State  is  used  for  lime  except  the  little  that  is  used 
for  paving  and  concrete.  The  above  table  does  not  include  the  large 
quantities  that  are  used  in  the  manufacture  of  Portland  cement,  nor 
does  it  include  that  used  for  marble  and  onyx. 


LIME. 

Lime  is  the  oxide  of  the  metal  calcium  (CaO),  and  in  some  form  is  the 
basis  of  all  the  mortars  and  cements  used  in  building  operations.  In  a 
comparatively  pure  form  it  is  common  lime,  caustic  lime,  or  quicklime. 
When  mixed  with  a  considerable  percentage  of  clay  or  silica  it  forms 
poor  or  meager  limes,  and  with  the  increase  of  clay  it  forms  hydraulic 
lime,  and  when  mixed  with  clay  in  proper  proportions  it  forms  cement. 
Lime  combined  with  sulphuric  acid  forms  calcium  sulphate,  which 
forms  the  plaster  of  paris  cements. 

Bupning-.— Lime  is  produced  commercially  by  heating  common  lime- 
stone; in  heaj)s  or  in  specially  constructed  furnaces  known  as  limekilns. 
Limestone  consists  of  the  carbonate  of  lime,  which  when  heated  at  high 


LIMESTONE    AND    LIME.  63 

temperature  loses  tlie  carbonic  acid,  which  passes  off  as  a  gas,  and  the 
oxide  of  lime  for  cjuicklime  remains. 

CaCOg  Heated  =  CaO     +     COg      - 

Limestone  Quicklime.  Carbonic  acid  gas. 

Limestone  begins  to  lose  its  carbonic  gas  at  about  750°  F.,  but  requires 
a  temperature  of  over  1800°  F.  before  it  is  all  driven  off.  In  chemically 
pure  lime  carbonate,  there  are  56  per  cent  of  lime  and  44  per  cent  of 
carbonic  acid,  but  there  is  nearly  always  present  a  considerable 
percentage  of  moisture  and  organic  matter,  which  are  driven  off,  and 
generally  a  varying  percentage  of  clay,  magnesia,  iron  oxide,  etc.,  which 
are  not  driven  off,  in  the  burning.  So  the  actual  percentage  of  lime  may 
vary  from  55  per  cent  or  more  to  30  per  cent  or  less  of  the  stone.  The 
moisture  in  the  stone  facilitates  the  burning,  so  that  a  freshly  quarried 
moist  stone  is  more  readily  reduced  than  a  dry  stone.  Hence  a  dense, 
compact  stone  is  reduced  with  greater  difficulty  than  a  porous  one,  but 
the  quality  of  lime  is  better. 

It  is  desirable  to  have  the  lumps  of  stone  of  a  nearly  uniform  size  as 
they  are  put  into  the  kiln.  If  there  are  a  few  large  pieces,  either  they 
will  not  be  calcined  to  the  center  and  hence  will  not  slake,  or  there  will 
be  a  waste  of  fuel  in  heating  the  smaller  pieces  after  they  have  been 
calcined. 

The  burning  may  be  done  in  open  fire  where  a  small  quantity  of  lime 
is  wanted  for  local  use.  Where  any  considerable  quantity  of  lime  is 
desired,  kilns  are  constructed. 

Limekilns. — There  are  two  classes  of  kilns  in  general  use:  the  inter- 
mittent kiln,  which  is  used  only  when  a  small  quantity  of  lime  is 
wanted,  and  the  continuous  kiln,  which  is  the  kind  in  general  use. 
There  are  many  different  types  of  the  continuous  kiln,  which  resemble 
each  other  in  that  the  burning  process  is  a  continuous  one  from  the 
time  the  fire  is  started  until  it  is  extinguished  for  repairs,  or  for 
some  other  purpose.  In  the  first  class  the  fire  is  intermittent,  as  the 
name  indicates.  The  kiln  is  filled  or  partially  filled  with  stone,  and 
what  is  estimated  to  be  sufficient  fuel  to  drive  off  the  carbonic  acid  is 
put  underneath  and  mixed  with  the  stone  and  fired.  The  kiln  is 
permitted  to  cool  after  the  fuel  is  burned  and  the  lime  is  drawn 

There  are  many  different  kinds  of  continuous  limekilns,  some  of 
which  are  covered  with  patents.  They  may  all  be  divided  into  two 
classes,  in  one  of  which  the  fuel  and  limestone  are  put  in  the  kiln  in 
alternate  layers,  and  in  the  other,  the  fuel  is  burned  in  furnaces  and 
only  the  fiames  enter  the  kiln.  The  objection  to  the  first  class  is  that 
the  ashes  of  the  fuel  are  mixed  with  the  lime  and  injure  it  more  or  less. 
So  serious  is  this  objection  that  kilns  of  this  type  are  gradually  being 
replaced  by  the  shaft  kiln. 


64  STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

Slaking  Lime.— W'licii  water  is  added  to  quicklime,  it  combines  with  it 
chemically  and  forms  the  hydrate,  the  hydroxide,  or  slaked  lime;  thus, 

CaO  +  H,0  =  Ca2(0H). 

Quii'klinie.  Wulvr.  Slaku.l  liun'. 

This  process  is  accompanied  by  the  evolution  of  heat,  whirh  is  most 
prominent  in  the  rich  or  fat  limes  and  decreases  with  the  increase  of 
impurities.  As  the  change  from  lime  carbonate  to  the  oxides  causes  a 
decrease  in  bulk  ( usually  about  6  per  cent)  and  a  decrease  in  weight 
(about  40  per  cent),  so  the  addition  of  water  causes  an  increase  in  both 
weight  and  volume. 

Uses  of  Lime.— Probably  more  lime  is  used  in  mortar  than  for  any 
other  purpose.  For  this  it  is  first  slaked  and  then  mixed  with  sand, 
when  used  for  binding  masonry  together  and  for  wall  plaster.  It  is 
also  used  without  the  sand  for  whitewashing. 

Some  of  the  other  purposes  for  Avhich  lime  is  used  are:  (1)  dehydrat- 
ing alcohol;  (2)  disinfectant;  (3)  dyeing;  (4)  fertilizer  for  agricultural 
purposes;  (5)  flux  and  glaze  in  pottery  manufacture;  (6)  furnace  flux; 
(7)  furnace  hearths;  (8)  furnace  linings  where  the  basic  steel  process  is 
used;  (9)  insecticide;  (10)  manufacture  of  aqua  ammonia;  (11)  manu- 
facture of  boneash;  (12)  manufacture  of  calcium  carbide;  (lo)  manu- 
facture of  gas;  (14)  manufacture  of  glass;  (15)  manufacture  of 
paper;  (16)  manufacture  of  potassium  dichromate;  (17)  manufacture 
of  soap;  (18)  manufacture  of  soda;  (19)  molds  and  crucible;  (20)  oxy- 
hydrogen  light;  (21)  polishing  material;  (22)  refining  beet-sugar; 
(2:!)  tanning,  in  removing  the  hair  from  the  hides. 

ALAMEDA   COUNTY. 

J.  D.  Collins,  Livermore,  owner;  in  Sec.  80,  T.  2  S.,  R.  8  E.  A  small 
outcrop  of  crystallized  limestone  occurs  on  summit  of  hill,  6  miles  north- 
east of  Livermore.     Undeveloped. 

AMADOR  COUNTY. 

Amador  County  Limekiln;  J.  H.  Bonham,  lone,  proprietor;  Theo. 
Gebhart,  lone,  manager.  Situated  about  4  miles  by  wagon  road  north 
of  east  of  lone.  The  lime  is  burned  in  an  intermittent  stone  kiln  erected 
by  Mr.  Bonham  in  18oi*,  which  has  been  in  operation  ever  since  that 
time.  They  first  gathered  up  the  limestone  boulders  over  the  surface, 
and  later  opened  two  quarries,  one  at  the  kiln  and  another  some  dis- 
tance southeast  of  the  kiln. 

The  stone  at  the  kiln  is  a  compact,  blue-gray,  stratified  limestone, 
wiiich  is  (juarried  by  hand  and  lifted  by  a  derrick  to  the  toj)  of  the  kiln. 
It  is  burned  with  wood  obtained  in  the  vicinity  of  the  kiln.     It  appears 


LIMESTONE    AND    LIME  — BUTTE,    CALAVERAS.  65 

to  be  a  comparatively  pure  carbonate  of  lime,  which  gives  good  satis- 
faction for  plaster  and  mortar.  It  is  used  almost  exclusivelj'  in  the 
buildings  in  Amador  County,  and  is  delivered  by  wagons  from  the 
kilns.  None  of  it  is  shipped  out  of  the  county.  The  production  was 
1700  barrels  of  lime  in  1904. 

The  deposit  at  the  quarry  shows  a  thickness  of  more  than  100  feet, 
and  as  the  contact  on  either  side  is  not  exposed,  the  total  thickness  of 
the  bed  is  not  shown,  but  from  the  scattered  outcrops  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  quarry  it  appears  to  be  quite  heavy  and  apparently  inexhaustible. 

The  numerous  fissures  and  joints  in  the  stone  prohibit  the  quarrying 
of  dimension  stone  for  building  purposes,  but  it  is  admirably  adapted 
for  use  as  quicklime. 

BUTTE   COUNTY. 

The  limestone  deposits  of  Butte  County  are  described  under  the 
headings  "Cement''  and  "Marble." 

CALAVERAS  COUNTY, 

Genelli  Ranch. — At  the  Genelli  ranch,  one  mile  north  of  Vallecito, 
some  marble  has  been  burned  in  a  crude  kiln  for  use  as  lime  in  that 
vicinity,  but  only  at  intervals  and  not  for  shipment.  There  is  an  un- 
limited suj^ply  of  limestone  in  this  vicinity. 

Mepcep's  Cave,  in  Sec.  31,  T.  4  N.,  R.  14  E.,  M.  D.  M.;  W.  J.  Mercer,  of 
^Nlurphys,  owner.  This  wonderful  work  of  nature  lies  just  off  the  Sierra 
road,  li  miles  northwest  of  Murphys,  and  was  discovered  in  1885  by  the 
owner.  It  occurs  in  the  limestone  belt  that  passes  through  Murphys,  and 
consists  of  several  chambers,  which  are  connected  by  stairways  and  lighted 
by  electricity.  The  first  room  is  200  feet  long,  60  feet  wide,  and  58  feet 
high,  with  thousands  of  stalactites  hanging  overhead  and  on  the  walls 
in  the  most  fantastic  shapes.  The  entire  cave  is  362  feet  long  and 
about  150  feet  deep. 

Mapkwood  Quappy,  in  Sec.  32,  T.  5  N.,  R.  11  E.;  George  Markwood, 
8r.,  Fosteria,  owner.  The  rock  is  occasionally  quarried  for  use  as  flux 
at  the  smelter  at  Campo  Seco. 

MeNamapa  Quappy,  in  Sec.  32,  T.  5  N.,  R.  11  E. ;  Charles  McNamara, 
Fosteria,  owner.  The  limestone  occurs  in  highly  tilted  slates.  It  is 
operated  intermittently  to  furnish  stone  for  fluxing  purposes  at  the 
smelter  at  Campo  Seco. 

Plaza  Limestone  Quappy,  in  Sec.  32,  T.  5  N.,  R.  11  E.;  Penn  Chemical 
Works,  Campo  Seco,  owner.     The  entire  output  is  used  for  flux  at   the 
company's  smelter  at  Campo  Seco. 
5 — BUL.  38 


66  STiUCTlHAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL    MATERIALS    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

Young's  Quarry,  in  Sec.  4,  T.  4  N.,  K.  11  Iv;  A.  iV:  1).  Young,  Fosteria, 
owners.  This  is  the  largest  limestone  quarry  in  the  vicinity.  Formerly 
the  owners  burned  some  lime,  Ijut  of  l;ite  years  the  (juurr}'  has  been 
idle  except  when  rock  was  sold  to  the  smelter  at  Cuinpo  Seco  for  use  as 
Hux.  The  limestone  croppings  extend  for  about  three  fourths  of  a 
niil(>  in  a  general  northwesterly  and  southeasterly  direction. 

The  limestone  in  the  (juarries  near  Fosteria  is  a  compact,  fine-grained, 
dark  blue  rock,  colored  by  carbon,  whicli  readil}-  burns  out,  producing 
a  good  lime. 


t'^ 


COLUSA  COUNTY. 

Lambert  Ranch,  in  Sec.  20,  T.  1(5  X.,  K.  5  W.;  .J.T.  IJatlil)un,  College 
City,  owner.  A  deposit  of  limestone,  from  wliich  lime  was  burned 
about  fifteen  years  ago. 

Manzanita,  in  Sec.  2U,  T.  14  N.,  R.  5.  \\\;  (i.  V.  Xorthey,  Sulphur 
Creek,  owner.  Lime  is  produced  from  coarse  crystalline  limestone 
deposits,  for  retorting  and  local  use.  Only  a  small  quantity  has  been 
marketed. 


CONTRA  COSTA  COUNTY, 

CoL  Coates,  in  Sec.  15,  T.  1  X.,  R.  1  E.,  M.  D.  M.  Limestone  occurs  on 
the  pro})erty  of  Col.  Coates,  in  Oil  Caiion.  The  outcrop  is  similar  and 
adjoins  the  deposit  belonging  to  Mr.  Harkinson. 

Henry  Cowell  Lime  Company's  lime  (juarries  lie  3  miles  south  of  Con- 
cord, in  the  foothills  on  the  northwest  end  of  Mount  Diablo.  The  rock 
is  a  travertine,  which  outcrops  over  a  considerable  area  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  (juiirries.  It  varies  in  character,  a  large  part  of  it  being  a  very 
compact  drab-colored  stone,  very  faintly  banded,  hi  i)laces  it  is  bluish 
colored,  and  brecciated.  Part  of  the  stone  is  a  snow  white,  porous,  light 
tufa,  which  is  irregularly  mixed  through  the  other  rock.  The  compact 
rock,  because  of  its  high  specific  gravity,  is  thought  to  be  aragonite. 

There  are  two  (juarry  openings.  The  one  now  in  operation  is  an 
irregular,  funnel-shaped  opening,  about  50  feet  deep  and  covering  prob- 
ably about  half  an  acre  at  the  toi>.  The  other  (][uarry  is  on  the  point 
of  the  liill,  about  one  eighth  of  a  mile  south  of  west  from  the  first  men- 
tioned and  50  feet  or  more  al)ove  it,  and  has  a  face  of  50  feet  of  lime- 
stone. The  only  covering  over  this  stone  at  either  opening  is  a  tliin 
layer  of  dark-brown  adobe.  The  stone  is  cut  by  numerous  seams  and 
cracks,  wliicli  cause  it  to  come  from  tlic  ([uarry  in  sucli  small  dimen- 
sions that  there  is  very  little  of  it  that  needs  furtlicr  bicaking  for  the 
limekiln. 


LIMESTONE    AND   LliAIE — CONTKA    COSTA,   EL   DORADO. 


67 


Tlie  stone  is  hauled  bv  wagon  from  the  (luarry  to  tlie  kiln  on  the  rail- 
road at  Concord,  where  it  is  burned  ready  for  shipment.  At  present 
(August,  1904)  some  unl)urn(Ml  stone  is  being  shipped. 

Hapkinson  Lime  Deposit,  in  Sec.  16,  T.  1  N.,  R.  1  E.,  M.  I).  M.;  H. 
Harkinson,  Antioch,  owner.  The  deposit,  which  is  about  7  miles  south- 
west of  Antioch,  in   Oil  Canon,  has  l)een  developed  by  a  tunnel.     The 


ILL.  No.  li.'i.     l.l.MKSroNK  liUAlUlV  OF  IIKNUY  COWELL  LLMK  AND  CEMENT   ('0:\n'ANV, 

CONCORD,  CONTRA  COSTA  COUNTY. 

rock    is    an   amorphous,   compact,  bluish-gray,  fossiliferous  limestone. 
Very  little  of  the  rock  has  ever  been  shipped. 


EL  DORADO  COUNTY. 

Alabaster  Cave,  W.  T.  Holmes  Lime  Company,  24  Sacramento 
street,  San  Francisco,  owner,  is  about  7  miles  east  of  Newcastle,  on  the 
east  side  of  the  American  River,  and  about  three  fourths  of  a  mile  above 
the  suspension  bridge.  It  occurs  in  a  crystalline,  granular,  white,  and 
clouded  white  and  blue  limestone,  which  lies  in  a  stratum  about  50  feet 
thick,  inclosed  by  mica-schists.  The  limestone  layers  are  standing 
vertical  and  have  a  north  and  south  strike  parallel  with  the  cleavage  of 
the  schist.  It  forms  a  bold  outcrop  on  each  side  of  a  small  canon  that 
cuts  through  it.     The  Alabaster  cave  from   wliich  the  place  is  named  is 


68  STRUCTURAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL    .^LVTERLVLS   OF    CALIFORNLV. 

on  the  roadside  on  tlie  north  side  of  the  canon.  A  Hme  quarry  was 
opened  on  the  hill  immediately  above  it,  and  a  stone  kiln  in  which  tlie 
lime  was  ))urn(Ml  is  on  the  roadside,  hut  they  have  not  lieen  used  for 
several  years. 

On  the  south  side  of  the  canon  and  a  few  hundred  feet  from  the  cave  is 
a  large  stack  kiln,  in  which  is  burned  the  lime  from  the  stone  quarried 
just  above  it.  This  quarry  has  been  worked  to  a  depth  of  50  feet,  about 
800  feet  long,  and  to  the  full  width  of  the  limestone.  The  lime  rock  is 
brought  on  tram-cars  to  the  top  of  the  kiln,  which  stands  on  the  hill- 
side below  the  level  of  the  quarry. 

The  stone  at  the  above  quarry  is  a  compact,  heavy,  medium-coarse, 
crystalline  limestone,  free  from  impurities,  except  a  few  parallel  bands 
of  schist  which  are  inclosed  in  it.  >Some  of  these  schist  bands  are  dis- 
integrated to  the  depth  of  the  quarry  opening,  and  the  rotten  schist  is 
easily  separated  from  the  limestone;  but  some  of  the  schist  is  not  disin- 
tegrated and  is  not  so  easih^  separated  from  the  limestone,  and  hence 
causes  some  waste  in  the  quarrying. 

The  stone  is  burned  with  wood  in  the  kiln  at  the  quarry  and  hauled 
in  rawhide  sacks  by  wagon  7  miles  to  Newcastle,  on  the  Southern  Pacific 
Railroad.  It  is  mostly  shipped  to  Sacramento  and  handled  liy  the 
Sacramento  Lime  Company. 

At  Cave  Valley,  east  of  Auburn,  is  another  limestone  quarry  and  lime- 
kilns. 

Henry  Cowell  Lime  Company.— It  is  reported  that  about  2  miles 
north  of  Cothrin  station,  on  the  Placerville  branch  of  the  Southern 
Pacific  Railroad,  the  Henry  Cowell  Company  owns  and  operates  a  large 
lime  quarry  and  kilns.     The  lime  is  shipped  from  Cothrin  station. 

Limestone  is  said  to  occur  in  small,  isolated,  lenticular  masses  in  a 
number  of  places  in  the  county.  The  limestones  are  thought  by 
Mr.  Lindgrcn  to  be  of  Carl)onif(n-ous  age.* 

FRESNO  COUNTY. 

Limestone  is  found  in  large  quantities  in  T.  12  S..  R.  2B  K.;  T.  12  S., 
R.  27  E.;  T.  12  S..  R.  29  p].  It  extends  for  several  miles  in  length, 
with  an  average  width  of  H  miles.  The  limestone  in  this  section  is  of 
good  quality  and  years  ago  considerable  of  it  was  burned,  l)ut  nothing 
is  l:)('ing  done  with  it  of  late  years,  owing  to  its  distance  from  a  market. 

Dunlap. — An  undeveloped  vein  of  calcite,  30  feet  wide,  is  found  near 
Dnnlap. 

Sampson's  Flat. — \  heavy  ledge  of  blue  limestone,  suitable  for  the 
jiiodiKtioii  of  lime,  is  found  at  Sampson's  Flat,  on  Kings  River. 

♦Sacranu'iitt),  Folio  No.  5,  U.  S.  (icoloKical  .\tlas. 


I 


I.l.MKSTONE  AND  LI.AIK — KKKX   COl'NTY. 


r,9 


KERN  COUNTY. 

Tlio  lime  iiulu:^trv  i.^  a  large  and  important  one  ;it  Tehaeliapi,  Kern 
County,  on  the  Southern  Pacific  and  Santa  Fe  railroads.  The  industry 
began  a  great  many  years  ago  l)y  Uurning  the  lime  for  local  use,  and 
tlien  for  shipment  to  other  })oints,  until  now  the  Tehachapi  lime  is 
known  all  over  southern  California.  The  first  lime  was  burned  in  the 
rudely  constructed  "pot  kilns."  l)uilt  of  stone,  some  of  them  brick-lined. 
At  present  the  lime  is  all  burned  in  modern  kilns.  Sometimes  oil  and 
sometimes  wood   is  used  for  fuel.     The  oil  is  the  cheaper  fuel,  but  it 


ILL.  Xo.  26.     JAMESON'  LIME  COMPANY'S  KILN'S,  TEHACHAPI,  KKRN  COl'NTY. 


is  claimed  that  for  certain  purposes  the  lime  made  with  oil  is  inferior 
to  the  wood-burned  lime,  hence  part  of  it  is  burned  with  wood.  The 
wood  is  obtained  on  the  hills  about  the  quarries,  where  it  grows  in  con- 
siderable quantities. 

Limestone  outcrops  at  many  other  points  in  this  area,  where  it  is 
possible  to  open  quarries  in  the  future.  There  have  been  a  number  of 
small  quarries  opened  at  different  points,  where  the  lime  has  been 
burned,  mostly  for  local  use,  but  from  some  of  the  (juarries  it  has  been 
shipped  to  different  points.  None  of  these  were  in  operation  in  1U04. 
From  one  of  these  quarries  in  the  vicinity  of  Tehachapi  some  marble  is 
said  to  have  been  quarried  and  shipped  a  few  years  ago. 


7(» 


sTurcTi-KAi,  .wi>  ixnrsTiv'i  \i,  .MA'ri:Hi ai.s  ok  califokxia. 


Jameson  Quarry,  .laiucson  l.iiiic  Coiiij)any,  'I'eliacliapi,  owner.  On 
the  north  side  of  the  great  Tehachapi  \'allev  is  a  l)road  l)elt  of  lime- 
stone that  forms  tlie  hordering  hills  of  the  valley.  The  quarry  is 
locatc<l  ill  a  small  canon  al)out  half  a  mile  from  tlie  border  of  the 
valley.  The  hillside  on  which  the  (|uarrv  is  located  is  400  feet 
or  more  in  heiglit.  and  shows  limestone  outeroppings  all  the  way 
to  the  to}).  The  opening  from  which  the  stone  is  taken  at  ])resent 
(July,  1904)  is  about  100  feet  above  the  bottom  of  the  canon, 
and  several  other  smaller  ojienings  have  been  made  at  different 
heights    on    the    hill.     The   hill  is    apparently    all    limestone,    except 


JI.I..  No.  27.     MorXTAlX  SI'MMIT   J.lMK  (  oMl'ANVS   KII.XS   AT   KICKXK,   KI'MiX  CorXTV 


a  few  small  (.day  seams  in  ])hices  and  some  chalcedonit-  chert  near 
the  middle  of  the  slope.  The  slo])e  on  the  south  end  of  the 
hill  and  the  talus  slo})e  below  contain  a  great  (juantity  of  chert  frag- 
ments which  are  remnants  from  the  weathered  limestone,  and  api)ear 
as  a  rusty  brown  mantle  on  the  surface. 

The  limestone  is  coarsely  crystallizeel  and  of  a  prevailingly  blue 
color,  but  portions  of  the  deposit  are  white  and  in  places  white  and 
blue  banded.  The  rock  is  much  fractured  and  weathere(l  on  the  sur- 
face. The  limestone,  as  ex])osed  over  a  bell  more  than  half  a  mile  in 
wiilth  and  at  least  several  hundred  feet  in  thickness,  with  practicall}'- 
no  overburden,  shows  an  unlimited  available  supi)ly. 

Two  modern  kilns,  const  i'ncte(l  in    the  summer  of   190.'>,  are  in  o]H'ra- 


IJMKSTOXK    AND   UMIO — KKRN    COITNTY. 


71 


tion.  The  lime  is  Ininifd  mostly  with  oil,  but  some  wood  is  used.  It 
is  put  in  barrels  at  the  kilu  and  transported  by  wagon  to  the  railway 
at  Tehachapi. 

Mountain  Summit  Lime  Company,  ;)24  Requiena  street,  Los  Angeles, 
owns  a  large  lime  quarry  at  Keene  station,  8  miles  northwest  of 
Tehachapi.  Large  quantities  of  lime  are  burned  and  shipped  to  various 
points.  Tlie  limestone  and  the  resulting  lime  are  said  to  be  similar  to 
tliat  at  Tehachapi. 

Union  Lime  Company,  203  San  Pedro  street,  Los  Angeles;  A.  L.  Foster, 
Tehachapi,  superintendent.    The  quarries  are  on  the  south  side  of  the  val- 


•r%-  .■*  '^'^' 


m^i^' 


'"'W^ 


ILI..  No   -is.     (iUAKKV  AND  K  IIA'S  OK  Til  K  I'.XIOX  I.IMKCO.,  TKH  A  i '  II  A  I'l ,  Ki;i;X  CdCXTY. 

ley.  The  limestone  occurs  in  heavy  beds,  with  more  or  less  inclusions  of 
schist.  The  biotite  mica  in  the  schist  is  frequently  badly  disintegrated  and 
stains  the  adjoining  limestone  with  iron  rust.  The  rocks  are  sharply 
folded  and  much  shattered,  so  that  large  dimension  stone  is  not  avail- 
al)le.  The  limestone  is  all  crystallized;  in  some  places  coarse-grained 
and  elsewhere  fine-grained.  It  varies  from  white  to  light  blue  in  color, 
the  prevailing  color  being  a  bluish  gray.  In  one  place  in  the  quarry 
of  the  Union  Lime  Company  the  stone  is  finely  banded,  blue  and  white, 
with  a  fine,  compact,  saccharoidal  texture.  It  might  be  (juarried  with 
profit  to  a  limited  extent,  in  slabs  of  several  square  feet,  utilizing  the 
fragments  for  the  limekiln.  These  slabs  could  be  used  for  interior 
decoration  and  for  cabinet  and  panel  work. 


1'2  STRUCTURAL    AND    INDUSTRIAT-    >IATERIALS    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

The  limestone  lies  apparently  in  a  closely  compressed  syncline,  which 
has  a  general  trend  or  strike  about  N.  75°  W.  Both  strike  and  dip 
vary  in  direction  as  well  as  in  angle. 

There  are  several  (juarry  openings  scattered  along  the  hillside  over  a 
distance  of  half  a  mile  or  more.  In  one  of  the  largest  is  a  quarry  face 
of  about  300  feet  which  is  worked  at  several  levels.  The  stone  is  quar- 
ried by  blasting  and  is  run  from  the  quarry  to  the  kilns  on  tram-cars. 
It  is  needless  to  add  that  there  is  an  unlimited  amount  of  limestone 
available  at  this  locality. 

There  are  at  least  two  other  ledges  of  limestone  south  of  the  I'nion 
Lime  Company's  quarry,  one  of  which,  about  one  mile  south  in  a  side 
canon  to  the  west,  was  quarried  some  years  ago  and  the  lime  Inirned  in 
a  pot-kiln  at  the  quarry.  The  limestone  at  this  point  is  only  about  10 
feet  thick  and  dips  45°  N.  40°  W.,  which  soon  carried  it  so  deep  into  tlie 
hill  that  it  became  expensive  removing  the  overburden.  Tlie  associated 
rocks  are  granite,  schist,  and  porphyry. 

The  company  has  five  kilns  at  the  railway  track  one  half  mile  below 
the  station,  and  four  more  at  the  quarries  3  miles  south  of  Tehachapi. 

Pomona  Lime,  Cement,  and  Stone  Company,  Pomona,  has  a  quarry  in 
a  body  of  crystalline  limestone  at  Spadra,  on  the  San  Pedro,  Los  Angeles 
and  Salt  Lake  Railroad,  about  4  miles  west  of  Pomona.  This  lime- 
stone is  burned  in  a  kiln  close  to  the  quarry. 

MONTEREY  COUNTY. 

A  belt  of  limestone  shows  in  several  places  on  the  west  slope  of  the 
Santil  Lucia  range,  not  very  far  from  the  coast  line.  Its  most  northern 
outcrop  is  on  Long  Ridge,  in  Sec.  9,  T.  18  S.,  R.  1  E.  It  runs  in  a 
southern  direction  to  Sec.  86,  T.  18  S.,  R.  1  E.,  and  Sec.  31,  T.  18  S., 
R.  2  E.  Another  conspicuous  outcrop  of  limestone  is  found  in  Sec.  30, 
T.  19  S.,  R.  3  E.  Farther  down  the  coast,  in  tlie  southern  part  of  the 
county,  the  limestone  forms  very  steep  escarpments  along  the  shore. 
Another  ])elt  of  white,  coarsely  crystalline  limestone  is  found  at  the  foot 
of  the  west  slope  of  tlie  Gabilan  range,  especially  east  of  Salinas.  These 
limestone  exposures  are  remnants  of  a  thin  bed  overlj'ing  the  granite. 

Henry  Cowell  Lime  and  Cement  Company,  211  Drumm  street,  San 
Francisco,  owns  the  former  Rockland  Lime  and  Lumber  Company's 
plant  at  Rockland  Landing,  in  Sec.  22,  T.  22  S.,  R.  4  E.  Formerly  four 
continuous  limekilns  were  in  o})eration,  but  the  iilant  has  been  idle  for 
a  nunil)er  of  years.  (See  also  Vlllth  Report  of  California  State  Mining 
Bureau,  p.  480;  Xllth  \h\d.,  p.  392;  and  Xlllth  Wnd.,  p.  629.) 

Monterey  Lime  Company,  Mills  Building,  San  Francisco,  owns  lime- 
stone (juanies  and  limekilns  on    Bixby  Creek,  al)out   3  miles  from  the 


IJMERTONE    AND   LIME  —  MONTEREY,    NEVADA.    ORANGE.  73 

coast,  in  8ec.  16,  T.  IS  S.,  R.  1  E.  Two  quarries  are  opened  on  the 
north  side  of  the  creek.  The  limestone  is  nuich  shattered  and  decom- 
posed to  considerable  depths  along  the  fissures.  Where  fresh,  the  rock 
is  a  white  crystalline  limestone,  witli  grayish-blue  streaks,  closely  ap- 
proaching to  marble.  The  surrounding  rock  is  granite.  The  property 
is  e(|uipped  with  two  patent  continuous  kilns  of  a  daily  capacity  of  70 
barrels,  which  were  started  in  August,  1904;  a  similar  kiln  of  80  barrels 
capacity  is  under  construction.  The  company  produces  two  grades  of 
lime,  the  Diamond  !M  and  connnon  lime. 

Spreekels  Sugar  Company,  Salinas,  owns  several  limestone  quarrie& 
east  and  southeast  of  t^alinas,  located  principally  along  Alisal  Creek  in 
the  Hancho  El  Alisal  and  Rancho  Cienega  del  Gabilan,  about  6  miles 
from  Salinas,  in  the  belt  west  of  the  Gabilan  range  above  described.  The 
limestone  is  used  in  the  beet-sugar  factory.  The  rock  is  a  very  white^ 
coarsely  crystalline  limestone,  which  makes  an  attractive  white  build- 
ing stone,  of  which  some  rubble  masonry  has  been  made  in  Salinas. 

An  extensive  deposit  of  limestone  is  reported  in  the  Gabilan  range^ 
at  the  head  of  Chalone  Creek,  in  the  southeast  corner  of  T.  17  S.,  R.  7  E.^ 
about  6  miles  (air  line)  east  from  Metz,  a  station  on  the  Southern 
Pacific  Railroad. 

Los  Vergeles  Raneho.— In  lots  1  and  3  of  the  Los  Vergeles  Rancho; 
Mrs.  J.  H.  Wythe,  corner  of  Minnesota  and  Lincoln  avenues,  San  Jose^ 
owner;  about  12  miles  northeast  of  Salinas,  on  the  San  Juan  road,, 
several  deposits  of  limestone  occur,  two  of  which  are  quite  extensive. 
The  stone  ranges  from  a  coarsel}^  crystalline  white  and  bluish-white 
calcite  to  a  very  compact,  holocrystalline,  fine-grained  marble.  It  all 
averages  very  high  in  lime  content  and  is  suitable  for  cement  and  sugar 
purposes.     Preparations  are  being  made  to  open  a  quarry. 


NEVADA  COUNTY. 

Formerly  considerable  lime  was  produced  in  Nevada  County,  but  at 
present  the  supply  is  chiefly  from  outside  sources. 

Limekiln  Smith's  Ppopepty,  in  Sec.  4,  T.  14  N.,  R.  8  E.,  Hull  .t  Mitchell, 
Grass  Valley,  owners,  was  formerly  a  large  producer  of  lime. 

In  Sec.  2,  T.  15  N.,  R.  9  E.,  lime  was  formerly  burned  from  a  lime- 
stone ledge  near  the  east  bank  of  Greenhorn  River. 

ORANGE  COUNTY. 

Capistrano.— Sec.  31,  T.  7  S.,  R.  7  W.,  S.  B.  M.;  R.  Egan,  Capistrano, 
owner.  A  deposit  of  fossiliferous  limestone,  used  by  the  padres  to  burn 
lime  for  the  mission  buildings. 


74  STlilCTrKAh    AM)    INDUSTRIAT.    MATERIALS    OF    CAI.IFOHXI A. 

El  Toro.— A  similar  liiiiestoiic  was  l)urii('(l  aljout  1888,  hut  the  kihi 
was  ahandoued  after  a  canipaitin  not  histing  two  j'ears. 

William  Moulton. — Extensive  beds  of  this  fossiliferous  limestone  are 
found  on  Moulton's  ranch,  soutli  of  El  Toro.  (See  Cement.)  The 
following  analysis  of  this  limestone  is  reijorted:  carbonate  of  lime,  96 
per  cent;  silica,  2.5  per  cent;  alumina,  1  }»cr  cent;  iron  oxide,  0.5  per 
cent. 

PLACER    COUNTY. 

Holmes  Limekilns,  in  Sec.  3:5,  T.  1-3  N.,  K  <)  E.;  The  Holmes  Lime 
Company,  24  Sacramento  street,  San  Francisco,  owner.  The  works 
are  on  the  east  bank  of  Bear  River.  2  miles  west  of  Colfax.  The 
quarry  was  operated  for  eight  months  in  1904,  burning  lime  in  one  of 
the  two  kilns.  This  limestone  was  first  quarried  in  1870  for  marble. 
(See  under  "  Marble."')  The  exposure  in  the  quarry  is  200  feet  wide 
and  50  feet  high.  About  2000  feet  north  the  ledge  croi)s  for  a  length 
of  100  feet  over  a  width  of  40  feet.  The  general  dip  is  to  the  east. 
There  are  4B  acres  in  the  holding,  including  quarry,  kilns,  tramway, 
Pelton  wheelhouse,  reservoir  tank,  and  storage  house.  The  kilns  are 
iipdraft.  of  6  tons  daily  capacity  eacli,  though  they  have  not  l»een 
operated  beyond  5  tons.  Wood  is  used  foi-  fuel.  The  tramway  for 
carrying  the  lime  from  the  kilns  to  the  storage  house  is  1000  feet  long, 
at  an  inclination  of  40  degrees,  and  operated  l)y  a  24-inch  Pelton 
wat  el- wheel. 

Pacific  Lime  and  Plaster  Company,  in  C'lipper  Gap  district;  lime- 
kilns at  Benicia,  Solano  County;  D.  Edward  Collins,  Oakland,  presi- 
dent; W.  0.  Badgley,  Oakland,  general  manager,  with  head  othce  in 
San  Francisco.  The  company,  wdiich  began  operations  in  January, 
1905,  at  Clipper  (lap,  5  miles  northeast  of  Auburn,  purchased  looo 
acres  within  Sees.  1(5,  20,  21,  29,  and  30,  T.  13  N..  R.  9  E.  The 
extensive  limestone  deposits  lie  on  the  west  side  of  the  North  Fork  of 
the  American  Rivei',  following  the  southwesterly  course  of  the  river  for 
a  distance  of  4  miles,  extending  in  some  occurrences  to  the  bank  of  the 
river  and  in  others  a  mile  to  the  westward.  Mr.  Badgley  states  that  the 
company  decided  ui)on  the  location  of  the  kihis  at  lienieia  because  of 
economy  in  ti-ansportation  of  the  rock,  liaving  both  rail  and  water  facili- 
ties for  shijiment  of  the  product,  and  the  availability  of  oil  for  fuel. 

The  same  limestone  ])elt  is  exposed  near  ^lurderers'  I'ar.  on  the 
.Vmi'i'ican  Uiver.  .\  kiln  was  erected  at  tlic  deposit  a  numlicf  of  years 
ago,  l)Ul  was  never  used. 


LIMESTONE    AND    MM  E  — PU 'MAS,    RIVERSIDE.  75 

PLUMAS  COUNTY. 

liiniestonc  of  a  i^ood  lime-producing  quality  occurs  in  a  great  ledge 
extending  half  a  mile  nortli  from  the  Last  Chance  mine,  in  8ec.  35, 
T.  23  N..  K.  ^»  E.,  and  south  from  the  same  point  into  Sec.  5,  T.  22  N., 
R.  9  E.,  crossing  Onion  Valley  Creek.  Along  this  course  the  ledge  varies 
in  width  from  100  to  300  feet.  It  extends  also  farther  south  through 
8ecs.  17  and  20,  but  is  not  of  ecjual  body. 


RIVERSIDE  COUNTY. 

Chine  Quapry,  in  Sees.  2  and  8,  T.  2  S.,  R.  5  \V.,  S.  B.  M.;  American 
Beet-Sugar  Company,  Chino,  owner.  A  white  marble  found  in  boul- 
ders, with  a  great  amount  of  waste,  partly  clay,  partly  debris.  Has 
not  been  operated  for  the  past  ten  or  twelve  years. 

Sky  Blue  Marble  and  Onyx  Company,  E.  W.  Tucker,  Eighth  and  Wal- 
nut streets.  Riverside,  general  manager,  operates  a  limestone  quarry  at 
West  Riverside,  about  5  miles  northwest  of  the  town  of  Riverside,  in 
Sees.  2  and  3,  T.  2  S.,  R.  5  W.,  S.  B.  M.  The  limestone  occurs  in  one 
of  the  numerous  buttes  found  in  the  northern  part  of  Riverside  and  the 
southern  part  of  San  Bernardino  counties,  which  are  generally  granite. 
This  limestone  butte  at  Riverside  resembles  in  some  respects  the  one  at 
Colton.  Both  are  mixtures  of  blue  and  white  calcite,  but  the  Riverside 
stone  has  a  particularly  deep  and  rich  blue  color.  There  are  two  beds 
of  tlie  limestone  separated  by  granite  and  quartzite.  The  strata  dip 
25*^  X.  25°  E.,  and  at  the  north  end  of  the  mountain  the  limestone  is 
underlaid  1)y  granite,  which  is  followed  In'  quartzite,  and  that  in  turn 
by  another  bed  of  limestone.  The  contact  of  the  limestone  with  the 
granite  and  with  the  (juartzite  is  (juite  sharp. 


Analysis  of  Riverside  Blue  Marble.* 

Lime  (CaO) 55.85 

Equivalent  to  lime  carbonate 99.73 

Magnesia 0.30 

Iron trace. 

Tlie  chemical  analysis  shows  it  to  l>e  a  remarkably  pure  carbonate  of 
lime,  which  verifies  the  appearance  of  the  stone  in  the  quarry. 

Some  of  the  limestone  has  been  used  for  building  purposes  in  River- 
side and  in  Los  Angeles,  and  some  has  been  used  for  ornamental  pur- 
poses in  San  Francdsco. 

There  are  two  kilns  at  the  quarry;  the  product  is  put  on  the  market 
under  the  name  of  "  Lily  Wliite"  lime.  About  75,000  barrels  of  lime 
have  been  burned  at  this  quarry. 

*.liilin  A.  \Vt'scner,  analyst:  copy  nf  analysis  fnrnislicd  by  llic  company. 


76  STIU'CTURAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL    iMATKRIAI>S    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

By  utilizing  the  small  diiiii'iisious  ior  ([uickliiiK',  the  (|uari-y  can  l>e 
profitably  worked  and  a  variety  of  marble  obtained  different  from  that 
in  any  other  known  (juarry  in  the  Ihiited  States. 

The  durability  of  the  Riverside  limestone  is  indicated  by  its  strong 
topographic  relief,  where  it  stands  uj)  in  inominent  knobs  in  the  midst 
of  granite  and  (luartzite. 

Ferdinand  Snydep  owns  a  productive  lime  quarry  7  miles  north  of 
San  Jacinto,  on  a  branch  of  the  Santa  Fe  Railway.  The  stone  is 
coarsely  crystallized  limestone,  and  is  said  to  make  an  excellent  lime 
fur  the  sugar  refineries.  There  are  two  kilns  in  use,  in  which  tlie  lime 
is  burned  with  wood,  and  shipped  to  different  })oints  in  southern 
California.     The  quarry  has  lieen  in  operation  for  eight  years. 

SAN  BENITO  COUNTY. 

A  belt  of  white  crystalline  limestone  runs  along  the  east  slope  of  the 
Gal)ilan  range,  in  places  forming  the  main  ridge.  (See  Xlth  Report. 
California  State  Mining  Bureau,  p.  o70,  and  Monograph  XIII,  U.  S. 
Geological  Survey,  p.  LSI.) 

M.  Barbe,  San  .luan.  Several  exposures  of  this  limestone  in  Sees.  9 
and  15,  T.  13  S.,  R.  4  E.,  and  in  the  northern  })art  of  the  Rancho 
Cienega  de  Gabilan.  At  i)resent  under  l)ond  to  J.  C.  Kinnp  van  Ee, 
San  Francisco. 

Henry  T.  Cowell,  and  the  Holmes  Lime  Company,  No.  22  Sacramento 
street,  San  Francisco,  own  large  limestone  quarries,  near  Cienega,  along 
Thompson  Creek,  and  in  its  vi(dnity,  in  Sees.  28,  29,  30,  and  32,  T.  14  S., 
R.  6  E.;  also  Sees.  14  ajicl  24,  T.  14  S.,  R.  5  E.  This  property  was 
owned  formerly  by  the  Cienega  Lime  Company,  which  had  several  lime- 
kilns on  Thompson  Creek.  Idle  for  the  last  six  years.  (See  Vlllth 
Report,  California  State  ^Mining  Bureau,  p.  4S8;  Xlth  ihid.,  p.  370; 
Xllth  iJrId.,  p.  393;  and  Xllltli  ihid.,  p.  ()29.) 

U.  G.  Harlan,  llollister,  owns  a  limestone  deposit  in  Sees.  23  and  24, 
T.  14  S.,  R.  5  E.,  on  which  he  has  a  pot-kiln  of  250  barrels  capacity, 
and  it  is  claimed  burns  a  fair  (][uality  of  lime  for  local  use. 

S.  Lavagnino,  San  .hum,  owns  the  old  Twitehell  kilns  in  the  ui)per 
jjart  of  the  Rancho  Cienega  del  Gabilan,  which  have  been  idle  for 
several  years. 

Los  Vergeles  Rancho,  near  San  .Juan.     See  Monterey  County. 

A.  F.  Underwood,  San  -luan,  owns  a  limestone  deposit  in  tlu'  northern 
])art  of  the  Rancho  Cienega  del  Gabilan,  adjoining  the  i)roperty  of 
^L  l^>arbe;   under  bond  to  ■) .  C.  Kemp  van  Le,  San  Francisco. 


LIMESTONE  AND  LIME  — SAN  BERNARDINO  COUNTY. 


77 


SAN  BERNARDINO  COUNTY. 
Mrs.  0.  Burns,  San  lieinaidino,  and  Rev.  P.  J.  Stockman,  Santa  liav- 
bara,  own  a  limestone  deposit  in  Sec.  33,  T.  1  S.,  R.  5  W.,  S.  B.  M.,  about 
3^  miles  southwest  of  Slover  Mountain.  The  exposure  of  limestone  is 
small — not  over  80  feet  high  and  covers  only  a  few  acres.  The  limestone 
is  white,  coarsely  crystalline,  thinly  bedded,  and  dips  45  degrees  north- 
easterly. It  is  quarried  and  burned  in  a  small  kiln  on  the  Santa  Ana 
River,  close  to  the  hillock,  but  in  Riverside  County. 

California  Portland  Cement  Company,  No.  401    Trust    Building,   Los 
Angeles,  T.  J.  Fleming,  general  manager,  owns   Slover   Mountain,  in 


ILL.  No.  29.     JIOCK-CRUSIIER  AT  COLTON  LIMESTONE  QUARRY,  SAN  BERNARDINO  CO. 

Sees.  19  and  30,  T.  1  S.,  R.  4  W.,  S.  B.  M.  This  mountain  is  an  isolated 
knoll  of  crystalline  limestone,  about  500  feet  high.  The  limestone  is 
generally  very  pure,  especially  the  coarser  crystalline  variety,  which 
runs  98^  to  99  per  cent  of  calcium  carbonate.  The  lime  burned  from 
this  limestone  slakes  very  quickly  and  flashy,  but  must  be  slaked  with 
a  great  amount  of  water  to  prevent  it  from  being  burned.  The  burned 
coarse  variety  shows  small  black  specks  (locally  called  fly-bitten  rock). 
The  fine-grained  limestone  is  not  so  pure,  but  makes  a  better  plaster. 
(See  Marble  and  Cement.) 

Oro  Grande.— The  limestones  are  interstratified,  with  reddish-brown 
quartzites  and  brown  shale.     In  the  quarries  the  limestone  varies  from 


78 


STRUCTURATi   AND    INDI^STRIATj    MATF.IUAIjS    OP    CALIFORNIA. 


(50  to  nearly  200  feet  in  thickness,  but  tlu'  total  tliickness  or  the  total 
extent  of  the  limestones  in  this  region  is  not  known.  Jn  the  area 
surrounding  the  (juarries  are  isolated  outcrops  of  smaller  lenticular 
masses  of  limestone.  About  8  miles  east  of  Victorville  is  another 
outcro})  of  massive,  crystalline  white  and  clouded  limestone  that  would 
make  a  handsome  marble. 

The  limestone  is  a  liard,  coarsely  crystalline  rock,  mostly  of  a  dark 
))lue  color,  with  numerous  iron  stains;  but  in  the  large  (juarry  nearest 
the  railway  there  is  much  white  limestone  stained  witli  dendrite  along 
the  surfaces  in  the  joint  and  cleavage  planes. 

in  several  places  in  the  upper  quarries  there  are  great  clusters  of 


— *■  .,' 


V^T  >:\I^ j«i«^  .^.A.*^- 


n,L.   No.  :;0.     LIMKSTOM';  (ilAIMtV,  oKo  1 1  ItA  N  Dh:,  SAX    l!i:i;  \  A  K  DI  N  <  >    cotNIV 


calcite  and  aragonite  crystals,  whicli  occur  in  long  jM-isms,  sometimes 
4  or  5  inches  long.  The  crystals  have  a  brownish-yellow  color  from  the 
iron  stain.  There  is  also  considerable  pyrite,  in  places  some  bornite, 
along  the  joint  seams,  the  weathering  of  which  gives  rise  to  free  sulphur 
in  a  numl^er  of  places,  and  ii\  i)laces  stains  of  yellow-brown  iron  rust. 
The  impurities  are  not  in  sufficient  (juantity  to  materially  injure  the 
quicklime.  l)ut  they  art^  sufficient  to  disfigure  it  for  use  as  a  building 
stone. 

The   rock   is   so   much    fractured  that    no   large  dimension   stone   is 
availaljle;  but  this  texture  is  an  aid  for  lime  (piarrving,  where  the  stone 


LIMESTONK   AMI   IJME  — SAN   JOAQUIN,    SAN   H;iS   OBISPO.  79 

is  used  in  small  dimensions  and  must  be  broken  up  artificially  if  not 
(lone  by  nature.  The  ([uarrying  is  done  by  hand-drilling  and  blasting. 
The  (|uarries  are  located  well  up  on  the  hillside,  east  of  tlie  railway, 
and  northeast  of  the  town  of  Oro  Grande,  in  T.  6  N.,  R.  4  W.,  near  the 
middle  of  the  townshi]>.  It  is  down  grade,  part  of  it  quite  steep,  to  the 
railroad.  Some  of  the  limekilns  are  located  on  the  railway,  several 
north  and  one  south  of  the  town  of  Oro  Grande,  and  two  of  the  kilns 
are  on  the  hillside  half  a  mile  east  of  the  railway.  The  stone  is  hauled 
by  wagons  from  the  quarries  to  the  kilns.  The  ({uarries  opened  up  in 
the  vicinity  of  Oro  Grande  are: 

Hoey  Quarry;  American  Beet-Sugar  Company,  ()xnard,  ^'entura 
County.     Idle  last  year. 

Oro  Grande  Lime  Company's  Quarry;  N.  L.  Morrow,  116  S.  Avenue  20, 
Los  Angeles.     Idle  for  many  years. 

Summit  Quarry;  Oro  Grande  Lime  and  Stone  Company  (formerly 
Stimson  c^'  Fleming),  Third  and  San  Pedro  streets,  Los  Angeles.  This 
company  manufactures  the  Red  Star  brand  of  lime,  and  ships  limestone 
to  the  beet-sugar  factories. 

Superior  Quarry;  American  Beet-Sugar  Company,  Chino,  Los  Angeles 
Count  V. 

SAN  JOAQUIN  COUNTY. 

California  Lime  and  Cement  Company's  Quarry,  located  about  tliree 
fourths  of  a  mile  south  of  Carnegie.  The  company's  offices  are  at  328 
^lontgomery  street,  San  Francisco.  The  quarry  was  opened  in  1900 
and  the  lime  was  originally  burned  in  an  open  kiln  at  the  quarry,  but 
at  present  the  rock  is  hauled  to  the  railroad  siding  at  Carnegie  and 
burned  in  a  continuous  oil-burning  kiln,  with  a  capacity  of  200  barrels 
}ier  day.  The  lime  is  only  Ijurned  as  it  is  needed  for  luiilding  purposes 
at  Tesla  and  ('arnegie.  Some  lime  rock  is  shipped  to  the  glass  works 
at  Stockton.  The  rock  occurs  in  a  series  of  aragonite  veins,  varying  in 
width  from  3  inches  to  3  feet  and  dipping  to  the  northeast  at  an 
angle  of  about  65  degrees.  It  is  overlaid  with  crushed  shales  stained 
with  iron.  The  quarry  was  opened  for  al)out  7o  yards,  with  a  face 
averaging  about  40  feet  high.  Four  prospect  tunnels  further  developed 
the  deposit  and  exposed  considerable  serpentine  inclusions,  which  cause 
much  waste  in  (juarrying. 

SAN  LUIS  OBISPO  COUNTY. 

A.  Dubost,  Adelaide.  In  Sees.  1-S  and  19,  T.  26  S.,  R.  10  E.,  M.  D.  M., 
on  the  old  Tartalja  })lace,  is  a  large  exposure  of  limestone.  Formerly 
A.  GouM  burned  lime  here.      Idle  for  the  last  few  vears. 


80  STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

Dawson  Lowe,  San  Luit^  Obispo.  In  the  noitliwestern  part  of  T.  32  S., 
n.  IG  E.,  and  eastern  part  of  T.  82  S.,  R.  15  E.,  M.  D.  M.,  15  to  18  miles 
east  of  Arroyo  Grande,  in  the  Huasna  country.  An  extensive  deposit 
of  bnff-oolored  limestone. 

J.  D.  Morgan,  Arroyo  (irande.  In  Sec.  3U,  T.  32  S.,  \\.  14  E..  M.  1).  M., 
near  the  Loma  Pelon,  is  a  limestone  cropping  from  30  to  40  feet 
wide,  which  can  l)e  traced  for  a  considerable  distance  in  isolated  patches 
along  the  highest  points  of  the  ridges.  The  rock  is  of  a  dark  gray  color. 
Several  years  ago  some  lime  was  burned  in  a  kiln  on  Section  35  of  same 
township.  (See  also  Vlllth  Report,  California  State  Mining  Bureau, 
p.  522.) 

Miss  Julia  Newsom,  Newsom  Springs,  Rancho  Santa  Manuela,  2^ 
miles  east  of  Arroyo  Grande.  The  limestone  crops  out  along  the  hill- 
side, from  35  to  50  feet  above  the  caiion,  in  a  flat  bed  5  to  6  feet  wide. 
"It  is  light  colored,  and  mixed  with  clay.  Some  lime  was  burned  here 
several  years  ago. 

Mrs.  R.  Porter,  Santa  Barbara.  In  the  Huasna  country.  (See  D. 
Lowe,  above.) 

In  the  Huasna  Country,  on  Government  land,  the  same  limestone  is 
found.     (See  D.  Lowe,  above.) 

In  Lopez  Canon,  in  the  northern  part  of  T.  31  S.,  R.  14  E.,  M.  D.  M., 
about  18  miles  from  Arroyo  Grande,  are  extensive  limestone  deposits. 
The  rock  is  coarsely  crystalline,  white  colored,  containing  in  places 
some  clay  and  inclusions  of  shale. 

Near  Oak  Flat,  west  of  Paso  Robles,  an  exposure  of  limestone  is 
reported.     (See  Xth  Report,  California  State  Mining  Bureau,  p.  584.) 

SANTA  BARBARA  COUNTY. 

T.  C.  Lind,  Lompoc,  owns  a  limestone  deposit  on  the  south  side  of  San 
Miguelito  Canon,  opposite  that  on  the  property  of  the  Union  Sugar 
Company  (see  below),  but  whether  it  is  part  of  the  same  reef  is  doubt- 
ful.    Undeveloped. 

Loma  Blanco  Lithographic  Stone  Company,  .ludge  E.  M.  Ross,  presi- 
dent; A.  M.  Gates,  310  Currier  Building,  Los  Angeles,  secretary.  A 
deposit  of  iine-grained  limestone,  claimed  to  be  ai)i)ropriate  for  litho- 
graphic work.  On  the  Moraga  ranch,  Sees.  4  and  5,  R.  26  W.,  S.  B.  M., 
near  the  sunmiit  of  the  Santa  Ynez  range,  in  a  very  unapproachable 
country. 

Th.  W.  Moore,  Santa  Barbara.  On  Las  Positas  ranch,  on  the  Arroyo 
liurro,   3   miles    from    Santa    Barbara.     A   slightly  yellowish   colored, 


LIMESTONE    AND   LIME  — SANTA    BARBARA   COUNTY. 


81 


coarsely  crystalline    limestone.     (See    also  Tlllth    Report,  California 
State  Mining  Bureau,  p.  538.) 

Union  Sugar  Company,  Betteravia,  Santa  Barbara  County,  owns  a 
deposit  on  the  north  side  of  San  Miguelito  Canon,  about  6  miles  south- 
west of  Lompoc,  elevation  1150  feet,  which  has  been  leased  for  the  last 
six  years  by  W.  0.  Badgeley,  236  Bacon  Building,  Oakland;  G.  E. 
Badgeley,  Lompoc,  superintendent. 

The  stone  is  quarried  and  hauled  by  wagon  6  miles  down  grade  to 
Lompoc,  where  it  is  shipped  by  rail  to  the  large  sugar  factories  at  Santa 
Maria  and  Oxnard,  being  there  calcined  for  use  in  refining  the  sugar. 


ILL.  No.  3L     LOMPOr  LIMESTONE  QUARRY,  SANTA  BARBARA  COUNTY. 

The  limestone  occurs  in  a  heavy  ledge  which  dips  northeast.  The 
quarries  are  on  the  projecting  knobs  on  the  north  side  of  the  valley. 

The  rock  is  a  soft,  fossiliferous  limestone,  chalky  in  places.  The 
upper  part  of  the  deposit  is  a  coarse  limestone  conglomerate,  with 
numerous  siliceous  pebbles.  The  stone  has  been  badly  shattered  and 
broken  in  the  uplift  and  contains  many  slickensides  surfaces  along  the 
cracks  and  fissures.  The  limestone  is  of  Tertiary  age,  as  shown  by  the 
many  fossil  shells  which  it  contains. 

There  are  three  quarry  openings.  The  most  northern  one  shows 
from  30  to  35  feet  of  white  limestone  overlaid  by  25  feet  of  siliceous 
limestone  conglomerate.  The  south  opening  shows  about  the  same 
6-BUL.  38 


82  S'l'KlCTrHAI-    A.\n    INDIS'I'IU  \1.    MATKKIAI.S    of    CALIFORNIA. 

thickness  of  limestone,  which  is  stained  ycUowisli  brown  in  spots  from 
the  infiltrating  iron-bearing  waters.  Tlie  middle  opening  sliows  from 
10  to  15  feet  of  white  limestone. 

There  is  no  building  stone  available  at  this  (|uarry,  owing  to  the 
friability  of  the  limestone.  It  is  adapted  to  use  for  i|uicklime  because 
of  the  ease  with  which  it  can  l)e  (juarried. 

SANTA  CLARA  COUNTY. 

El  Dorado  Sugar  Company's  Quarry,  in  Sec.  18,  T.  7  S.,  R.  2  \V.; 
Granite  Rock  Company,  owner;  Mr.  Wilson,  Watsonville,  manager. 
This  quarry  is  located  on  Black  Mountain,  9  miles  by  wagon  road  from 
Mountain  \'iew,  on  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad. 

The  limestone  is  hauled  by  wagon  to  Mountain  View,  where  it  is 
shipped  by  rail,  at  the  rate  of  oO  to  60  tons  per  day  during  the  dry 
season,  to  the  sugar  factory  at  Alviso,  where  it  is  burned  into  quick- 
lime and  used  in  the  factory.  The  quarry  has  been  in  operation  for 
three  years. 

The  limestone  is  thinly  bedded  and  much  shattered,  compact  to  finely 
crystalline,  of  a  gray  to  nearlj^  black  color,  of  the  variety  known  as 
anthraconite;  containing  considerable  organic  matter  and  numerous 
small  veins  of  white  calcite.  The  strata  are  highly  inclined,  the  dip 
being  55°  N.  10°  E.  at  the  quarry.  The  limestone  contains  con- 
siderable dark  gray  to  black  chert,  in  seams  2  or  8  inches  thick  and  in 
small  irregular  lenses.  In  places  the  limestone  is  shaly  and  contains 
much  clay.  In  quarrying,  the  very  thin  layers  break  up  into  pieces 
too  small  for  use.  Hence  the  waste  from  the  chert,  the  clay,  and  the 
small  fragments  causes  considerable  extra  expense  in  the  quarrying. 
The  stone,  however,  when  freed  from  the  chert  and  the  shale  is  said  to 
make  a  most  desirable  lime  for  the  use  of  the  sugar-maker. 

The  stone  has  been  quarried  in  several  places.  Tlie  jiresent  work- 
ings on  the  east  side  of  the  canon  near  the  base  of  the  mountain  have 
a  face  of  about  85  or  36  feet,  the  upper  10  or  12  feet  of  which  contain 
much  black  shale.  The  limestone  extends  to  the  top  of  the  moinitain, 
several  hundred  feet  above  the  quarry. 

The  outlines  of  the  limestone  area,  as  that  of  otlier  neighl)oring  small 
])atelies,  are  shown  on  the  V .  S.  Geological  Survey  Atlas  sheet  of  this 
region. 

The  stone  would  make  a  good  i-oad  material,  as  it  is  already  in  sm-h 
small  dimensions  that  there  would  l»e  little  expense  for  further  crushing. 

Los  Gates  Lime  Quarry;  .T.  W.  Taylor,  San  Francisco,  owner.  Located 
on  the  mountain  2  miles  southeast  of  Los  Gatos.  Tlierc^  is  a  good  road, 
all  down  grade,  to   Los  (Jatos,  where  tlie  stone  was   hauled  and  burned 


LIMESTONE  AND  LIME  — SAXTA    CKl/,   ('()^^•T^■.  83 

in  kilns  locatt'il  ou  tlu'  hank  of  the  creek  in  tlic  town.  'I'he  (Hinrry  has 
heen  idle  for  a  nnniher  of  years. 

There  are  tliree  quarry  openings,  exijosing  :i  total  thickness  of  more 
than  100  feet  of  limestone.  The  rock  is  in  thin  layers  from  a  few  inches 
to  ;>()  inches  thick;  the  strata  are  more  or  less  crumi)led.  The  stone 
occurs  in  fragments  of  such  small  dimensions  that  no  huilding  stone 
could  be  obtained,  but  which  adapts  it  to  use  for  macadam  or  lime 
burning. 

The  limestone  is  very  compact,  fine-grained  and  quite  brittle,  with  a 
flinty  fracture,  and  locally  contains  many  tine  white  calcite  veins,  also 
considerable  inclusions  of  chert  ('"  Hint"),  partly  in  continuous  bands 
and  parti}'  in  irregular  lenses. 


SANTA   CRUZ  COUNTY. 

There  are  extensive  beds  of  limestone  northwest  of  the  city  of  Santa 
Cruz.  Four  quarries  are  now  operated  in  these  deposits.  The  stone  is 
a  coarsely  crystalline  blue,  and  in  places  white  limestone,  much  broken 
and  shattered,  and  is  overlaid  by  a  dark  brown  and  in  places  black 
adobe  clay.  In  places  the  limestone  appears  on  the  surface  through 
the  adobe.  The  limestone  is  generally  stained  yellow  and  brown  on 
the  surface  along  the  fissures  by  the  clay  and  iron  carried  down  by  the 
percolating  waters.  With  the  exception  of  this  surface  stain,  the  stone 
appears  to  be  a  quite  pure  carbonate  of  lime.  The  texture  is  more 
variable  than  in  many  other  localities;  part  of  it  is  quite  coarsely  and 
part  of  it  finely  crystalline. 

The  stone  has  been  used  to  some  extent  for  rubble  work  in  retaining 
walls  and  foundations  and  for  macadam  in  the  streets  of  Santa  Cruz, 
but  more  of  it  has  been  burned  into  quicklime  and  shipped  to  San 
Francisco  and  elsewhere,  besides  that  used  locally. 

Henry  Cowell  Lime  and  Cement  Company,  211  Drumm  street,  San 
Francisco.  The  limekilns  are  located  on  the  north  side  of  the  wagon 
road  about  one  half  mile  west  of  Thurber's.  There  are  three  pot-kilns 
in  use.  in  which  the  lime  is  burned  with  wood,  and  another  stone  kiln 
which  is  not  in  use.  The  lime  is  packed  in  barrels  at  the  kilns  and 
hauled  by  wagon  to  Santa  Cruz,  where  it  is  shipped  by  rail  or  steamer. 

Limestone  was  formerly  quarried  at  the  kilns,  but  at  present  most  of 
the  stone  is  hauled  from  a  large  quarr}^  about  half  a  mile  up  the  caiioiL 
This  (|uarry,  covering  an  acre  or  more,  has  a  face  of  about  150  feet. 
There  is  a  tramway  from  the  (juarry  to  the  kilns,  but  for  some  reason 
this  has  been  abandoned  and  the  stone  is  hauled  to  the  kilns  by  wagon. 

Besides  the  large  (juarry,  there  are  numerous  smaller  quarry  openings 
along  the  sides  of  tiie  canon,  from  which  large  (juantities  of  limestone 


84 


STRUCTURAL    AND    INDUSTRIAL    MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


have  been  removed.  The  stone  outcrops  in  the  walls  of  the  canon  in 
many  places  for  more  than  half  a  mile  al)ove  the  quarries.  It  would 
appear  from  the  outcrop  in  this  canon  and  at  the  quarries  southeast 
and  west,  that  a  large  part  of  this  great  peneplain  is  underlaid  by  crys- 
talline limestone.  As  the  adobe  covers  the  surface  everywhere  except 
at  the  quarries  and  the  outcrops  along  the  caiion  walls,  the  total  extent 
of  the  limestone  beds  was  not  determined,  but  the  quarries  and  outcrop 
clearly  show  several  very  heavy  limestone  beds,  with  a  general  dip  to 
the  northwest  and  separated  by  beds  of  schist  and  granite. 

The  same  compan}^  has  other  kilns  and  (]uarries  in  a  canon  about 


ILL.  No.  32.     H.  COWELL  it  CO.'.'-i  LLMESTOXK  Ql'ARRY,  3i  MILKS  NORTHWEST 

OF  SANTA  CRUZ. 

2  miles  west  of  those  above  mentioned,  and  about  3^  miles  from  Santa 
Cruz.  There  are  three  large  quarry  openings,  one  of  which  has  been 
abandoned,  and  several  smaller  openings.  There  are  three  large  pot- 
kilns  in  use,  in  which  the  lime  is  burned  with  wood  cut  from  the 
neighboring  hills.  The  barrels  are  made  in  a  cooper  shop  at  the  kilns^ 
and  the  lime  is  barreled  and  hauled  by  wagon  to  Santa  Cruz  for  ship- 
ment. The  large  (quarry  opening  has  a  face  of  al)out  150  feet  of  cou)- 
paratively  pure,  coarsely  crystalline,  white  and  blue  limestone,  overlaid 
by  a  few  feet  of  dark  brown  adobe,  which  has  washed  down  the  numer- 
ous cracks,  staining  the  surface  of  the  stone.  The  next  opening  imme- 
diately adjoining  the  above  mentioned  on  the  west  has  a  face  of  about 
50  feet,  and  contains  several  pockets  of  clay.     The  next  large  opening 


LIMESTONE  AND  LIME  — SANTA  CRUZ  COUNTY. 


85 


west  has  been  al)andoned  and  the  lower  level  filled  with  water  and 
waste  material.  In  the  canon  walls  in  the  vicinity  of  these  quarries  are 
large  exposures  of  limestone  that  have  not  been  worked.  The  ]:)eds  are 
very  extensive,  and  are  admirably  exposed  for  quarrying  by  the  deep 
caiion  that  has  been  cut  down  into  them.  The  strata  have  a  dip  west 
of  north,  and  the  underlying  rocks  are  exposed  down  the  canon. 

Felton,  a  station  on  the  Narrow  Gauge  Railway,  6  miles  north  of 
Santa  Cruz,  is  the  center  of  an  important  lime  industry.  Two  separate 
beds  of  limestone,  having  a  northeasterly  dip  and  northwesterly  strike, 


ILL    No.  33.     I  X  L  LLMESTONE  QUARRY,  FELTON,  SANTA  CRUZ  COUNTY. 

form  bold  projecting  ridges  on  the  face  of  the  mountainside  west  and 
northwest  of  Felton. 


Holmes  Quarpy;  The  Holmes  Lime  Company,  24  Sacramento  street, 
San  Francisco,  owner.  Located  on  the  mountain  2  miles  northwest 
from  Felton.  The  limestone  is  exposed  from  the  base  to  the  top  of  the 
mountain,  a  height  of  probably  1000  feet,  along  the  strike,  and  a  quarry 
face  of  this  height  could  be  obtained  if  desired.  Mica  schist  occurs  in 
considerable  (quantities  in  the  limestone,  both  as  continuous  bands  from 
6  to  10  feet  thick  and  in  irregular  patches.  It  is  readily  separated  in 
the  quarrying,  and  the  only  serious  drawback  connected  with  its  occur- 
rence is  the   expense  in  handling  it.     In  some  places  there  will  be  a 


86 


STKIC'I'IKAI,    AND    I  N  DIS'l'K'I  Al ,    .M  A'l'inUA  I.S    OF    CA  I.I  FOUM  A. 


tliiokness  of  from  oO  to  (iO  feet  of  limestone  free  from  other  rock,  while 
elsewhere  from  10  to  20  feet  will  be  followed  l)y  a  layer  of  schist  of 
nearly  equal  thickness. 

The  })rincipal  workings  are  at  two  levels,  one  about  half  way  u}» 
the  mountain,  the  other  near  the  to})  of  the  mountain.  There  is  an 
incline  railway  extending  from  the  kilns  to  the  toj)  of  the  mountain, 
and  the  stone  is  transferred  from  the  »|uarries  to  the  kilns  on  this  track 
by  gravity.  At  present,  much  of  the  stone  is  obtained  at  the  head  of 
the  incline,  where  several  openings  are  Iteing  ma<le  on  l)()tli  the  north 
and  south  sides  of  th(>  gulch. 


Tl.r.    No.  -.'A.     SANTA  Cia/.   I.IMKSTONK  (M'AUUV,  IS  MII.KS   N.  W.  OF  SANTA   (KrZ, 

There  are  two  (|uarry  oj)enings  on  the  mouiitainsiih'  a  (|U;irter  to  lialf 
a  mile  south  of  the  large  (juarry. 

Part  of  the  stone  is  shipped  in  the  rough  Mocks  as  it  comes  from  the 
(juarry,  but  the  greater  portion  is  burned  to  lime  in  t  h(>  ])ot-kilns  at 
the  foot  of  the  incline,  or  in  tlie  kilns  near  the  town  of  Felton,  to  which 
the  stone  is  run  on  a  tramway.  The  burning  is  done  with  wood  ob- 
tained fi'oni  the  iieighhoring  mountainside.  The  lime  is  barreled  at 
the  kilns  in  barrels  ma<le  on  the  s]>ot.  These  (|uarries  have  been  in 
o])eration  fortv  years  or  luore. 

I  X  L  Quarry;  Henry  C'owell  Lime  and  Cement  Company,  "ill  Di-umm 
street.  San    I'b'ancisco,  ownei-.      Located    about  half   a   mile  north  of  the 


Ll.MKSTON'K   AND   MME  —  SANTA   CRUZ   COrNTV. 


87 


Holmes  (|uarrv  al)ovc  nuMitioned.  There  are  three  pot-kihis  in  uae, 
with  a  capacity  of  alxiut  "ioO  barrels  per  day.  The  lime  is  barreled  at 
the  kilns  in  the  barrels  made  at  the  works  and  hauled  by  wagon  to 
Felton  station,  al)out  2^  miles.  The  quarry  is  at  the  confluence  of  two 
deep  canons,  with  one  opening  in  the  steep  hill  between  the  two  cafions 
and  another  opening  on  the  point  immediately  west.  The  limestone 
.stratum  at  the  quarry  is  nearly  vertical,  and  extends  from  the  base  to 
the  top  of  the  mountain,  with  no  covering  except  a  little  vegetation  in 
the  irregularities  of  the  surface.  The  present  quarry  face  is  about  200 
feet,  but  may  increase  to  400  feet  or  more  as  the  quarry  is  worked  back, 


ILL.  No.  ?.:>.  KILXS  AND  COOTERAGK  OF  THE  SANTA  VRVZ   LIMK  COMI'ANV. 

18  miles  NA\'.  of  Santa  Cruz. 

before  any  stripping  is  necessary.  The  thickness  of  the  stone  exposed 
at  the  quarry  is  nearly  300  feet,  but  the  entire  bed  is  probably  con- 
siderably thicker,  as  the  contact  with  the  granite  is  not  shown  on  either 
side.  The  greater  comparative  durability  of  the  limestone  over  the 
granite  is  shown  by  the  projecting  ridges  of  limestone  in  the  midst  of 
the  granite  mass,  lioth  here  and  at  the  Holmes  quarry.  The  wood  for 
burning  the  lime  is  ol)tained  from  the  hills  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of 
the  kilns. 

Santa  Cpuz  Lime  Company;  Charles  Moore,  manager.  The  quarry  of 
the  Santa  Cruz  Lime  Company  is  about  18  miles  northwest  of  the  city 
of  Santa  Cruz,  and  4  miles  inland  of  the  beach.     The  landing  place  is 


88  STRUCTURAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

some  distance  north  of  the  mouth  of  Sun  Vicente  Creek.  The  quarry 
is  on  the  west  side  of  a  deep  canon  in  the  Coast  mountains.  A  little  rail- 
way track  is  cut  into  the  steep  rocky  side  of  the  canon,  and  the  stone  is 
carried  on  small  tram-cars  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  north  of  the  quarry 
to  the  limekilns.  There  are  two  large  stack-kilns,  which  produce  from 
V)0  to  100  barrels  of  lime  each  per  day,  and  three  pot-kilns  in  use.  A 
cooper  shop  is  located  at  the  kilns,  where  the  barrels  are  manufactured. 
The  lime  is  barreled  as  it  is  drawn  from  the  kilns  and  then  hauled  by 
wagon  44  miles  to  the  beach,  where  it  is  loaded  on  boats  and  shipped 
by  water  to  San  Francisco  and  points  along  the  coast.  The  quarry  has 
been  in  operation  about  five  years  and  produces  about  800  barrels  of 
lime  per  day. 

The  stone  is  a  coarsely  crystalline  blue  limestone,  similar  to  that  at 
the  other  quarries  in  the  Santa  Cruz  region.  It  is  nuich  l)roken  and 
shattered  and  comes  from  the  quarry  in  large,  irregular  blocks,  which 
are  broken  up  by  blasting  and  by  sledges  into  pieces  small  enough  for 
the  kiln.  The  present  quarry  face  is  nearly  100  feet  high.  The  com- 
pany is  now  starting  a  new  opening  on  the  upper  side  of  the  road,  much 
nearer  to  the  kilns. 

The  limestone  occurs  here  in  great  abundance  and  outcrops  in  a  num- 
ber of  places  in  the  canon.  In  the  vicinity  of  the  quarry  there  is  a 
heavy  growth  of  redwood  and  other  trees,  which  are  being  cut  to  fur- 
nish wood  to  burn  the  lime  and  make  barrels. 

Thurber  Quappy;  S.  L.  Thurber,  465  Pacific  avenue,  Santa  Cruz,  owner. 
The  quarry  is  located  10  miles  northwest  of  Santa  Cruz,  and  is  worked 
through  a  large,  irregular,  shallow  cut.     (See  Macadam.) 


SHASTA   COLnSTTY. 

In  the  western  half  of  Shasta  County  limestone  is  found  mainly  in 
three  almost  parallel  belts,  having  a  general  north  and  south  direction. 
(See  also  on  this  subject:  J.  S.  Diller,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  Bulletins 
No.  196,  p.  64,  No.  213,  p.  365,  and  No.  225,  p.  176,  and  American 
Journal  Science,  4th  Series,  Vol.  15,  pp.  342  et  secj.;  J.  S.  Diller.  Ch. 
Schuchert,  American  Journal  of  Science,  3d  Series,  \o\.  47,  pp.  417 
etseq.;  H.  W.  Fairbanks,  Xlth  Annual  Report,  California  State  Min- 
ing Bureau,  p.  48,  and  Xllth  ibid.,  p.  395;  American  Geologist,  Vol.  14, 
p.  26;  Prof.  James  Perrin  Smith,  Journal  of  Geology,  Vol.  2,  p.  592.) 

The  most  eastern  belt,  Triassic  limestone,  is  found  on  Cedar  Creek, 
east  of  the  Afterthought  mine,  in  the  southern  portion  of  T.  34  N.,  R.  1 
and  2  W.  A  su])ordinate  exposure  is  found  on  the  east  slope  of  Bear 
Mountain,  in  the  northeastern  part  of  T.  33  N.,  R.  3  W.,  north  of  Pit 
River,  the  Triassic  limestone  forms  Brock  Mountain  and  may  be  traced 


LIMESTONE  AND  LIME  — SHASTA   COUNTY. 


89 


for  several  miles,  crossing  Squaw  Creek.  This  limestone  has  been 
referred  to  as  the  Hosselkus  limestone  beds,  belonging  to  the  Upper 
Trias.  It  is  an  extensive  exposure,  and  shows  a  great  thickness  of 
limestone,  covering  Sees.  7  and  8,  T.  34  N.,  R.  2  W.  The  lower  part 
has  a  dark  gray  color,  is  rather  thinly  bedded,  and  is  cut  by  numerous 
seams  of  calcite;  while  the  upper  portion  is  more  massive,  contains 
less  calcite  seams,  and  has  a  lighter  gray  color.  The  limestone  con- 
tains many  fossils. 

Limestone  is  quarried  from  the  lower  or  thin-bedded  portion  of  this 
deposit  for  use  as  furnace  flux  at  the  Bully  Hill  copper  smelter.  The 
quarry  is  worked  by  hand-drilling. 


ILL   No   3fi.    McCLOUD  LIMESTONE  BLUFFS,  FROM  U.  S.  FISHERIES,  SHASTA  COUNTY. 

The  analysis  of  this  limestone  as  given  by  Mr.  J.  B.  Keating,  general 
superintendent  of  the  Bully  Hill  mine,  is:  CaO,  52  per  cent;  SiOg,  o.o 
per  cent;  organic,  1.5  per  cent. 

Mr.  Diller,  in  Bulletin  No.  225,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  page  187, 
remarks  that  the  lower  beds  probably  contain  some  clay.  He  suggests 
that  this  limestone  might  be  suitable  for  the  manufacture  of  hydraulic 
cement,  mixed  with  the  Tuscan  tuffs  found  on  Stillwater  and  east  of 
Millville.  Judging  by  its  appearance,  however,  its  value  for  the  pro- 
duction of  lime  appears  doubtful. 

About  6  or  7  miles  west  of  this  belt  of  Triassic  limestone  a  prominent 
belt  of  Carboniferous  limestone  occurs,  in  places  showing  a  thickness  of 


90  STRITCTIK'AI,    AXD    IXDrSTHFAl,    MATIOKIAl.S    OF    rAT.IFdRNIA. 

2000  feet.  The  most  southern  exposure  of  this  l)elt  is  near  Lilienthal, 
in  Sec.  26.  T.  88  N.,  \l.  4  \V.  From  there  it  ean  1)6  traced  along 
Kanoheria  Cicek  to  tlie  (irey  Rocks,  soutli  of  I'it  River,  in  tlie  north- 
eastern pari  of  '\\  83  N.,  R.  4  \V.  North  of  IMt  River  and  east  of 
McCloud  River  it  forms  the  MeCloud  lihiffs  ( photograjjh  hy  ('apt. 
Lambson  and  Sketch  D,  111.  No.  37),  and  can  be  traced  north  as  far 
as  Grizzdy  Peak,  on  the  divide  between  McC'loud  River  and  Kosk  Creek, 
in  Siskivou  County.  Wherever  stratitication  can  be  observed  in  the 
linu'stone  it  shows  a  northwesterly  dip.  In  places  the  limestone  is 
highly  metamorphosed. 

The  limestone  in  this  belt  has  as  yet  not  been  used  foi-  burning  lime. 
Some  was  ([uarried  near  Potter's  Creek,  in  Sec.  24,  T.  34  N.,  R.  4  \V., 
and  used  for  hux  at  the  Bully  Hill  smelter.  Its  analysis  as  given  by 
Mr.  J.  B.  Keating  is:  lime,  54.5  per  cent;  insolul)le,  3  per  cent. 

West  of  this  belt,  between  the  McCloud  and  Sacramento  rivers,  are 
sporadic  limestone  exposures,  indicating  a  limestone  belt  intermediate 
between  the  Carboniferous  McCloud  limestone  and  the  Devonian  lime- 
stone west  thereof.  Where  examined  the  limestone  has  a  dark  gray 
color. 

The  most  western  belt  of  limestone  in  Shasta  County  is  of  Devonian 
age.  It  crops  out  in  isolated  patches  along  the  eastern  slope  of  the 
range  dividing  the  Klamath  and  Sacramento  river  drainage.  In  the 
northern  part  of  the  county,  in  T.  37  N.,  R.  4  W.,  the  same  limestone 
belt  crops  out  on  Hazel  Creek  and  Soda  Creek,  east  of  the  Sacramento 
River.  The  limestone  in  this  belt  is  more  compact  and  has  a  more 
l)luish  gray  tint  than  the  Carboniferous  limestone;  occasionally  seams 
tilled  with  large  calcite  crystals  are  found.  The  limestone  is  of  uneven 
quality;  in  places  it  is  very  good,  showing  on  the  fracture  a  very  tine- 
grained,  very  light  gray  or  whitish  material,  and  when  burned  produces 
very  nearly  pure  lime.  In  other  places,  it  is  somewhat  impure,  show- 
ing dark  gray  spots,  burning  to  lime  of  a  less  pure  grade.  The  lime- 
stone lies  generally  in  contact  with  shales,  although  most  of  the  country 
rock  surrounding  the  deposits  on  Backbone  Creek  is  of  igneous  charac- 
ter. In  the  new  quarry  of  Holt  ct  (iregg  on  the  south  side  of  the 
divide  between  the  two  Backbone  creeks,  in  Section  34,  the  relation  of 
the  limestone,  the  underlying  shales,  and  intrusive  diorite  can  be  seen. 
(Section  on  Sketch  D.) 

The  limestone  deposits  in  Sec.  22,  T.  84  N.,  R.  5  W.,  are  owned  by  the 
Alta  Lime  and  lirick  Company,  Redding.  This  company  started  opera- 
tions about  .January  1,  1904,  and  is  building  a  road  from  its  limekihi  in 
Section  24,  same  townshij),  near  the  railroad,  to  the  mine.  The  lime- 
kiln is  under  construction,  and  will  have  a  ca])acity  of  8  tons  ])cr  twenty- 
four  hours. 

Tlie  limestone  in   Sec.  .".I,  T.  31    N.,  R.  •')  W.,  Dr.  Th.  R.  lleintz,  Red- 


LIMESTONE  AND  T.IME  — SHASTA  COUNTY. 


91 


ding,  owntT,  forms  a  i)roiiiinent  Muff  on  tlie  north  side  of  C'lear  ('reek, 
from  60  to  70  feet  high  and  300  feet  long.  The  limestone  can  he  traced 
farther  \\\)  the  hill  to  about  110  feet  above  its  lowest  exposure,  where  it 
is  overlaid  by  black  shales.  Mr.  J.  S.  Diller  (Bulletin  U.  8.  Geological 
Survey,  No.  21o,  page  865)  classified  this  limestone  as  Devonian. 

There  is  a  small  outcrop  of  the  same  limestone  just  opposite  on  the 
south  side  of  Clear  Creek.  The  remnants  of  an  old  limekiln  are  found 
at  the  foot  of  the  bluffs;  formerly  a  great  amount  of  lime  was  burned 
here  and  was  shipped  as  far  as  Colusa. 

The  deposit  in  Sees.  28  and  34,  T.  34  N.,  R.  5  \V.,  Holt  c^'  Gregg,  Red- 
ding, owners,  was  formerly  quarried  on  the  north  side,  on  the  Big  Back- 


ILL.  No.  :17.     SKKTCH  D,  SHASTA  COUNTY. 

bone  side  (see  Sketch  D),  and  burned  in  kilns  in  Section  34,  in  Big 
Backbone  Caiion.  The  new  quarry  is  on  the  south  slope  toward  Little 
Backbone  and  the  kilns  at  Kennett.  The  quarry  is  worked  by  hand- 
drilling;  the  blocks  are  sledged  down  to  pieces  from  12  inches  to  4 
inches;  pieces  l)elow  4  inches  are  thrown  over  the  dump.  At  the  kiln 
the  stone  is  further  l)roken  to  pieces  running  from  6  inches  to  3  inches. 
The  kilns  are  modified  patent  shaft  kilns,  with  iron  sheeting,  having  a 
ca}>acity  of  7i  tons  of  lime  per  twentv-four  hours,  using  wood  as  fuel. 
The  lime  is  used  all  over  northern  California. 

The  deposit  in  the  S.  E.  i  of  Sec.  32,  T.  34  X.,  R.  5  \V.,  Mountain 
Copper  Company,  Keswick,  owner,  was  quarried  some  years  ago,  and 
used  for  flux  in  the  smelter  at  Keswick. 


92  STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL    MATERLVLS   OP    CALIFORNLY. 

SIERRA  COUNTY. 

Three  distinct  ledges  of  limestone  occur  in  the  central  part  of  the 
county,  between  Downieville  and  Sierra  City.  The  first  is  encountered 
about  3  miles  east  and  northeast  of  Downieville,  extending  from  Sec.  18, 
T.  20  N.,  R.  10  K.,  in  a  southwestern  course  through  Sees.  19,  30.  32, 
T.  20  N.,  R.  11  E.;  the  second,  2  miles  farther  east,  has  a  north  and 
south  course  through  the  W.  i  of  Sec.  27,  T.  20  N.,  R.  11  E.;  the  third 
is  between  Loganville  and  Sierra  City,  extending  in  a  southeasterly 
course  from  the  center  of  Sec.  30,  through  Sec.  29  and  into  Sec.  82, 
T.  20  N.,  R.  12  E.  This  last  named  is  the  most  important  of  the  three 
ledges  in  point  of  ijuality.  In  Noveml)er,  1904,  lime  was  being  burned 
from  the  limestone  taken  from  this  ledge  for  structural  use  in  the  con- 
struction of  a  cyanide  plant  for  the  Sierra  Buttes  mine.  Thirty  years 
ago  lime  was  burned  from  the  limestone  taken  from  the  ledge  nearest 
Downieville. 

SISKIYOU  COUNTY. 

Limestone  is  found  in  Siskiyou  County  in  great  abundance,  not  only 
in  l)elts  of  large,  disconnected  exposures,  some  of  which  are  very  exten- 
sive, but  also  in  small  patches  scattered  between  other  formations, 
especially  the  schists.  Sometimes  it  has  the  laminated  structure  of  the 
schists  to  such  a  degree  that  a  superficial  examination  of  hand  speci- 
mens does  not  disclose  their  mineral  character. 

One  belt  of  limestone  runs  from  a  little  west  of  Etna  in  a  general 
northwesterly  direction,  along  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Salmon  Moun- 
tains, forming  farther  north  part  of  the  Marble  Mountains,  and  of  the 
Grider  Mountains,  showing  north  of  the  Klamath  River  on  Thompson 
Creek  and  running  farther  north  into  Oregon.  The  limestone  of  this 
belt  is  nearlv  all  altered  into  marble,  and  is  described  under  that  head- 
ing.  In  the  other  limestone  belts  of  this  county  the  alteration  has  not 
l)een  so  complete,  although  marble  is  found  in  nearly  all  the  limestone 
deposits. 

East  of  Scott  River  there  are  a  number  of  separate  exposures  of  lime- 
stone, some  of  which  are  here  mentioned.  As,  so  far  as  known,  no 
positive  data  regarding  the  age  of  these  limestones  have  been  ascer- 
tained, it  is  not  possible  to  state  whether  they  all  belong  to  one  belt 
or  not. 

Farmington  Quarry,  in  Sec.  7,  T.  40  N.,  R.  8  W.;  S.  Farmington, 
Callahan,  owner. 

The  limestone  was  burned  in  a  rock  kiln.  The  lime  was  used  in  the 
neighl)orhood  and  marketed  as  far  as  Yreka  (over  40  miles  distant) 
and  in  Trinity  County.  It  is  claimed  to  have  been  of  very  good  quality. 
The  kiln  liasnot  been  used  since  the  fall  of  1908. 


LIMESTONE  AND  LIME  — SISKIYOU,  SONOMzV.  93 

The  limestone  is  of  a  \evy  dark  bluish-gray  color,  and  is  traversed  l)y  a 
great  number  of  thin  veins  of  calcite;  it  is  very  even  and  fine-grained. 
The  general  trend  of  the  limestone  belt  is  nearly  north  and  south;  it 
is  about  200  feet  wide,  and  cut  by  several  dikes  of  basic  igneous  rock, 
not  over  10  feet  wide,  having  a  similar  strike,  which,  however,  have  not 
altered  the  limestone. 

Greenhopn  Quarry,  in  the  southwestern  part  of  T.  45  N.,  R.  7  W. ; 
L.  E.  Gilbert,  Yreka,  owner.  A  ridge  of  limestone,  on  the  north  side  of 
the  Greenhorn,  from  which  lime  was  burned  occasionally,  and  used  in 
Yreka.     The  last  lime  was  burned  in  1902. 

Ore  Fine  Quappy,  in  Sec.  19,  T.  43  N.,  R.  9  W.;  L.  C.  Wilson,  Etna, 
owner.  A  small  detached  exposure  of  limestone,  about  200  feet  wide, 
having  a  length  of  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  on  its  east  and  west 
strike.  The  limestone  lies  in  the  basic  igneous  rocks  of  which  the  Oro 
Fino  Mountains  consist,  and  is  altered  into  a  very  fine  and  even-grained 
pure  limerock  of  a  very  light  gray  color.  It  is  rather  thinl}'-  bedded 
and  dips  nearly  vertical.  This  rock  is  burned  in  a  small  rock  kiln, 
producing  a  good  quality  of  lime,  used  in  Scott  Valley  and  in  Yreka. 
The  kiln  was  used  in  the  fall  of  1904.  Harris  Brothers  of  Greenview 
liave  a  ten  years'  lease  on  the  property. 

Quigley  Quappy,  in  Sec.  2,  T.  46  N.,  R.  9  W.;  W.  Quigley,  Walker 
P.  0.,  owner.  North  of  the  Klamath  River  a  bluff  of  limestone  about 
50  feet  high  rises  above  the  surrounding  serpentine,  from  which  in 
former  years  some  lime  was  burned. 

SONOMA  COUNTY. 
Sonoma  County  Lime  Company's  Plant,  in  T.  11  N.,  R.  9  W.,  on  L.  S. 
Black's  ranch;  A.  H.  Ingham,  525  Seventh  street,  Santa  Rosa,  owner. 
The  quarry  is  6  miles  northeast  of  Geyserville,  on  the  Little  Sulphur 
Creek.  It  was  first  opened  in  1884,  and  reopened  in  April,  1901.  The 
rock  is  a  hard,  compact,  drab-colored  limestone,  with  pure  white  streaks 
of  micro-crystalline  limestone  through  the  mass  An  analysis  of  the 
rock  shows  the  following: 

Carbonate  of  lime-. 95.20 

Silica 1.27 

Peroxide  of  iron  and  alumina 0.43 

Oxide  of  manganese -.  U.IX 

Magnesia  and  loss 1.32 

Water l.«0 

Total 100.00 

The  deposit  occurs  in  the  form  of  a  boulder  150  feet  long,  70  feet 
wide,  and  outcropping  30  feet  above  the  inclosing  rock,  which  is  a  chert. 
It  is  burned  at  the  quarry  in  a  continuous  kiln,  with  a  capacity  of  50 


!>4  STRUCTIWAl,    AND    IXDUSTRIAL    MATKHIAl.S    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

barrels  a  tlay.  Wood  is  ustnl  as  fuel.  An  abuiuhiiit  sui>i)ly  of  live  oak 
occurs  in  the  ininiediate  vicinity  of  the  kiln.  The  ])lant  is  worked  exten- 
sively during  the  summer,  but  is  idle  during  the  rainy  season,  because, 
with  the  present  condition  of  the  roads,  it  is  too  expensive  to  liaul  the 
lime  to  (Tcyserville  for  shipment. 

TRINITY  COUNTY. 

Limestone  is  found  in  man}-  places  in  Trinity  County.  There  are: 
(1)  A  belt  of  Devonian  limestone,  showing  in  separate  lenses  for  over  100 
miles,  running  about  parallel  with  the  South  Fork  of  Trinity  River  from 
its  source  to  Hoopa  Valley,  for  the  most  part  intimatel}"  associated  with 
igneous  rocks;  (2)  A  parallel  belt  of  Devonian  limestone  running  to  the 
northeast  of  the  preceding;  and  (3)  A  belt  of  Carboniferous  limestone, 
entering  Trinity  County  from  the  southeast  near  the  Hall  City  mine,  in 
the  northeast  corner  of  T.  29  N.,  R.  10  W'.,  M.  D.  M.,  running  northwest 
along  the  Hayfork  River,  disappearing  north  of  Hayfork  and  showing 
farther  north  on  New  River,  near  Patterson's.  (See  .1.  S.  Diller,  Amer- 
ican Journal  of  Science,  4th  Series,  Vol.  lo,  pp.  342  et  see}.)  Northeast  of 
these  belts  numerous  limestone  exposures  are  found.  The  great  amount 
of  metamorphism  in  Trinity  County  has  altered  much  of  the  limestone 
into  marble. 

On  Brown  Mountain,  in  Sec.  21,  T.  33  N.,  R.  9  W.,  M.  D.  .M..  owned  by 
the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad  Company,  is  a  belt  of  limestone  having  a 
nearly  north  and  south  trend.  It  was  quarried  years  ago,  and  burned 
in  a  limekiln  of  which  the  remnants  are  still  visible.  The  lime  was 
used  in  the  piers  of  the  bridge  formerly  crossing  Trinity  River  at  Low- 
den's  and  in  the  masonry  of  the  courthouse  at  Weaverville.  The  lime- 
stone is  coarsely  crystalline.  The  quarry  excavations  are  shallow  and 
caved  in,  and  it  is  impossible  to  determine  the  size,  dip,  or  bedding  of 
the  limestone. 

At  the  head  of  Oregon  Guleh,  in  Sec.  3,  T.  33  N.,  K.  10  \V..  M.  D.  M., 
there  is  a  body  of  limestone  from  which  in  ISoi;  lime  was  liurned.  wliieli 
was  used  in  several  buildings  in  Weaverville. 

In  the  vicinity  of  Hayfork,  in  T.  31  X.,  R.  11  W.,  M.  D.  M.  (unsur- 
veyed),  are  found  several  detached  exposures  of  limestone,  which  are 
typical  of  similar  exposures  through  the  county. 

TULARE  COUNTY. 
Lemon  Cove  Lime  Quarry,  in   Sec.  35,  T.  17  S.,  IL  27  Iv     This  small 
(piarry  lies   lA   miles  north  of   Lemon  Cove  (formerly  l>iniekiln ).     The 
stone  is  a   white,  coarsely  crystalline  calcite,  and  occurs  in  an   irreg- 
ular ))()cket  formal  ion.     The  limestone  extends  for  about  40  feet  across 


MARBLE.  95 

the  face,  with  perpendicuhir  side  walls  of  clay  shale.  A  dike  of  slaty 
schistose  material,  4  feet  in  width,  extends  diagonally  across  the  present 
face  of  the  quarry.  The  stone  was  trammed  ahout  100  yards  to  the 
intermittent  open  tield  kilns,  two  of  which  have  double  draws  and  one 
is  a.  single  draw.  Willow  wood  cut  in  a  nearby  creek  furnished  fuel- 
The  })lant  has  been  idle  for  the  past  two  years. 

TUOLUMNE  COUNTY. 

G.  Engler  Lime  Company,  in  !?ec.  27,  T.  2  N.,  R.  14  E.;  G.  Englcr, 
Sonora,  owner.  This  plant  is  located  about  2^  miles  north  of  Sonora, 
near  Shaw's  Flat,  and  supplies  a  local  demand  for  lime.  The  stone  is 
quarried  from  the  numerous  outcrops,  exposed  l)y  the  early  placer 
workings,  which  extend  for  several  miles  through  this  district.  The 
rock  is  burned  in  two  intermittent  tield  kilns,  of  about  400  Ijarrels 
capacity.     Wood  is  used  for  fuel. 


MARBLE. 


jNIarble  is  a  metamorphic,  crystalline  limestone,  distinguished  from 
other  limestones  principally  by  its  adaptability  to  receive  a  polish.  It 
is  used  as  an  ornamental  building  stone,  also  for  decorative  and  monu- 
ment piu'poses. 

The  production  of  marble  in  California,  as  indicated  below,  is  not 
very  large,  but  a  study  of  the  deposits  in  the  State  justifies  the  conclu- 
sion that  more  deposits  could  be  opened,  and  the  ones  already  opened 
could  be  operated  more  extensively.  Large  quantities  of  marble  are 
shipped  into  California  from  Vermont,  Georgia,  Tennessee,  and  Italy, 
which  indicates  a  demand  greater  than  the  supply,  a  demand  that  could 
and  should  be  met,  in  a  large  measure,  from  the  home  (juarries. 

So  far  as  observed,  California  produces  no  bright-colored  marl)les 
that  could  replace  the  red  Tennessee  and  red  Vermont  variegated  mar- 
bles for  interior  decoration;  but  there  is  a  sufficient  sup})ly  of  white, 
clouded,  and  colored  marbles  and  onyx  marble  to  more  than  supply  the 
home  demand. 

Some  of  the  limestone  and  marble  deposits  of  California  are  shattered 
and  have  many  cracks  and  seams,  and  in  some  cases  poor  judgment 
has  been  used  in  (juarrying  and  in  selecting  some  of  the  marble  that 
has  been  put  on  the  market.  Besides,  the  use  of  heavy  charges  of 
powder  will  cause  seams  and  cracks  in  the  marble,  however  sound  the 


96  STRUCTURAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL    MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

stone  may  have  been  at  first.  All  these  reasons  have  to  some  extent 
been  detrimental  to  the  general  impression  regarding  the  marble 
resources  of  the  State. 

The  published  reports  for  1904  show  that  marble  was  produced  in  five 
different  counties  in  California,  but  good  marble  is  known  to  exist  in 
several  other  localities  where  it  is  not  quarried. 

MARBLE  PRODUCTION  IN  CALIFORNIA  IN   1904. 

Cubic  Feet.  Value. 

Amador  County .__ i 4,785  $6,5.58 

InyoCounty.- 3,U00  3,00U 

Riverside  County  5,000  2,.500 

San  Bernardino  County ..-     31,11H  .53,400 

Tuoluuine  County 11,5(K)  28,750 

Totals.    _ 55,401  .$94,208 

REFERENCES  ON  CALIFORNIA  MARBLES. 

1.  Eleventh  Census  Report  on  Mineral  Industries,  p.  626,  Wash- 
in  ston,  D.  C. 

2.  Tenth  Report  of  State  Mineralogist,  California,  p.  584. 

8.  Eleventh  Report  of  State  Mineralogist,  California,  pp.  312,  363,  506. 

4.  Twelfth  Report  of  State  Mineralogist,  California,  pp.  391-96. 

5.  Thirteenth  Report  of  State  Mineralogist,  California,  pp.  627-633. 

6.  Mineral  Industry,  N.  Y.,  Vol.  VIII,  1899. 

7.  Annual  l»ei)()rt  of  Arkansas  Geological  Survey,  1890,  Vol.  IV, 
p.  175. 

S.  California  Marlde,  Stone,  Vol.  VIII,  p.  254. 

9.  California  Marble,  Stone,  Vol.  XXI,  1903,  p.  28. 

Onyx  Marbles  of  Califopnia : 

1.  Tenth  Report  of  State  Mineralogist,  California,  p.  584. 

2.  Twelfth  Report  of  State  Mineralogist,  California,  p.  403. 

3.  Thirteenth  Report  of  State  Mineralogist,  California,  p.  641. 

4.  Bulletin  No.  37,  State  Mining  Bureau. 

5.  Twentieth  Annual  Report  of  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  Pt.  VI  cont., 
p.  287. 

6.  Stone,  N.  Y.,  November,  1898. 

7.  The  Tenth  Census,  Vol.  X. 

AMADOR  COUNTY. 

Amador  Marble  Quarry;  1).  E.  Collins,  California  Bank,  Oakland, 
president.  Idle  for  the  last  few  years.  The  marble  was  used  for  mon- 
ument and  building  purposes. 

Carrara  Marble  Quarry;  C.  Dondero,  room  617,  456  Montgomery 
street,  San  Francisco.     The  quarry  is  located  in  Sec.  29,  T.  7  N.,  R.  12  E., 


MARBLE  —  A^rAnOR  COUNTY. 


91 


M.  D.  M.  The  principal  product  is  white  marble  with  black  streaks; 
also  white  and  ash-colored  marbles  are  available.  Used  in  rotunda  of 
City  Hall,  and  entrance  to  Native  Sons'  Building,  San  Francisco;  also 
in  rotunda  of  Museum  Building,  Stanford  University. 

Oleta  Quappy,  M.  Zwischenbach,  owner.  Two  and  a  half  miles  east 
of  Plymouth,  on  the  south  side  of  the  Oleta-Plymouth  stage  road,  is  a 
marble  quarry,  now  idle,  which  some  years  ago  was  worked  as  the 
demand  required.  The  marble  occurs  in  a  heavy  ledge,  about  100  feet 
thick,  lying  in  the  midst  of  blue  schists.     There  is  a  small  parallel  bed 


ILL.  No.  3S.     OLETA  MARBLE  QTARRY,  PLYMOUTH,  AMADOR  COUNTY. 

of  marble,  about  10  feet  thick,  100  feet  west  of  the  quarry,  and  several 
heavier  beds  east  of  the  quarry,  probably  200  feet  or  more  of  marble  in 
all.  The  quarry  has  been  opened  more  than  two  thirds  of  the  way  down 
the  steep  slope  on  the  north  side  of  the  canon  about  200  feet  below  the 
Oleta  road.  The  quarry  face  is  a  little  over  100  feet  in  height  and 
about  100  feet  wide.  The  stone  is  a  light  gray  and  blue  clouded  marble. 
It  has  a  medium-fine  grain,  and  is  comparatively  pure  and  free  from 
foreign  material.  Blocks  6,  8,  and  10  feet  long,  and  in  one  place  nearly 
30  feet  long,  and  from  4  to  10  feet  thick,  are  obtainable.  If  the  smaller 
blocks  could  be  worked  into  tiling,  mosaic,  marl)le  dust,  etc.,  the  waste 
would  not  be  excessive. 


7— Buj..  38 


98  STRUCTURAL   AND    IXnUSTRIAL    :MATERIALS    OP    CALIFORNIA. 

BUTTE  COUNTY. 

Marble  of  blue,  black,  and  white  varieties  occurs  in  Butte  County. 
No  commercial  production  has  been  essayed. 

Big  Bend  Marble  Quarry,  in  Sec.  32,  T.  22  N.,  R.  5  E.,  M.  1).  M.;  John 
A.  Clark,  Yankee  Hill,  owner.  Two  ledges  of  limestone  marble  occur 
in  the  Big  Bend  of  the  North  Fork  of  Feather  River.  The  main  ledge 
is  a  blue  limestone,  striking  northwest  and  crossing  the  river;  it  is 
exposed  1200  feet  south  of  the  river,  and  extends  southeast  about  2000 
feet.  It  has  been  prospected  by  an  open  cut  from  20  to  50  feet  wide. 
Northeast  of  this  exposure  occurs  a  ledge  of  white  marble  of  fair  quality. 
More  attention  has  been  given  to  the  development  of  the  blue  ledge, 
from  which  samples  have  been  shown  to  sustain  a  high  polish. 

Marble  Creek.  —In  Sec.  10,  T.  22  N.,  R.  6  E.,  M.  D.  M.,  a  heavy  crop- 
ping of  white  marble  occurs  on  the  west  bank  of  Marble  Creek,  crossing 
the  creek  on  its  northwest  and  southeast  strike.  Some  local  use  has 
been  made  of  the  marble  in  interior  structural  work. 

Mooretown  Marble.  -Sec.  24,  T.  20  N.,  R.  6  E.,  M.  D.  M.;  Golden  West 
Mining  Company;  R.  M.  Green,  Oroville.  A  ledge  of  white  marble  is 
exposed  on  the  north  side  of  Sucker  Run  Creek  for  about  40  feet  above 
the  surface  of  the  stream  and  from  20  to  30  feet  wide.  The  north 
extension  of  the  ledge  was  traced  for  about  100  feet. 

Pentz  Marble.— In  N.  W.  i  of  Sec.  8,  T.  21  N.,  R.  4  E.,  M.  D.  M.;  J.  G. 
Curtis,  Pentz,  owner.  Several  years  ago  ]\Ir.  Curtis  burned  lime  from 
this  deposit.  A  handsome  black  mottled  marble  slab  4  feet  long,  1  foot 
wide,  and  4  inches  thick,  from  this  quarry  has  been  exhibited  in  San 
Francisco  and  Oroville  as  a  demonstration  of  the  value  of  tlie  limestone 
for  marble,  but  no  extensive  quarrying  for  marble  has  been  done. 
The  ledge  extends  for  a  mile  northwest  and  soutlieast  through  the  center 
of  Section  8,  and  is  exposed  for  a  width  of  300  feet. 


CALAVERAS  COUNTY. 

White,  gray,  and  banded  marble  is  found  in  many  places  in  Cala- 
veras County,  but  is  not  quarried.  The  l)elt  passes  from  Tuolumne 
County  northward  through  Calaveras  County,  and  is  found  near  Valle- 
cito,  Mur))hys,  and  Cave  City.  (See  also  Xllth  Rei)ort  of  California 
State  Mining  Bureau,  page  391.) 

Caldwell  Marble  Quarry,  in  Sec.  35,  T.  4  N.,  R.  11  E.,  M.  D.  M.;  Ed- 
ward .J.  Caldwell,  Valley  Springs,  owner.  Located  about  4  miles  south- 
east of  Valley  Springs,  on  Bear  Mountain.  The  specimen  in  the 
Mining  Jkireau  museum  shows  it  to  be  a  dark  variegated  limestone,. 


MARBLE  -  CALAVERAS,    GLENN,    INYO.  99 

capable  of  receiving  a  high  polish.     No  marble  has  been  shipped,  merely 
development  work  having  been  done. 

Heptzig  Marble  Quarry,  in  Sec.  29,  T.  4  N.,  R.  12  E.,  M.  D.  M.; 
M.  Hertzig,  San  iVndreas,  owner.     A  compact,  gray  building  marble. 

Treat  Marble  Quarry,  in  Sec.  16,  T.  14  N.,  R.  12  E.,  M.  D.  M.;  J.  F. 
Treat,  Sr.,  San  Andreas,  owner.  Located  l:r  miles  east  of  San  Andreas. 
The  quarry  lies  on  the  hillside,  and  the  marble  is  very  easily  quarried. 
The  stone  was  used  in  erecting  the  Hall  of  Records  in  San  Andreas. 
It  is  a  very  compact,  finely  crystalline  marble,  and  both  white  and 
variegated  varieties  are  available. 

GLENN  COUNTY. 

Alexander  Brown,  Oakland.  In  the  northwest  corner  of  T.  18  N., 
R.  6  W.,  a  cropping  of  a  ledge  of  serpentine  is  exposed.  The  material 
has  the  texture,  solidity,  and  luster  requisite  to  the  production  of  a 
good  quality  of  serpentine  marble.  No  prospecting  or  development 
work. 

H.  A.  Daniels,  Stonyford,  Colusa  County;  Sec.  21,  T.  18  N.,  R.  6  W., 
M.  D.  M.  Several  years  ago  a  ledge  of  marble  of  the  white  or  alabaster 
limestone  variety  was  prospected  by  W.  H.  Wilton  of  San  Francisco,  to 
a  distance  of  about  40  feet  into  the  exposure.  The  ledge  may  be  traced 
for  about  a  mile  north  and  south  along  the  east  side  of  Stony  Creek. 

INYO  COUNTY. 

Inyo  Marble  Company;  M.  J.  McDonald,  Mills  Building,  San  Francisco, 
president.  The  quarries  are  situated  at  the  base  of  the  Inyo  range, 
between  Keeler  and  Lone  Pine.  They  are  scattered  along  the  base  of 
the  range  for  several  miles,  but  the  point  at  which  most  of  the  work  has 
been  done  is  about  5  miles  north  of  Keeler.  The  marble  from  these 
quarries  is  a  dolomite,  is  generally  fine-grained  and  quite  hard,  takes  a 
good  polish,  and  is  a  durable  and  handsome  stone.  A  specimen  of  the 
pure  white  dolomite  was  analyzed,  with  the  following  results:  carbonate 
of  lime,  54.25  per  cent;  carbonate  of  magnesia,  44.45  per  cent;  iron 
and  silica  (clay),  0.60  per  cent.  A  little  south  of  the  original  quarry 
face  a  bed  of  fancy  and  variegated  marble  was  opened.  It  is  mottled 
(white,  yellow,  gray,  and  black),  and  is  penetrated  by  beautiful 
dendritic  markings  of  manganese.  The  white  quarries  furnish  any 
desired  size  of  blocks;  pieces  of  from  15  to  18  tons  weight  have  been 
obtained.  There  is  a  quarry  of  beautiful  yellow  marble  about  half  a 
mile  north  of  the  main  workings.  A  deposit  of  black  marble  is  utilized 
for  floor  tilings.     The  company  ships  the  rough-dressed  marl)le  to  its 


100  STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATERLVLS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

mills  on  the  Truckee  River,  18  miles  west  of  Reno,  where  it  is  sawed 
and  dressed  ready  for  shipment.  This  company  furnished  the  stone 
for  the  Mills  Building,  both  inside  and  out,  and  many  other  buildings 
in  San  Francisco. 

KERN  COUNTY. 

Antelope  Valley  Marble  Quarry,  in  Sec.  2,  T.  9  N.,  R.  17  W.,  S.  B.  M.; 
Soutliern  California  Marble  Company,  J.  T.  Houx,  Call  Building,  San 
Francisco,  owner.  Near  Neenach,  on  the  south  slope  of  the  Tehachapi 
range.  A  large  body  of  fine-grained  marble,  consisting  of  a  number  of 
beds  of  various  colors,  dipping  at  an  angle  of  about  35  degrees  into  the 
mountain.  In  the  quarry  is  found  white  marble  with  reddish-brown 
veins,  and  with  heavy  blue  veins.  This  marble  has  been  used  in  the 
Stimson  Block,  Los  Angeles,  in  the  Spreckels  band  stand.  Golden  Gate 
Park,  and  Goldberg  &  Bowen's  store,  Sutter  street,  San  Francisco,  etc. 
(See  also  Xlllth  Report  of  California  State  Mining  Bureau,  p.  629.) 
This  quarry  has  been  idle  for  the  past  two  years. 

MARIPOSA  COUNTY. 

A  belt  of  crystalline  limestone,  some  of  which  would  make  handsome 
structural  and  ornamental  marble,  occurs  on  the  south  side  of  the  South 
Fork  of  Merced  River,  near  Hite's  Cove,  where  it  is  exposed  on  the 
grade  road.     No  effort  has  ever  been  made  to  develop  it. 

NEVADA  COUNTY, 

Marble,  though  at  present  not  productive,  is  a  prospective  industry 
in  Nevada  County.  There  are  two  distinct  occurrences  of  marble  in  the 
county,  which  have  been  prospected  in  a  small  way. 

Bear  River. — In  Sec.  22,  T.  15  N.,  R.  9  E.,  marble  occurs  near  Bear 
River,  the  dividing  line  between  Nevada  and  Placer  counties.  This 
exposure,  which  is  prominent,  is  an  apparent  extension  of  the  large 
bodies  of  marble  in  Section  35,  same  township  and  range,  on  the  Placer 
County  side  of  Bear  River.     These  ledges  extend  north  and  south. 

South  Yuba.— In  Sees.  13  and  18,  T.  17  N.,  R.  9  E.,  J.  C.  Martens,  W. 
Calenberger,  W.  C.  Harmon  and  A.  L.  Martens,  of  North  Bloomfield, 
made  locations  in  1894.  The  marble  ledge  is  exposed  in  the  bed  and 
on  the  banks  of  the  South  Yuba  River  at  elevations  of  from  1000  to 
2000  feet,  with  croppings  at  still  higher  points,  having  a  northwest  and 
southeast  course.  Lesser  occurrences  of  limestone  are  found  some  4  or 
5  miles  farther  west  and  downstream,  from  which  lime  was  burned  five 
or  six  years  ago,  but  from  which  no  marble  has  been  quarried.  These 
marble  deposits  are  situate  about  15  miles  northeast  of  Nevada  City, 
by  wagon  road. 


MARBLE— PLACER,  PLUMAS.  101 

PLACER  COUNTY. 
Marble  occurs  in  Placer  County  in  several  localities. 

Auburn  Quarry,  in  Sec.  14,  T.  12  N.,  R.  8  E.;  W.  S.  Davis,  Auburn, 
owner.  A  .somewbat  shattered  white  marble,  although  masses  of  con- 
siderable size  have  been  t|uarried.  It  is  exposed  for  a  height  of  about 
25  feet,  over  a  distance  of  about  100  feet. 

Holmes  Lime  Company's  Quappy,  in  Sec.  33,  T.  15  X.,  R.  9  E.;  Holmes 
Lime  Company,  San  Francisco,  owner.  (See  Limestone.)  Thirty-five 
years  ago  marble  was  sawed  and  polished  from  this  limestone  ledge  by 
a  man  named  Pritchard,  ^vho  made  the  marble  columns  for  the  entrance 
way  to  the  Xapa  Insane  Asylum  and  tiling  for  the  floor  of  the  San 
Francisco  branch  mint  building. 

Hotallng  Quappy,  in  Sec.  16,  T.  13  N.,  R.  8  E.  White  marble  occurs 
near  Hotaling,  5  miles  north  from  Clipper  Gap.  It  has  been  used  only 
as  flux  for  the  smelting  of  iron  by  the  California  Iron  and  Lime  Com- 
pany. 

John  MeAnineh. — A  deposit  of  verde  antique  marble  is  reported  near 
the  Butcher  Ranch,  on  land  owned  by  John  McAninch. 

Vepde  Antique.— In  Sec.  1,  T.  13  X.,  R.  9  E.;  Mr.  Dunning,  Oakland, 
owner;  about  16  miles  northeast  from  Auburn.  The  serpentine  marble, 
or  verde  antique,  is  exposed  for  100  feet  or  more  in  height  and  between 
400  and  500  feet  wide,  on  the  northerly  slope  of  the  hill  that  looks  down 
upon  the  American  River.  The  deposit  is  not  extensive  east  and  w^est, 
and  appears  to  be  a  series  of  ledges.  Some  prospecting  has  been  done, 
and  small  pieces  of  ornamental  design  have  been  polished  b}'  Joseph 
Boleres  of  Forest  Hill.  It  is  a  beautiful  stone,  green  and  blue  in  color, 
and  if  found  compact  in  sufficiently  large  masses  would  prove  a  prof- 
itable property. 

PLUMAS  COUNTY. 

There  are  large  bodies  of  marble  in  the  southwestern  part  of  Plumas 
County.  Marble  Cone  is  a  great  mountain  of  marble  situated  in  Sec.  8, 
T.  22  X.,  R.  8  E.,  on  the  south  side  of  Middle  Feather  River.  Marble 
ledges  also  occur  on  the  north  side  of  the  river,  in  Sections  5,  6,  and  7. 
This  ground  is  unsurveyed.  Locations  were  made  some  twelve  years 
ago  by  Judge  C.  E.  McLaughlin  of  Quincy,  James  Jones  of  La  Porte, 
and  others,  and  samples  of  the  marble  were  polished,  presenting  a 
handsome  face  and  evidence  of  fine  quality;  but  the  locations  were 
abandoned,  owing  to  failure  of  the  extension  westward  of  the  Beckwith 
Pass  Railwav. 


102  STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

RIVERSIDE  COUNTY. 

Sky  Blue  Marble  and  Onyx  Company's  Quarry,  in  Sees.  2  and  3,  T.  2  S., 
R.  o  W.,S.  B.  M.;  E.  \V.  Tucker,  Eightli  and  Walnut  streets,  Riverside, 
manager.  (For  description  of  quarry,  sec  Tjimestone,  page  75.)  This 
limestone  takes  an  admirable  polish,  with  a  dark  blue  color,  making  a 
very  desirable  material  for  ornamental  purposes,  and  for  trimming  with 
lighter  colored  marbles. 

SAN  BERNARDINO  COUNTY. 

Nearly  all  the  limestone  found  in  San  Bernardino  County  may  be 
classified  as  marble.  In  many  quarries  the  material  is  used  both  for 
burning  lime  and  for  building  and  monument  purposes. 

J.  D.  Aekerman,  602  Commercial  street,  San  Francisco,  and  J.  Seheerep, 
San  Bernardino,  have  located  a  deposit  of  white  crystalline  limestone 
in  Sees.  23,  24,  25,  26  and  35,  T.  6  N.,  11.  4  W.,  S.  B.  M.,  about  ?A  miles 
northeast  of  Victor ville. 

Barstow  Lime  Quarry,  C.  M.  LeStrange,  Barstow,  owner,  3  miles  north- 
west of  Barstow.  The  material  is  stated  to  be  a  fairly  good  marble. 
Not  in  operation. 

Black  Hawk  Mountains,  30  miles  east  of  Victorville,  contain  white 
marble  of  excellent  quality.  Not  worked.  (See  Xlllth  Report  of 
California  State  Mining  Bureavi,  p.  630.) 

Bonanza  King  Quarry,  in  T.  10  N.,  R.  3  W'.,  S.  B.  M.,  1  mile  north  of 
Hinkley,  on  the  Santa  Fe  Railway.     Claimed  to  be  very  pure  limestone. 

Cadiz.— On  the  north  side  of  the  Santa  Fe  Railway,  extending  from 
near  Cadiz  to  Bengal,  is  a  range  of  limestone  hills,  in  which  large 
deposits  of  marble  are  said  to  occur.  Specimens  said  to  have  come 
from  near  Cadiz  show  a  handsome  variegated,  dark-colored,  nearly 
black  marble,  not  often  found  on  the  American  market.  Lighter- 
colored  marbles  are  said  to  occur  in  the  same  region.  A  brief  descrip- 
tion of  this  marble  area  is  given  in  the  Mining  Review,  Los  Angeles, 
•Inly,  1904. 

California  Portland  Cement  Company,  401  Trust  Building,  Los 
Angeles,  owns  several  quarries  on  Slover  Mountain,  near  Colton,  as 
follows: 

(1)  Colton  Cement  Works  Quarry.  (See  Lime  and  Limestone,  and 
chapter  on  Cement.) 

(2)  Crusher  Plant  Quarry,  on  the  northwest  corner  of  the  mountain, 
about  200  yards  from  the  cement  works.  The  limestone  is  similar  to 
that  in  the  (quarry  of  the  Colton  Cement  Works,  only  the  inclusions  of 


MARBLE  — SAN  BERNARDINO   COUNTY. 


103 


hornblendic  rock  are  larger.     The  rock  is  crushed  in  a  spindle  crusher 
to  a  size  about  2  inches  in  dianieter,  and  is  used  for  concrete. 

(3)  Marble  Dust  Quarry  and  Plant,  on  the  west  side  of  the  mountain. 
The  limestone  is  purer,  without  inclusions  of  the  hornblendic  material. 
The  rock  is  broken  down  by  hand  in  the  quarry,  then  crushed  in  a 
Potts  crusher  to  ^  inch  in  size,  from  which  it  passes  through  a  30-inch 
Sturtevant  mill,  and  then  through  four  screens.  The  grit  is  used  for 
coating  tar  roofing  paper;  the  finer  material  passes  through  a  36-inch 


ILL.  No.  311.     MARBLE  MILL  AND  YARD,  COLTON,  SAN  BERNARDINO  COTNTY. 

Sturtevant  mill,  where  it  is  ground  to  an  impalpable  dust.     This  mate- 
rial is  used  as  mixture  with  asphalt  for  street  paving. 

(4)  Colton  Marble  Works  are  leased  by  the  California  Portland  Cement 
Company  to  the  Colton  Marble  Company,  W.  A.  Berrin,  Colton.  They 
are  located  on  the  south  side  of  Slover  Mountain,  and  use  marble  from 
two  quarries.  The  lower  quarry,  al)out  30  feet  above  the  Avorks,  is  the 
larger.  The  dark  bluish-gray  limestone  dips  at  a  slight  angle,  not 
over  10  degrees,  northwesterly.  In  the  upper  quarry,  160  feet  above 
the  works,  the  limestone  has  a  very  light  color.  The  beds  are  from  5 
to  7  feet  thick.  The  rock  is  broken  down  by  hand-drilling,  the  holes 
having  the  depth  of  the  beds,  with  about  5  feet  face,  blasting  being  done 
with  black  powder.     The  marble   is  principally  used   for   ornamental 


104 


STRUCTURAL   AND    INDITSTKIAL    MATERIALS    OF    CALIFORNLV. 


building  purposes,  but  some  monument  work  is  turned  out.  It  has 
been  used  in  the  Academy  of  Seiences,  Crossley,  and  Uialto  buildings, 
San  Francisco,  in  the  latter  being  trimmed  witli  the  verde  antique 
marble  (see  Mojave  Consolidated  Development  Company);  also  in  the 
Lankershim  Hotel,  Los  Angeles,  and  will  be  used  in  the  new  Bishop 
Building,  San  Francisco.  It  is  mostly  cut  to  1-inch  stock.  The  ]»lant 
is  equipped  with  six  gang-saws,  one  14-foot  ribbing  bed,  two  jiolishing 
machines,  one  counter  sinking  machine,  one  tile  machine,  and  one 
machine    for   cutting  plumber's  slabs,  etc.     Power  is  furnished  by  a 


ILL    No.  40.     COLTON   MAKBLK  CiUAKKY,  COLTOX,  SAX   HKRXAKDIXO  (orNTY. 

100-horsepower  1)oiler  using  oil  as  fuel,  one  50-horsepower  steam  engine, 
and  one  50-horsepower  electric  engine. 

J,  B.  Cook,  209  Laughlin  Building,  and  L.  A.  Porter,  Figueroa  and 
Twenty-tirst  streets,  Los  Angeles,  own  a  deposit  of  white  marble  in  Sec. 
33,  T.  10  N.,  U.  2  W.,  S.  B.  M.,  west  of  and  near  Barstow,  having  a 
northwesterly  course,  dipping  steei)ly  northeast,  and  stated  to  have  an 
outcrop  over  100  feet  wide  and  to  be  three  fourths  of  a  mile  long. 
Little  develojjment  work  has  been  done  on  tiiis  deposit. 

M.  L.  Cook,  San  Bernardino,  and  J.  B.  Devore,  i'uilninn  Building, 
Chicago,  own  a  small  l)ody  of  crystalline,  llinty  limestone  in  T.  2  N., 
R.  5  W.,  S.  ]i.  M.,  west  of  Cable  Canon,  (i.  Wilson  of  Cohon  had  a 
limekiln  on  this  deposit,  which  is  now  abandoned.    Tliis  deposit  belongs 


MARBLE — SAN  BERNARDINO  COUNTY. 


lOf 


to  a  series  of  detached  bodies  of  limestone  found  along  the  foothills  on 
the  south  slope  of  the  San  Bernardino  range. 

M.  L.  Cook,  San  Bernardino,  in  Sees.  15,  16,  21,  and  22,  T.  2  N., 
R.  5  W.,  S.  B.  M.,  on  the  north  side  of  Cajon  Canon,  about  2  miles  from 
the  Santa  Fo  Railroad.  A  body  of  limestone  similar  to  that  above 
mentioned.     J.  Hansom e  formerly  burned  lime  on  this  ground. 

In  Holeomb  Valley,  San  Bernardino  Mountains,  near  Metzger's  gold 
mines,  it  is  stated  that  a  wide  reef  of  white  marble  is  found. 


ILL.  No.  4L     MO.IAVE    CONSOLIDATED    DEVELOPMENT    COMPANY'S    VERDE    ANTIQUE 
MARBLE  QUARRY,  VICTORVILLE,  SAN  BERNARDINO  COLNTY. 

In  Lone  Pine  Canon,  Sec.  15,  T.  3  N.,  R.  7  W.,  S.  B.  M.,  near  Swartout 
Valley,  is  an  old  limestone  quarry  and  kiln.  Unappropriated  Govern- 
ment land. 

Mojave  Consolidated  Development  Company;  J.  P.  O'Brien,  175  Crocker 
Building,  San  Francisco.  This  company  has  been  organized  to  operate 
the  marl)le  quarries  formerly  known  as  the  "Gem  Quarries"  (Alamo 
Consolidated  Marble  Company)  and  the  "Verde  Antique,"  in  Sec.  28, 
T.  7  N.,  R.  2  W.,  S.  B.  M.  (See  IXth  Report  of  State  Mining  Bureau, 
p.  363,  and  Xlllth  Report,  iJiid.,  p.  630.)     See  chapter  on  Serpentine. 

Museapabia  Land  and  Water  Company,  M.  S.  Severance,  San  Bernar- 
dino; Sec.  6,  T.  1  N.,  R.  4  W.,  S.  B.  M.,  in  Devil's  Canon.     A  deposit  of 


l(»(i 


STRITCTUKAL    AND    INDL'STKIAI.    .MATKKIA1>S   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


limestone,  similar  in  character  to  that  described  above  in  Cable  Canon 
and  Cajon  Canon.     Lime  was  also  burned  here  in  former  years. 

G.  E.  Otis,  Farmers'  Exchange  Building,  San  Bernardino,  owns  a 
deposit  of  rather  fine-grained  marble,  white,  blue-veined,  and  bluish- 
mottled,  in  Sec.  12,  T.  1  N.,  R.  6  W.,  S.  B.  M.  This  deposit  has  an  east 
and  west  course,  is  about  one  eighth  of  a  mile  wide,  and  can  be  traced 
for  a  considerable  distance,  occasionally  interrupted  by  outcrops  of 
presumably  eruptive  rocks. 

W.  E.  Van  Slyke,   716  Fifth  street,  San   Bernardino.     In  the  north- 


ILL    No.    42.     MO.IAVK    COXSOLIDATEJ)    DKVKLOl'MKNT    COM  I'ANY'S    VERDK    ANTKJl'K 
MARBLK  (U'ARRY.  SAN  RERNAKDINO  COrNTV.     (FROM  U  MILES  DISTANT.) 

eastern  part  of  T.  1  S.,  K.  1  E.,  S.  B.  .M.,  at  the  head  of  .Mill  Creek,  is  an 
exposure  of  marble  of  various  colors,  red  and  mottled  blue  and  white. 

Stevens  Deposit;  1*.  H.  Greer,  469  Belmont  avenue,  and  J.  M.  Day, 
.■U()2  Hobart  avenue,  Los  Angeles;  2^  miles  northeast  of  Barstow.  The 
deposit  is  claimed  to  be  of  considerable  extent,  of  while  and  ])ure  marble, 
in  a  schistose  country  rock.  The  material  is,  however,  stated  to  be 
somewhat  shattered.     Very  little  development  work. 

Northwest  of  N'ictorville,  22  miles  west  of  Northcarap,  is  stated  to  be 
a  large  reef  of  white  marble  about  150  feet  wide  and  1000  feet  long. 
Unappropriated  Government  land. 

A  similar  reef  is  stated  to  exist  in  the  northern  i)art  of  T.  6  N.,  U.  2  \V., 
S.  B.  M.,  3  miles  south  of  the  Verde  Antique  marble  mines. 


MARBLE  — SAN    DIEGO,   SHASTA.   SISKIYOU.  107 

SAN  DIEGO  COUNTY. 

San  Diego  Desert  Marble  Company  owns  several  claims  in  T.  16  S., 
K.  9  E.,  S.  B.  M.,  on  the  most  eastern  extremity  of  the  Coyote  Mountains, 
Colorado  Desert.  Many  blocks  measuring  from  10  to  20  feet  in  diameter 
have  been  taken  out,  ready  for  transportation,  from  two  quarries.  The 
marble  is  fine-grained  and  exceptionally  hard,  usually  of  a  gray  or 
black  and  white  color,  with  strata  of  pink,  yellowish,  and  reddish  marble. 
Nothing  but  assessment  work  has  been  done. 

SHASTA  COUNTY. 

In  Sec.  3,  T.  33  N.,  R.  4  \V.,  M.  D.  M.,  H.  H.  Rosemann,  Bayha  P.  0., 
has  opened  up  a  marble  body  by  an  open  cut  35  feet  long,  with  a  height 
of  20  feet  at  breast.  The  marble  is  still  broken  up,  but  promises  to 
produce  a  good  material  in  depth.  Through  it  are  boulders  of  arngonite 
(onyx  marble)  of  various  colors. 

SISKIYOU  COUNTY. 

A  belt  of  marble  runs  from  a  little  w^est  of  Etna  in  a  general  north- 
westerly direction  along  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Salmon  Mountains, 
forming  farther  north  part  of  the  Marble  Mountains,  and  in  the  Grider 
Mountains  showing  north  of  the  Klamath  River  on  Thompson  Creek, 
and  running  farther  north  into  Oregon. 

Marble  Mountain,  in  Sees.  16,  19,  20,  and  21,  T.  43  N.,  R.  12  E.,  H.  M.; 
a  very  large  body  of  marble  is  in  this  belt.  It  is  very  circumstantially 
described  by  Mr.  T.  A.  Reynolds  in  his  history  of  Siskiyou  County, 
pages  36  and  following.  The  limestone  is  metamorphosed,  producing 
all  varieties  and  colors  of  marble,  but  principally  pure  white  marble. 

R.  MeDaniels,  Etna,  owner.  In  Sec.  6,  T.  41  X.,  R.  9  W.,  M.  D.  M., 
on  the  road  from  Etna  to  Sawyer's  Bar,  is  exposed  marble  similar  to 
that  described  in  Sec.  32,  T.  42  N.,  R.  9  W.,  hereinbelow,  except  that 
there  are  more  numerous  seams  of  diabase  through  the  marble,  and  the 
pure  white  marble  does  not  occur  in  such  large  bodies. 

Alex.  Parker,  Jr.,  Etna,  owner.  In  Sec.  32,  T.  42  N.,  R.  9  W.  This 
marble  quarry  was  formerly  worked.  The  elevation  is  4025  feet.  The 
belt  is  from  100  to  150  feet  wide.  The  marble  is  heavily  bedded;  in 
places  it  is  perfectly  white  and  fine-grained;  in  other  places  it  carries 
dark  gray  veins,  with  seams  of  diabase.  Some  of  the  marble  is  pink- 
colored,  carries  some  iron  pyrite,  has  inclusions  of  diabase,  and  is  very 
coarsely    crystalline.     The    workings    are    not   very    extensive,    but   if 


108  STRUCTLRAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL    .MATERIALS    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

pushed  away  from  the  diabase  intrusions  will  probably,  owing  to  the 
heavy  bedding,  show  fine  bodies  of  workable  marble. 

Very  close  to  and  southeast  of  Oak  Bar,  in  Sees.  7  and  18,  T.  46  N., 
R.  9  W.,  on  the  ridge  to  the  south  of  the  Klamath  River,  is  a  small 
exposure  of  limestone.  The  marble  is  fine-grained,  with  dark  gray 
seams.     No  work  has  been  done  on  this  deposit. 

J.  C.  Woods,  Woods  P.  O.,  owner.  In  the  northern  part  of  T.  17  N., 
R.  8  E.,  on  the  east  side  of  Thompson  Creek,  about  900  feet  above  the 
creek,  and  opposite  the  head  of  the  Minetta  ditch,  is  a  cropping  of  rather 
fine-grained  marble,  having  apparently  formed  the  rim  of  a  water- 
course. No  Avork  has  been  done  on  this  deposit  to  determine  the  extent 
of  the  limestone. 

SOLANO  COUNTY. 
Pacific  Portland  Cement  Company. — In  Sec.  17,  T.  5  N.,  R.  1  W., 
M.  D.  M.,  at  Cement  (see  chapter  on  Cement,  page  185),  is  a  deposit  of 
travertine,  through  which  occur  vein-like  and  pocket-like  deposits  of  a 
dark  brow^n,  banded  stone — the  so-called  Suisun  marble.  Has  been 
used  for  decorative  purposes  in  San  Francisco. 

TULARE  COUNTY. 

Robert  James,  Porterville,  owner.  A  deposit  of  dark  gray  marble^ 
claimed  to  be  suitable  for  building  purposes;  located  8  miles  southeast 
of  Porterville,  on  the  road  to  the  South  Tule  Indian  Reservation. 

At  Three  Rivers,  25  miles  east  of  Visalia.  is  a  deposit  of  a  blue-black 
marble,  suitable  for  burning  lime  and  for  building  purposes. 

TUOLUMNE  COUNTY. 

Columbia  Marble  Company's  Quarry,  in  Sec.  34,  T.  3  N.,  R.  14  E.; 
Columbia  Marble  Company,  D.  Hearfield,  manager,  Rialto  Building, 
San  Francisco.  The  (juarry  and  works  are  located  about  2^  miles  north 
of  Columbia,  about  800  feet  above  the  Stanislaus  River.  The  Stanislaus 
River  has  uncovered  the  marble  ledge,  showing  it  to  extend  for  a  depth 
of  800  feet  below  the  present  quarry  level.  This  marble  strip  is  150 
feet  wide.  The  (juarry  face  has  been  sufficiently  opened  to  allow 
large  (juantities  of  any  desired  size  of  stone  to  be  readily  taken  out. 
The  pure  white  and  variegated  varieties  have  been  developed  more 
especially.  The  marble  is  a  compact,  fine-grained,  holocrystalline 
dolomite,  free  from  iron  and  Hint,  and  weighs  182  pounds  to  the 
cu])ic  foot.  It  is  quarried  l)y  channeling  three  sides  of  a  block,  and 
breaking  the  bottom  by  the  plug-and-feather  method.     Tlie  channeling 


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110 


STRUCTUKAL    AND    INDUSTRIAL    MATERIA1>S    OF    CALIFORNIA. 


machines  and  drills  are  driven  by  compressed  air.  The  stone  is  loaded 
by  derrick  on  to  car  trucks,  which  convey  it  to  tlie  mill,  where  six  gang- 
saws  (with  automatic  screw  feed)  cut  it  into  slabs  and  panels  ready  for 
shipment.  The  plant  includes  a  50-horsepower  Ingersoll-Sergeant  air- 
compressor.  Electric  power  is  used,  but  a  steam  boiler  and  engine  are 
ready  for  emergencies.  The  marble  is  hauled  7^  miles  to  Sonora  by 
traction  engine  when  the  road  permits,  otherwise  by  wagon.  A  60- 
horsepower  traction  engine  hauls  four  cars,  each  of  10  tons  capacity. 
About  a  carload  is  shipped  every  week  the  year  round.  About  800  tons 
of  this  stone  was  used  in  the  Merchants'  Exchange  Building,  on  Cali- 


ILL.  No.  45.  COLrMBEA  MARBLE  COMPAXY'S  (H'ARRV,  TUOLUMNE  COUNTY. 

fornia   street,  Pan  Francisco.     The  pavements  and  stairways  of   the 
Palace  Hotel  are  also  of  this  marble. 


YUBA  COUNTY. 

A  large  marVtle  exposure  is  reported  in  Sec.  15,  T.  19  N.,  R.  8  E.,  8 
miles  west  of  north  of  Camptonville,  on  the  south  side  of  North  Yuba 
River. 

Another  marble  exposure  is  reported  in  Sec.  9,  T  19  N.,  R.  8  E.,  on 
the  north  side  of  the  North  Yuba  River. 

Marlde  is  reported  to  occur  on  Oregon  Creek,  in  Sec.  11,  T.  18  N., 
R.  8  E. 


ONYX   IMARBT.E  — SAN   LUIS  OBISPO   COl^NTV.  Ill 


ONYX  MARBLE. 

The  term  "onyx"  signifies  a  banded  variety  of  quartz,  highly  prized 
as  an  ornamental  stone.  "Onyx  marble"  is  a  commercial  and  not 
a  scientific  term;  it  covers  such  calcareous  deposits  as  have  the  texture 
and  beauty  fitting  to  serve  as  ornamental  stone.  The  requisite  qual- 
ities are:  perfect  homogeneity  of  texture,  microcrystalline  structure, 
translucency<  and  beauty  of  color.  (See  Twentieth  Annual  Report  of 
U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  Part  VI  eont.,  page  286.)  Much  of  the  finest 
and  best  onyx  marble  is  composed  of  aragonite,and  some  writers  limit  the 
term  onyx  marble  to  such  varieties,  but  considerable  quantities  of  the 
onyx  marble  of  commerce  are  ealcite. 

Some  of  the  onyx  marbles  are  deposited  by  hot  springs,  some  by  cold 
springs,  and  some  are  cave  deposits.  The  spring  deposits  are  thought 
by  some  to  furnish  a  finer  grade  of  onyx  than  the  cave  deposits.  The 
finer  grades  of  this  stone  command  fancy  prices  in  the  market,  and  are 
among  the  most  costly  stones  used  in  architectural  work. 

Onyx  marble  occurs  in  a  number  of  places  in  California.  Proljably 
the  largest  and  finest  deposit  is  the  Kesseler,  described  below,  which 
consists  of  aragonite. 

SAN  LUIS  OBISPO  COUNTY. 

KesselBP  Onyx  Deposit,  in  Sees.  9  and  16,  T.  31  S.,  R.  15  E.,  M.  D.  M.; 
F.  A.  Kesseler,  administrator,  325  Fair  Oaks  street,  San  Francisco;  5 
miles  north  of  Musick  P.  0.,  and  17  miles  northeast  of  Arroyo  Grande, 
the  nearest  railwa}'  station.  A  deposit  of  beautiful  onyx  marble,  dis- 
covered more  than  twenty  years  ago.  About  1890,  Mr.  Kesseler  built  a 
wagon  road  at  considerable  expense  from  Musick,  and  during  the  90's 
it  is  said  that  more  than  1000  tons  were  shipped  from  this  quarry. 
None  has  been  shipped  during  the  past  five  years,  as  the  estate  has 
been  in  the  probate  court. 

Onyx  marble  has  been  quarried  at  two  different  points.  The  main 
opening  lies  on  the  east  side  of  the  hill  near  the  head  of  a  small  canon, 
about  one  mile  east  of  the  county  road.  The  opening  is  about  50  feet 
long  and  20  feet  high,  and  the  total  thickness  exposed  is  about  15  feet. 

The  onyx  marble  occurs  in  somewhat  irregular  layers,  from  1  inch  to 
8  or  10  inches,  and  in  one  place  30  inches  in  thickness.  In  places  it  is 
banded  or  variegated,  and  in  some  layers  it  is  a  white,  massive,  compact 
stone.  It  is  true  aragonite,  and  hence  has  a  higher  specific  gravity 
than  ordinary  limestone.  The  stone  is  translucent  and  takes  a  brilliant 
polish.  On  the  outcrop  it  has  a  yellowish-brown  surface  stain.  In  a 
few  places  the  seams  are  filled  with  red  hematite,  which  occasionally 
impregnates  the  stone,  making  bright  red  blotches  or  bands.  Portions 
of  the  stone  are  banded  with  a  dark  green  color.     In  parts  of  the  deposit 


112  STRUCTURAL    AND    INDUSTRIAL    MATERLVLS   OP    CALIFORNLV. 

the  stone  contains  small  cavities  up  to  an  inch  in  diameter,  which  dis- 
figure the  marble,  l)ut  most  of  it  is  solid  between  the  seams.  It  has 
been  broken  out  in  blocks  from  3  to  6  feet  square,  but  blocks  with  a 
much  larger  surface  could  be  obtained  by  careful  quarrying. 

There  are  a  great  many  tons  of  good,  sound  onyx  marble  exposed  at 
this  point,  and  the  supply  beneath  the  surface  is  probably  considerable, 
but  there  is  nothing  to  indicate  the  depth  to  which  these  layers  extend. 

There  is  a  smaller  opening  on  the  west  side  of  the  hill,  about  half  a 
mile  west  of  the  main  opening.  At  this  point  the  stone  is  white,  with  a 
very  faint  banding,  and  occurs  in  two  layers  varying  from  1  to  6  inches 
thick,  averaging  about  3  inches. 

Onyx  marble  in  irregular  masses  is  also  exposed  at  the  mineral  spring 
on  the  hill  between  the  tw'o  quarry  openings.  In  several  places 
aragonite  is  in  process  of  formation  in  cavities  in  the  shales  and  sand- 
stones through  which  the  mineral  water  trickles.  In  several  places  in 
the  shales  there  are  incrustations  of  flos  ferri,  a  delicate,  coral-like  form 
of  aragonite. 

The  onyx  marble  in  this  locality"  has  been  formed  by  the  mineralized 
water  that  seeps  out  near  the  top  of  the  hill  and  trickles  down  over  the 
shales  and  sandstones.  The  water  is  now  highly  charged  with  sodium 
chloride  and  other  salts,  and  during  the  dry  season  forms  an  extensive 
deposit  along  the  several  watercourses  that  radiate  from  the  high  land 
on  w^hich  the  springs  are  located.  There  are  several  small  springs  or 
seeps  in  this  area,  from  all  of  which  comes  a  mineral  water  strong  with 
different  salts  in  solution.  The  water  has  been  shipped  in  barrels  to 
some  of  the  hospitals  in  the  State,  because  of  its  great  curative  properties. 

Many  polished  specimens  of  the  Kesseler  onyx  marble  are  on  exhibi- 
tion in  the  museum  of  the  California  State  Mining  Bureau  and  in  the 
Golden  Gate  Park  museum.  A  chemical  analj'^sis  of  the  stone  shows  it 
to  be  fairl}^  pure  carbonate  of  lime.  ^ 

Chemical  Analysis  of  San  Luis  Obispo  County  Onyx  Marble. 

Lime  carbonate  (CaCOa) 93.8H 

Magnesia  carbonate  (MgCOj) 1.43 

Iron  carbonate  (FcCOs) 3.93 

Manganese  carbonate  (MnCOj) .06 

Lime  pbospbate  (CajPjOg) 25 

This  onyx  is  considered  by  experts  to  be  superior  to  any  other  onyx 
mined  in  the  world. 

SISKIYOU  COUNTY. 

Some  onyx  is  occasionally  found  in  the  vicinity  of  Dunsmuir,  but 
only  as  relatively  small  boulders;  also  boulders  of  aragonite,  or  onyx 
marble,  generally  of  a  light  greenish  color,  associated  with  hot  springs, 
which  are  depositing  onyx  marble  and  porous  travertine.  (See  U.  S. 
Geological  Survey,  Twentieth   Annual  Report,  Pt.  VI  cont.,  page  288.) 


ILL.  No.  4ti.  AKAGOXITE  QUARRY  (KESSELER'S  OXYX  MARBLKj,  SAX  LUl.S  OBISPO  CO. 


ILL.  Xo.  47.     ARACiOXlTE  (.ilAKUV  (KESSELER'S  OXYX  .NLVUliLE),  SAX  LUIS  OHISI'O  CO. 

8— BUL.  38  (113) 


114  STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL    MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

SONOMA  COUNTY. 

Healdsburg  Marble  Company's  Quarry,  in  Sec.  31,  T.  9  N.,  R.  11  W.; 
George  Madeira  et  al.,  Healdsburg,  owners  (formerly  the  (Jray-Madeira 
onyx  claim).  Located  1(>  miles  west  of  Healdsburg,  at  the  head  of 
(lillam  Creek,  a  tributary  of  Austin  Creek.  The  aragonite  found  here 
is  green,  and  lias  tilled  a  number  of  parallel  lissures  in  a  belt  of  serpen- 
tine, which  courses  northwest  and  dips  70  degrees.  Some  specimens  show 
cavities  lined  with  milky  chalcedony;  others  have  seams  of  chalcedony 
between  the  crystals  of  aragonite,  so  as  to  give  it  a  banded  structure. 
The  inclosing  silicified  serpentine  is  most  beautifully  veined  with  yellow 
and  brown  opal,  chalcedony,  and  jasper.  It  is  very  hard  and  can  be 
had  in  large  blocks,  making  it  a  valuable  material  for  table  tops  and 
mantels.  This  claim  has  never  been  developed,  owing  to  the  distance 
from  a  railroad. 

Besides  the  above-described  localities,  onyx  marble  occurs  at  the 
following-  points: 

Gravelly  Valley,  Mendocino  County. 

Near  Bridgeport,  Mono  County;  California  Travertine  and  Onyx  Com- 
pany, San  Francisco,  owners. 

Some  onyx  marl^le  has  been  quarried  near  Tolenas  and  Suisun,  Solano 
County. 

The  verde  anti(|ue  marbles  of  California  are  described  under  Serpen- 
tine, page  147,  which  see. 


SANDSTONE* 


Sandstone  is  a  sedimentary  rock  composed  of  sand  grains  cemented 
together.  The  bulk  of  the  rock  consists  of  the  grains,  which  vary  con- 
siderably in  size  and  composition.  When  the  quartz  grains  are  very 
minute  and  the  cementing  material  is  prominent  and  of  a  claj^ey  nature, 
sandstone  gradates  into  shale,  and  when  the  size  of  the  grains  increases 
to  that  of  pebbles  the  rock  becomes  a  conglomerate.  (See  A.  Geikie. 
Text-book  of  (ieology,  pages  161  and  164.)  The  l)ulk  of  the  grains  in 
nearly  all  sandstones  consists  of  quartz.  However,  a  small  l)ut  variable 
percentage  is  composed  of  other  minerals,  among  the  most  common  of 
which  are  feldspar,  muscovite,  l)iotite,  iron  oxides,  and  hornblendes. 

The  revhentiwj  substance  of  sandstone  forms  a  much  smaller  percent- 
age of  the  rock  mass  than  the  grains,  but  it  is  a  much  more  important 
part  in  governing  its  value  as  a  building  stone,  since  both  the  color  and 
the  strengtii  of  the  sandstone  are  dependent  on  the  cementing  sub- 
stance.    The  most  connnon  cements  in  sandstones  are  iron  oxide,  clay, 


ILL.    No.   4S.     VIEW    OF    ARCHES    OP    INNER    QUADRANGLE,    STANFORD    UNIVERSITY, 
BUILT  OF  SANDSTONE  FROM  GOODRICH  QUARRIES,  SANTA  CLARA  COUNTY. 


ILL.  No.  49.    lONE  RED  SANDSTONE  QUARRY,  NEAR  lONE,  AMADOR  COUNTY. 

(115) 


116  STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL    ^LVTERL^.LS   OP    CALIFORNIA. 

quartz,  and  calcite;  sometimes  one  only,  but  frequently  two  or  more  of 
these  cements  are  present.  Crystalline  quartz  cement  alone  or  in  excess 
forms  a  quartzite  metamorphic  sandstone,  an  extremely  hard  rock  and 
one  difficult  to  work.  Calcite  cement  alone  makes  a  hard  rock  and  one 
difficult  to  work.  An  excess  of  clay  cement  forms  a  stone  that  crumbles 
easily  in  a  cold  climate.  Most  of  the  sandstones  that  are  strong  enough 
for  a  good  building  stone  and  at  the  same  time  soft  enough  to  be  eco- 
nomically quarried  and  dressed,  have  as  cementing  substances  either 
iron  oxide — the  yellow,  red,  and  l^rown  sandstones — or  clay  with  a  little 
calcite  or  silica  in  addition — -the  gray,  blue,  and  buff  sandstones. 

Certain  sandstones  more  nearh^  approach  a  true  fireproof  stone  than 
any  other  class  of  l)uilding  stones.  The  ease  with  which  sandstones 
can  be  worked,  together  with  the  variety  of  pleasing  colors,  and  the  fact 
that  in  grain  and  texture  they  harmonize  so  well  with  l)rieks  and  other 
stones,  makes  them  one  of  the  most  desirable  of  the  l)uilding  stones. 
That  California  is  well  supplied  with  good  sandstones  for  l)uilding 
purposes  is  shown  on  the  following  pages. 

SANDSTONE  PRODUCTION  IN  CALIFORNIA  FOR   1904. 

Colusa  County i|!290,lK3U 

Los  Angeles  County l.S,14.'> 

Orange  County 200 

San  Bernardino  County 2,000 

San  Luis  Obispo  County 45,000 

Santa  Barbara  County ._. 3,600 

Ventura  County 3,500 

■         Yolo  County 720 

Unapportioned 209,106 

Total .$567,181 

SANDSTONE  PRODUCTION  IN  CALIFORNIA  SINCE  1887. 

Years.  Value.  Years.  Value. 

1887 $175,(X)0  1806 ^2S,37i» 

1888 150,000  1897 24,086 

1889 175,5!)S  1898 46,3S4 

1890 -..  1(10,000  1899 103,384 

1891 100,000  1900 254,140 

1892 50,00(1  1901 ---  192,132 

1893 26,314  1902_,. 142,50{i 

18M... 113,592  liK)3 585,309 

1895 .3.5.373  1904 .567,181 


Total  since  1887 $2,869,.378 

ALAMEDA  COUNTY. 

At  present  all  of  the  sandstone  produced  in  Alameda  is  used  as 
macadam,  rubl)lc,  or  concrete.  Years  ago  two  quarries  produced  build- 
ing stone,  but  they  have  been  abandoned. 

Altamont  Sandstone  Quarry,  in  Sec.  28,  T.  2  S.,  R.  3  E.;  H.  T.  Knowles, 
80    California    street,    San    Francisco,  owner;    one   quarter  of   a    mile 


SANDSTONE— ALAMEDA,   AMADOR,   CALA\^RAS.  ]  17 

southeast  of  Altamont  station.  It  was  operated  until  1888,  the  princi- 
pal shipments  being  to  San  Francisco,  where  it  was  used  in  the  Odd 
Fellows'  cemetery.  The  stone  is  a  massive,  buff-colored  sandstone,  with 
occasional  hard  nodules  in  face. 

Fapwell  Sandstone  Quarry;  W'm.  Farwell,  Berkeley,  owner.  In  liocky 
Brook  Canon,  a  tributary  of  Niles  Canon.  Idle  since  1898.  The  rock 
is  shattered  and  broken,  and  much  waste  resulted  in  quarrying.  Last 
used  in  foundation  of  ^Masonic  Home,  between  Niles  and  Decoto. 


AMADOR  COUNTY. 

O'Neal  Sandstone  Quarry,  in  Sec.  27,  T.  5  N.,  R.  10  E.;  Thomas 
Barnett,  Ritchey  P.  O.,  owner;  about  8  miles  south  of  lone.  This  red 
sandstone  quarry  was  opened  by  David  O'Neal  about  twenty  years  ago 
and  was  worked  for  a  number  of  years.  It  has  not  been  quarried  for 
ten  years  or  more.  Stone  from  this  quarry  was  used  for  the  entrance 
and  trimmings  of  the  beautiful  Preston  School  buildings  at  lone,  in  the 
California  Bank  Building  at  Sacramento,  and  in  the  Chronicle  Building 
at  San  Francisco.  The  stone  was  hauled  by  wagon  to  lone,  the  nearest 
railway  point,  from  which  it  was  shipped  by  rail.  It  has  a  warm,  rich, 
bright  red  color,  and  even,  rather  fine  grain,  and  works  nicely  under  the 
hammer.  When  first  quarried  it  is  soft,  but  hardens  on  seasoning. 
The  quarry  face  shows  a  maximum  thickness  of  from  18  to  20  feet  of 
red  sandstone  in  one  massive  bed,  which  lies  with  a  slight  dip  to  the 
north,  and  will  probably  show  a  greater  thickness  back  from  the  present 
quarry  face.  The  sandstone  at  the  north  end  of  the  quarry  opening  is  of 
a  quality  inferior  to  that  farther  south  along  the  face,  as  it  contains 
many  spots  and  blemishes  of  the  yellow  iron  oxide. 

About  100  yards  north  of  the  red  sandstone  quarry,  and  from  30  to 
40  feet  higher  on  the  hill,  a  small  opening  has  been  made  into  a  massive 
snoiv-ichite  sandstone.  The  thickness  of  this  stone  exposed  in  the  open- 
ing is  about  10  feet,  but  the  total  thickness  of  the  bed  is  probably  much 
greater.  The  white  sandstone  is  a  beautiful  building  stone  and  it  is 
pure  and  free  from  iron,  so  that  the  waste  from  the  building-stone 
quarry  could  all  be  used  in  glass  or  pottery  works. 

CALAVERAS  COUNTY.  j  ' 

Late  Sandstone  Quarry,  in  Sec.  23,  T.  4  N.,  R.  10  E.;  Miss  E.  E.  Late, 
Valley  Springs,  owner.  A  small  quarry  has  been  opened  on  a  bold 
outcrop,  which  is  plainly  visible  from  the  road.  The  stone  is  a  medium- 
grained,  white  sandstone,  occurring  in  thick  beds,  which  have  a  slight 
dip  to  the  north  and  into  the  hill.  The  stone  in  place  is  fractured  and 
cross-seamed,  so  that  no  large  dimension  stone  is  visible,  but  this  might 


ILL    Nu    .-.0.     KOIILHriLDIMJ.roKNKKOFCALIFdRNIA  AND  MONT(i«)MKRY  STREETS, 
SAN  FRANCISCO.     RUILT  OF  COLUSA  SANDSTONE. 


SANDSTONE  — COLUSA  COUNTY.  119 

have  resulted  fronr  careless  blasting.  The  quarry  has  been  idle  for 
many  years.  The  stone  was  used,  rough-hewn,  in  building  the  resi- 
dence of  the  owner  in  1870,  and  some  has  been  shipped  to  Stockton 
and  used  as  a  decorative  stone  in  brick  buildings. 

Wildermuth  Quarry;  Isaac  Wildermuth,  Valley  Springs,  owner;  about 

3  miles  northeast  of  Valley  Springs,  and  about  one  quarter  of  a  mile 
east  of  Campo  Seco  reservoir.  The  stone  is  a  soft,  coarse-grained,  dark- 
gray  sandstone,  and  is  not  very  compact.  It  has  been  used  in  construct- 
ing the  residences  and  buildings  on  the  place,  but  is  hardly  suitable  for 
large  buildings.  A  quarry  was  opened  years  ago  on  the  bold  outcrop 
which  occurs  near  the  home,  and  extends  for  about  150  feet  along  the 
face  with  a  20-foot  elevation. 

COLUSA  COUNTY. 

A  great  belt  of  sandstone  and  shale  extends  from  the  northern 
boundary  of  the  count}^  for  20  miles  to  the  south;  in  this  belt  occur 
massive  ledges  of  the  building  stone  character  for  a  distance  of  8  miles 
north  and  south,  from  Sec.  17,  T.  16  N.,  R.  4  W.,  to  Sec.  8,  T.  17  N., 
R.  4  W.,  with  a  width  of  three  fourths  of  a  mile.  The  first  extensive  use 
of  this  sandstone  for  the  construction  of  large  buildings  was  in  the 
Union  Depot  and  Ferry  Building  at  the  foot  of  Market  street,  San 
Francisco.  The  most  recent  is  the  James  Flood  Building,  at  Market 
and  Powell  streets,  San  Francisco. 

These  ledges  of  sandstone  have  an  average  dip  of  about  50  degrees  to 
the  northeast.     The  beds  vary  from  18  inches  to  18  feet,  and  average 

4  to  6  feet  in  thickness.  In  the  Colusa  Sandstone  Company's  quarry, 
one  bed  measures  35  feet  in  thickness,  which  in  its  southern  extension 
in  the  McGilvray  quarry  is  45  feet  thick.  It  is  difficult  to  ascertain 
the  precise  length  of  these  ledges,  but  they  have  been  exposed  by  the 
quarrying  operations  for  an  unbroken  length  of  230  feet  in  each  of  the 
two  quarries.  As  to  their  thickness,  they  vary  from  125  to  225  feet, 
measuring  from  the  apex  to  the  Hoor  of  the  narrow  valley  that  skirts 
the  westerly  side  of  the  series.  The  quarries  are  being  operated  from  the 
easterly  side  of  the  series  of  ledges,  driving  westerly  and  northerly. 
Measured  by  observations  taken  through  Stone  Corral  ravine,  the  opera- 
tions may  extend  from  one  fourth  to  one  half  mile  westward  on  the 
valley  floor  level,  and  still  be  within  the  series  of  massive  ledges.  The 
stone  is  blue-gray  and  buff  in  color,  weathering  to  light  brown;  com- 
pact, and  measures  12  cubic  feet  to  the  ton,  and  has  an  even  rift.  The 
blocks  are  quarried  to  any  desired  length  and  width.  Holes  are  drilled 
by  hand  or  machine,  from  2  to  3  feet  apart,  1^  inches  in  diameter,  with 
a  V-shaped  half-inch  ream  on  two  sides.  They  are  shot  by  battery. 
Wadding  is  placed  in  each  hole  2  or  3  feet  below  the  collar  and  the 


ILL.  \().  .".1.     COLUSA  SANDSTONK  (il'AKKV.     XIICW    KKoMSOiril    KM  >  OF  QUARRY. 
(120) 


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(121) 


122  STRUCTURAL    AND    INDUSTRIAL    MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

space  above  tamped  with  soil.  The  air  in  the  chamber  between  the 
wadding  and  the  bottom  of  the  hole  when  compressed  by  the  explosion 
of  the  powder  serves  as  a  force  in  splitting  the  rock.  Both  quarries  are 
operated  with  steam-power  hoists  and  derricks,  and  masses  measuring 
20  feet  long,  10  feet  wide,  and  6  feet  thick  are  handled  with  ease  and 
quickness.  The  stone  is  shipped  over  the  Colusa  and  Lake  Railroad, 
a  narrow-gauge  system  that  connects  with  the  Southern  Pacific  at  Colusa 
Junction,  and  extends  from  the  tow^n  of  Sites  to  Colusa.  At  Colusa 
Junction  the  stone  must  be  transferred  to  the  standard-gauge  cars  of 
the  Southern  Pacific.  The  market  has  been  so  far  confined  to  the  Cali- 
fornia coast  and  the  Hawaiian  Islands. 

Colusa  Sandstone  Company,  F.  E.  Knowles,  president;  Thomas  Brad- 
bury, secretary.  Offices  and  works,  corner  Potrero  avenue  and  Tenth 
street,  San  Francisco.  Quarries  are  located  three  fourths  of  a  mile 
east  of  Sites,  Colusa  County,  in  the  S.  i  of  the  S.  E.  i  of  Sec.  20,  T.  17  N., 
R.  4  W.     J.  D.  Martin,  superintendent. 

The  ledges  within  this  company's  holdings  extend  north  and  south 
one  quarter  of  a  mile  along  their  trend,  and  nearly  half  a  mile  east  and 
west  across  the  series.  The  present  quarrying  is  being  prosecuted  at 
about  the  center  of  the  holdings  on  the  north  side  of  Stone  Corral 
Creek.  Two  quarry  faces  are  exposed  east  and  south.  The  east  face 
is  225  feet  long  by  100  feet  high.  The  south  face  is  about  100  feet  long, 
across  twelve  beds,  and  to  a  height  equal  to  that  of  the  east  face.  The 
stone  is  of  the  same  quality  and  character  as  the  stone  in  the  McGil- 
vray  quarry.  The  stone  for  the  San  Francisco  Ferry  Building  was 
obtained  from  this  quarry. 

The  following  shows  the  analysis  and  tests  of  this  stone: 

Board  of  State  Harbor  Commissioners, 
10  California  Street, 
San  Franci.to,  May  6,  1897. 
R.  W.  GoRRiLL,  President  Colusa  Stvne  Co., 

San  Franci.ico,  Cnl. 
Dear  Sir:  With  regard  to  ydiir  iiKjuiry  as  to  whetlit-r  we  have  made  any  tests  of 
your  sandstone,  I  will  state  that    1    have  had  both  i>hysical  and  analytical  tests  made, 
which  are  as  follows: 

May  11,  IsOC). 
Analy.sis  of  sample  of  Colusa  sandstone,  from  Sites  (Juarry,  received  from  the  Board  of  State 
Harbor  Commissioners: 

Per  Cent. 

Silicon  dioxide 85.99 

Aluminum  oxide 4.82 

Iron  oxide -4.49 

Calcium  carbonate 1-87 

Magnesium  oxide  and  alkalies 0.7ti 

Moisture  0.09 

Water  of  cf)m  hi  nation,  organic  matter,  and  loss 1.38 

100.00 
Specific  gravity,  2.558. 
Water  absorbed  in  twenty-four  hours,  3.025  per  cent. 


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(123) 


124  STRUCTURAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL   MATERIA!^   OP    CALIFORNIA. 

When  lu'iitccl  to  a  red  heat  ami  plunged  into  water,  the  stone  neither  si)linters  nor  cracks.  It 
resists,  without  fusion,  tlie  temperature  of  a  full  white  lieat,  not  even  the  sharp  edges  of  the 
stone  being  blunted.  Plunged  into  water,  after  being  subjected  to  a  full  white  heat,  the  stone 
assumes  a  light  brown  color. 

We  regard  this  as  a  very  sui)erior  building  stone. 

The  grains  are  small  and  uniform  in  size,  thus  forming  a  very  compact  rock,  and  one  excep- 
tionally well  adapted  for  general  use  as  a  building  material. 

(Signed)  Tii<>m.\s  Prick  ct  Son,  Analytical  Chemists. 

San  Francisco,  Cai,.,  May  8, 1896. 
Mil.  llnwAiii)  C.  Ifoi.MKS,  Cliief  Engineer,  Hoard  of  State  Harbor  ComwissionerK.  San  Francisco,  Cat. 

Dkau  Sik:  We  have  tested  the  three  one-inch  cubes  of  ('olusasandstone  brought  to  us  by  Mr. 
S.  G.  Hin<les,  with  the  following  results: 

No.  1  broke  at  8,940  pounds;  No.  2  broke  at  8,440  pounds;  No.  Z  broke  at  8,880  pounds.  All  of 
which  shows  remarkably  well. 

Yours  very  truly, 

(Signed)       Pacikic  Rolling  Mill  Company, 
By  P.  Noble,  Manager. 

Hoping  tiiat  this  may  he  what  you  require,  I  remain, 

Yours  very  truly, 

HOWARD  C.  HOLMES,  Chief  Engineer. 

MeGilvpay  Stone  Company,  John  D.  McGilvray,  owner.  Offices  and 
works,  Townsend  street,  between  Seventh  and  Eighth,  San  Francisco. 
Quarries,  three  fourths  of  a  mile  east  of  Sites,  in  Sec.  29,  T.  17  N.,  R.  4  W.; 
H.  Stiirrock,  superintendent.  The  ledges  in  their  general  north  and 
south  course  extend  for  the  full  length  of  the  holding  three  fourths 
of  a  mile,  with  a  width  of  one  fourth  of  a  mile.  The  quarrying  was 
liegun  in  about  the  center  of  the  east  side,  driving  westerly  across 
the  ledges.  The  face  is  230  feet  long  north  and  south,  and  220  feet 
high.  The  surface  exposure  of  the  sandstone  extends  to  about  400  feet 
in  height.  The  general  character  and  quality  of  the  stone  is,  however,  the 
same.  The  operations  in  March,  1905,  had  reached  a  depth  of  more 
than  30  feet,  cutting  one  bed  4  feet,  one  6  feet,  and  one  18  feet  thick. 
The  latter  bed  has  not  been  cut  through  its  full  thickness;  it  is  esti- 
mated to  be  20  feet  thick. 

Some  of  the  prominent  buildings  in  San  Francisco  whieli  liave  been 
constructed  of  the  McGilvray  Stone  Company's  Colusa  sandstone 
include:  The  Kohl  Building  (formerly  the  Haywards  Building),  corner 
Montgomery  and  California  streets;  F.  W.  Woods  Building,  Geary 
street;  Miller,  Sloss  &  Scott  Building,  corner  First  and  Mission  streets; 
Mutual  Savings  Bank  Building,  Market  and  Geary  streets;  Park  Emer- 
gency Hospital;  St.  Francis  Hotel;  Flood  Building,  Powell  and  Market 
streets;  Italian-American  Bank,  Montgomery  street;  Sherrith  Israel 
Synagogue,  corner  California  and  Webster  streets;  Shreve  Building, 
corner  Grant  avenue  and  Post  street;  W.  P.  Fuller  Building,  corner 
Mission  and  Beale  streets. 


ILL.  No.   .34.     A  PORTION  OF  THE  FACE  OF  THE  McGILVItAY    SANDSTONE  QUARRY, 

COLUSA  COUNTY. 


ILL.  No.  .>\      F1;a.\KLYN  SANDSTONE  QU.VUKY,  Cd.NTl;  A  ((iSTA   coINTY. 
Wilson-Lyon  Construction  Company. 


(l'2.=i) 


126  STRUCTURAL    AND    INDUSTRIAL    MATERIALS    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

CONTRA  COSTA  COUNTY. 

Franklyn  Sandstone  Quarry,  in  Sec.  24,  T.  2  N.,  R.  3  W.;  Wilson- 
Lyon  Construction  Company,  220  Market  street,  San  Francisco,  owner; 
William  Haley,  superintendent.  It  is  34  miles  southwest  of  Martinez, 
in  Franklyn  Canon,  just  east  of  Franklyn  station,  on  the  "Santa  Fe 
Railway.  The  stone  is  fine-grained,  light  hlue  in  color,  and  is  very  soft 
when  green,  l)ut  upon  exposure  it  seasons  well  and  makes  a  very  firm 
huilding  stone.  It  occurs  in  beds  about  26  feet  thick  and  dipping  in  a 
general  northerly  direction  at  an  angle  of  45  degrees.  At  present  the 
(juarry  face  is  nearly  100  feet  from  crest  to  l)ottom.  The  Santa  Fe 
Railroad  Company  has  run  a  switch  to  the  quarry  and  the  cars  are 
loaded  by  means  of  an  electric  hoist  and  derrick.  The  waste  rock  is 
used  for  l)allast  and  rul)ble.  Any  sized  dimension  stone  is  obtainable, 
but  considerable  waste  is  entailed  in  taking  out  large  pieces.  This 
stone  was  used  in  two  new  buildings  in  Martinez,  and  in  the  new 
schoolhouse  in  Redwood  City.     Twelve  men  are  employed  in  the  (}uarry. 

Martinez  Quarry;  Mrs.  S.  E.  Rankin,  Martinez,  owner.  About  three 
fourths  of  a  mile  south  of  west  of  Martinez,  in  a  small  ravine  in  the 
rear  of  the  residence.  The  cjuarry  was  last  worked  about  fifteen  years 
ago,  when  some  stone  was  taken  out  for  use  in  the  buildings  of  the  Napa 
Asylum.  The  stone  is  rather  fine-grained  and  buff-colored.  It  is  soft 
when  green,  liut  hardens  upon  seasoning,  and  occurs  in  beds  which  dip 
at  a  high  angle  in  a  general  southwest  direction.  These  beds  range 
from  1  to  8  feet  in  thickness,  and  are  somewhat  broken  up,  probably 
from  careless  blasting.  Only  a  small  quarry  face  was  opened  and  not 
enough  development  work  has  been  done  to  prove  the  quantity  of  stone 
available,  but  the  outcrop  which  extends  across  the  canon  would  indi- 
cate a  considerable  body. 

GLENN  COUNTY. 

Sandstone  beds  extend  in  a  west  of  north  course  from  the  southern  to 
the  northern  boundary  of  the  county.  In  T.  18  N.,  R.  4  W.,the  beds 
maintain  an  average  thickness  of  from  2  to  4  feet,  and  though  broken  on 
the  surface  by  numerous  small  valleys  and  ravines  are  of  sufficient  con- 
tinuity of  length  to  insure  the  quarrying  of  masses  equal  to  any  but  an 
extraordinary  demand.  In  the  central  portion  of  the  county  greater 
thickness  and  continuity  of  the  beds  were  observed  in  the  exposures  in 
T.  20  X.,  R.  B  W.,  where  Stony  Creek  cuts  through  the  sandstone  for  a 
width  of  about  1000  feet.  In  T.  20  N.,  R.  4  W.,  are  exposures  of  mas- 
sive beds  lying  close  to  the  surface;  and  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
county  the  sandstone  series  are  clearly  marked  by  exposures  along  the 
southern  slope  of  the  foothills  east  of  Newville. 


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(127) 


128  STKICTLKAL    AND    INDUSTRIAL    MATEKIAI.S    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

KERN  COUNTY. 

Kern  Development  Syndicate  Quarries,  in  Sec.  14,  T.  32  S.,  II.  34  E., 
M.  1).  yi.;  Kern  Development  Syndicate,  202  Wilcox  Building,  Los 
Angeles,  owner;  Kobert  Lewis,  manager.  These  quarries  are  6  miles 
south  of  Tehachapi  and  3  miles  from  Erie  station,  on  the  Southern 
Paeitic  and  Santa  Fe  railroads,  and  112  miles  from  Los  Angeles.  The 
sandstone  is  of  many  colors — green,  blue,  red,  tan,  and  drab.  The  for- 
mation lies  at  an  angle  of  al)Out  10  degrees,  and  varies  in  thickness  from 
3  to  30  feet.  It  is  in  unlimited  quantity,  covering  several  sections  of 
land,  all  owned  i)y  this  company.  The  Pasadena  library  building,  and 
the  Date  and  Fish  blocks  of  Los  Angeles,  were  constructed  of  stone 
from  these  quarries. 

LOS  ANGELES   COUNTY. 

Chatsworth  Park  Quarry,  200  acres  in  Sec.  13,  T.  2  N.,   R.  17  W. 
S.   B.   M.;    California  Construction  Company,  324  East  Market  street 
Los  Angeles,  owner.     About  1^  miles  west  of  Chatsworth,  a  station  on 
the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad.     The  quarry  is  connected  by  a  branch 
line  with  the  main  road. 

The  stone  is  rather  heavily  bedded  arkose  sandstone.  Xear  the 
surface  it  has  a  tawny  color,  but  when  fresh  is  of  a  bluish-gray  color. 
This  weathering  takes  place  to  irregular  depth,  but  the  line  of  demarca- 
tion between  the  weathered  and  fresh  stone  is  very  distinct.  The  stone 
is  moderately  fine-grained.  When  quarried  for  dimension  stone  it  can 
be  split  regularly  along  the  run,  but  when  quarried  for  large  blocks,  as 
is  done  in  this  quarry  for  the  substructure  of  the  San  Pedro  breakwater, 
it  breaks  along  uneven  surfaces.  It  resists  exposure  to  the  atmosphere 
satisfactorily.  Near  Garvanza  is  a  church  (Holy  Angels),  built  in  1887, 
of  the  tawny-colored  stone,  showing  no  signs  of  deterioration.  The 
Courthouse  in  San  Bernardino,  the  Public  Library  in  Santa  Ana,  and 
the  California  Club  in  Los  Angeles  are  all  built  of  the  tawny  variety  of 
this  sandstone,  taken  from  near  the  surface.  At  the  land  end  of  the 
Southern  Pacific  Railroad  i)ier  at  Santa  jNlonica  some  of  this  sandstone 
has  been  used  for  rip-rap.  Below  the  level  of  high  tide,  where  moistened 
by  seawater,  it  is  quite  hard,  but  above  high-water  line  the  exposed 
stone  is  rather  soft  and  somewhat  disintegrated. 

It  may  be  mentioned  here  that  extensive  comparative  tests  made  by 
the  U.  S.  Engineer  Corps,  at  Humboldt  Bay,  California,  have  proven 
that  sandstone  under  seawater,  or  regularly  moistened  by  sea  tide  water, 
Avill  hiirdon  and  not  disintegrate  by  any  chemical  action  of  the  salt 
water,  but  that  the  same  sandstone  exposed  to  the  atmosphere  on  the 
shore  will  disintegrate.  If  slightly  moved  by  the  wave  action,  the  stone 
will  suffer  some  abrasion. 


ILL.  Xo.  58.     PUBLIC  LIBRARY  BUILDLNK,  PASADENA,  LOS  ANGELES  COUNTY. 
Construfted  of  Xile-.^reen  sandstone,  and  trimmed  with  red  sandstone  from  Kern  County. 


ILL.  No.  59.    SANDSTONE  QUARRY,  KERN  COUNTY.     KERN  DEVELOPMENT  SYNDICATE. 

9-BUL.  38  (^-^> 


130 


STRUCTURAL    AND    INDUSTRIAL    MATKHLM.S    OF    CALIFORNIA. 


The  blocks  thiit  form  the  San  Pedro  breakwater  are  broken  down  by 
churn-drilling  (three  men  to  the  drill)  rows  of  holes,  having  an  average 
depth  of  25  feet,  with  20  feet  face,  and  blasting  with  black  powder,  tamp- 
ing solid  without  an  air  chamber  above  the  charge.  It  is  estimated  that 
of  the  rock  thus  broken  down:  20  per  cent  is  debris,  under  100  pounds, 
thrown  over  the  dump;  1-5  per  cent  is  small  blocks,  from   100  to  1000 


ILL.  No.  00.     cn.VTSWOUTII   I'.^RK  SAN  DSTON  K  (jrAKHV,  LOS  .\N(;KLES  COl'NTY. 

pounds;  20  per  cent  is  lilocks  from  1000  to  1000  pounds;  and  45  per 
cent  large  blocks  over  4000  pounds.  (See  sketch  of  front  elevation  of 
quarry.) 

The  quarry  is  equipped  with  four  steam  derricks,  using  oil  as  fuel. 


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FRONT    ELEVRTION 


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ILL.  No.  (U.     CIIATSWOKTII   PARK  SANDSTONE  QUARRY,  LOS  ANGKLES  COUNTY. 

Capacity,  from  500  to  700  tons  per  day  of  random  stone  of  large  size 
for  San  Pedro  breakwater.     About  fifty  men  are  employed. 

0.  A.  Charlton,  in  Sec.  7,  T.  2  N.,  R.  K)  W.,  S.  B.  ]\r.,  on  Sugar  Loaf 
Hill,  has  quarried  some  l)Oulders  of  sandstone  similar  in  character  to 
that  in  the  other  (jnarries  near  Chatsworth. 

H.  Clement  &  Co.,  2124  Bay  street,  Los  Angeles,  lease  part  of  the 
fjuarry  of  the  California  (Construction  Company  in  Sec.  13,  T.  2  N., 
\\.  17  W.,  S.  B.  M.,  west  of  the  main  quarry.     They  produce  dimension 


SANDSTONE  — MERCED,  MONTEREY,  NAPA.  181 

Stone.  The  stone  is  similar  in  character  to  that  in  the  (|uarry  of  the  Cali- 
fornia Construction  Company.  The  bed  worked  at  present  is  from 
20  to  25  feet  thick,  dipping  about  20  degrees  northwesterly.  The  rock  is 
worked  with  plugs  and  feathers.  The  gray  rock  has  not  as  yet  been 
reached  in  this  quarry. 

Southern  Paeifle  Railroad  Quarry,  in  Sec.  12,  T.  2  N.,  R.  17  W.,  S.  B.  M., 
near  the  eastern  end  of  the  middle  tunnel;  leased  to  C.  Bertelson, 
1307  West  Ninth  street,  Los  Angeles;  produces  dimension  stone  similar 
in  character  to  the  Chatsworth  sandstone.  The  stone  is  broken  down 
by  hand-drilling  and  blasting  with  black  powder  and  split  with  wedges. 
It  is  rather  coarse-grained,  heavily  bedded.  The  gray  stone  has  not 
been  reached  in  this  quarry.  The  quarry  is  equipped  with  a  derrick, 
moved  by  horse-power.  Capacity,  25  tons  (one  carload)  per  day.  Nine 
men  are  employed. 

MERCED  COUNTY. 

Dickenson  Quarry,  in  T.  9  S.,  R.  16  E.;  S.  W.  Dickenson,  owner.  A 
small  quarry  of  a  medium-grained,  gray  sandstone,  which  has  been 
developed  only  in  a  small  way. 

MONTEREY  COUNTY. 

A  belt  of  sandstone  runs  along  the  east  slope  of  the  Santa  Lucia 
range,  from  Reliz  Canon,  T.  21  S.,  R.  7  E.,  in  a  northwesterly  direction 
past  Tassajara  Springs  into  T.  19  S.,  R.  3  E.  Near  these  springs,  in 
Sec.  36,  T.  19  S.,  R.  4  E.,  this  sandstone,  which  is  a  gray  and  olive  in 
color,  has  been  quarried  and  used  for  building  the  hotel.  (See  Xlllth 
Report,  California  State  Mining  Bureau,  p.  636.)  It  is,  however,  too 
far  from  a  railroad  to  be,  as  yet,  of  commercial  importance. 

NAPA  COUNTY. 

Gardner  Sandstone  Quarry,  in  Sec.  22,  T.  6  N.,  R.  3  W.;  Mrs.  Sara  T. 
Gardner,  Napa,  owner.  Located  12  miles  northeast  of  Napa,  in 
Wooden  Valley.  The  stone  is  a  light  buff,  fine-grained  sandstone.  It 
occurs  in  beds  dipping  slightly  to  the  north,  and  ranging  from  2  to  4 
feet  in  thickness,  as  is  shown  in  exposures  in  the  creek  bottom.  About 
600  tons  of  this  sandstone  has  been  used  in  building  bridges  in  the 
vicinity;  it  was  taken  from  small  outcroppings  only,  and  no  regular 
quarry  face  has  been  opened. 

Maxwell  Canon. — About  15  miles  from  Rutherford,  on  the  Maxwell 
ranch,  and  also  on  the  Hardin  ranch,  in  Maxwell  Canon,  in  Pope 
Valley,  there  is  an  abundance  of  sandstone  which  can  be  readily 
taken  out  in  any  desired  dimensions.     It  is  a  fine,  even-grained,  com- 


132  STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL    MATERIALS   OP    CALIFORNIA. 

pact,  light  gray  sandstone,  and  works  well.  It  has  heen  used  in  the 
cemeteries  at  Napa  and  St.  Helena.  No  regular  ([uarry  face  has 
been  opened  as  yet,  owing  to  the  long  wagon  haul  to  railroad  or  water. 

Napa  Sandstone  Quarry,  5^  miles  west  of  Napa,  in  Park  Canon,  on 
the  Brown  \''alley  road;  D.  L.  Beard,  Napa,  owner.  It  was  lirst  opened 
in  1901,  and  the  stone  was  used  in  the  construction  of  the  Behlow 
Block  in  Napa.  No  large  dimension  stone  is  obtainable,  as  the  beds 
are  extensively  fractured. 

Pheland  Quarry,  about  4  miles  south  of  Monticello,  on  the  west  side 
of  Berryessa  Valley.  The  stone  is  a  bluish-gray  sandstone,  and  was 
used  in  the  construction  of  the  bridge  across  Putah  Creek,  2  miles  south 
of  Monticello.     This  bridge  has  three  75-foot  spans  and  cost  $20,000. 

ORANGE  COUNTY. 

Santiago  Sandstone  Quarry,  in  Sec.  17,  T.  5  S.,  K.  7  W.,  S.  B.  M.; 
Rev.  C.  Gruen,  814  Rose  street,  Santa  Ana,  owner.  This  quarry  is 
situated  in  a  side  canon  of  Santiago  Canon.  This  side  caiion  runs 
along  a  fault,  dividing  the  sandstone  from  the  shale. 

The  sandstone  is  quite  hard,  of  a  light  gray  color,  rather  coarse- 
grained, with  inclusions  of  igneous  material  rounded  and  waterworn. 
The  large  blocks  are  broken  down  with  powder,  hand-drilling,  and  are 
split  to  the  required  dimensions  by  driving  a  few  wedges.  The  stone  is 
used  for  building  purposes  in  Santa  Ana. 

SAN  BENITO  COUNTY. 

Paielnes  Sandstone  Quarry,  in  Sec.  1,  T.  14  S.,  R.  6  E.,  M.  D.  M.; 
Martin  Miller,  Paicines,  owner.     Idle  for  years. 

SAN  BERNARDINO  COUNTY. 

There  is  a  deposit  of  sandstone  suitable  for  building  purposes  in  the 
east  end  of  the  San  Bernardino  Valley,  on  Mill  Creek,  in  Sec.  7,  T.  1  S., 
R.  1  W.,  S.  B.  M.  In  former  years  two  companies  were  formed  to 
quarry  this  material,  both  of  which  are  now  out  of  existence. 

Mentone  Sandstone  Company  operated  in  the  S.  \\'.  I  of  the  section. 
The  stone  was  used  in  the  Hall  of  Records  in  San  Jk»rnardino;  it  is  a 
tawny-colored,  medium-grained  sandstone,  very  similar  tt)  the  Chats- 
worth  sandstone.  It  is  claimed  that  the  best  material  was  found  near 
the  surface,  mid  that  in  depth  the  shale  increased.  I'he  company  has 
(|uit  operations  for  the  last  three  years. 

Southern  California  Sandstone  Company  operated  in  the  same  section. 
(See  also  IXth  Report  of  Californin  State  Mining  Bureau,  page  225.) 


SANDSTONE  — SANTA  BARBARA,  SANTA  CLARA.  133 

SANTA  BARBARA  COUNTY. 

The  Santa  Ynez  Mountains  consist  of  Miocene  strata,  which  embrace 
a  heavy  body  of  sandstones,  conglomerates,  and  shales  at  the  base. 
(H.  \V.  Fairbanks.  Bulletin  Geological  Society  of  America,  Vol.  VI, 
p.  39,  and  Journal  of  Geology,  Vol.  VI,  pp.  561  and  574.)  Partly,  as  near 
Refugio  Canon,  the  shales  form  the  main  body  of  the  range,  with  a 
sandstone  capping,  dipping  southeasterly;  while  in  other  places,  as  for 
instance  near  Santa  Barbara,  the  range  consists  apparently  of  massive 
sandstones,  dipping  northward,  the  underlying  shales  being  found  in 
the  foothills. 

As  near  as  can  be  judged  from  the  broken  boulders,  the  stone  is  a 
light  buff-colored,  rather  coarse-grained  and  not  very  compact  arkose. 
It  is  used  for  Iniilding  purposes.  As  yet  only  the  large  boulders  have 
been  quarried. 

F.  R.  Angulo,  Santa  Ynez  (844  E.  Garillo  street,  Santa  Barbara).  A 
quarry  of  boulders  in  Sec.  12,  T.  5  N.,  R.  31  W.,  S.  B.  ^l.,  on  the  sum- 
mit of  the  Santa  Ynez  Mountains,  at  the  head  of  Refugio  Canon,  8 
miles  by  wagon  road  from  Orella,  a  station  on  the  Southern  Pacific  Rail- 
road. The  abutments  of  the  railroad  bridge  over  the  Refugio,  and  the 
church  at  Naples  were  built  of  this  stone.  Some  is  shipped  to  Los 
Angeles. 

Epiekson  Quappy,  in  T.  9  N.,  \l.  34  \V.,  S.  B.  M.;  J.  B.  Arrellanes, 
Santa  Maria,  owner.  A  sandstone  (juarry,  about  5  miles  south  of  Santa 
Maria,  from  which  some  good  building  stone  has  been  quarried.  (See 
Xlllth  Report,  California  State  Mining  Bureau,  p.  637.) 

Neap  Gaviota  Pass  there  is  a  blue  stone  of  very  fine  grain  that  has 
been  used  in  limited  quantities  for  monuments  by  the  Santa  Barbara 
Marble  Works. 

Mission  Canon,  near  Santa  Barbara;  principal  owner,  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church.  A  number  of  Iniildings  in  Santa  Barbara  are  built  of 
this  stone. 

James  Waring,  Santa  Barbara,  owns  a  quarry  in  Sec.  6,  T.  4  X.,  R.  26  W., 
S.  B.  M.;  between  Cold  Stream  and  Hot  Springs  creeks,  near  Santa 
Barbara. 

SANTA  CLARA  COUNTY. 

Casseli  Quappy,  on  the  Bear  Creek  road,  10  miles  from  Los  Gatos; 
John  Casseli,  Los  Gatos,  owner.  A  buff-colored  sandstone,  similar  to 
that  in  the  Goodrich  quarries  (see  below).  The  Carnegie  Library  in 
Santa  Cruz  is  built  of  this  stone. 

Goodpieh  Quarpies,  Jos.  Maddox,  owner;  operated  by  tlie  McGilvray 
Stone  Company,  Second  and   King  streets,  San  Francisco.     At  Gray- 


134 


STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL    MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


stone  station,  9  miles  south  of  Han  Jose,  on  a  spur  of  the  Narrow  Gauge 
Kaih'oad  running  from  San  Jose  to  Santa  Cruz.  An  extensive  body  of 
buff-colored  sandstone,  which  has  been  quarried  in  this  locality  for 
many  years  by  several  different  parties. 

The  sandstone  occurs  in  beds  from  a  few  inches  to  10  feet  or  more  in 
thickness.  The  present  (August,  1904)  quarry  face  shows  beds  10  feet, 
3  to  4  feet,  10  feet,  6  feet,  6^  feet,  and  4  to  6  feet  thick,  respectively. 
About  50  feet  of  sandstone  are  exposed  below  the  l>ottom  of  the  present 
([uarry,  and  about  100  feet  on  the  outcrop  above  the  quarry,  while  a 
still  greater  thickness  is  exposed  on  the  hills  innnediately  adjoining  on 
the  northeast  and  northwest.  The  strata  dip  25"^  N.,  75^  W.,  in  the 
quarry  opening,  but  this  varies  somewhat  over  other  portions  of  the 
outcrop. 

Like  many  sandstones,  it  is  quite  soft  when  first  i|uai-ricd.  but  indu- 


ILL.  Xo.  tV2.      CAKNK(;iE  LIBRARY,  SANTA    CUrZ. 
Constructed  of  SandstoiR'  from  Joliii  CassoU's  (Juarry,  near  I^os  (latos,  Smita  Clara  County. 

rates  on  exposure  until  it  has  a  ([uite  lirm,  hard  surface.  In  grain, 
color,  and  texture  the  stone  is  fairly  uniform.  In  a  few  places  some  of 
the  iron  has  been  leached  out  by  the  surface  waters,  leaving  the  stone 
a  mottled  yellow  and  gra}';  however,  only  a  comparatively  small  part 
of  the  stone  is  thus  affected.  In  some  of  the  abandoned  quarry  open- 
ings the  stone  contains  iron  oxide  concretions,  whicli  disfigure  the  stone, 
but  none  of  these  are  visible  in  the  present  working. 

The  freestone  character  of  the  rock  adapts  it  to  carved  work,  as  is  so 
well  shown  in  the  elaborate  and  intricate  carving  on  and  in  the  costly 
chapel  at  Stanford  University,  Palo  Alto. 

The  stone  is  quarried  ))y  hand,  loadiMl  with  steam-power  (U-rriek  on 
small  tram-cars,  and  sent  (htwii  an  inelint'd  track  about  <S00  feet  to  tiie 
stone  mill  and  cutting  yard  near  the  railway  track.  'I'hc  mill  is  sup- 
plied with  two  gang-saws  for  cutting  dimension  stone,  and  a  L-irge  crew 
of  stonecutters  is  at  work  finishimz;  the  stone. 


ILL.  Xo.  63     STANFORD  QUARRY,  SANTA  CLARA  COUNTY 
(Goodrich  Sandstone  Quarry.     McGilvray  Stone  Company.) 


ILL.  No.  04.     STANFORD  SANDSTONE  QUARRY,  SANT.\  (LAItA  COUNTY 

(McGilvray  Stone  Company.) 


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138  STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL    MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

The  stone  has  been  used  for  buihling  i)uri)oses  in  San  Jose  and  nearby- 
towns  for  many  years,  but  the  greatest  and  most  elaborate  nionument 
to  tlie  architectural  value  of  this  stone  is  to  be  found  in  the  many  costly 
buildings  of  Leland  Stanford  Junior  University,  which,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  one  or  two  cement  and  one  or  two  brick  Iniildings,  are  con- 
structed of  this  buff  sandstone. 

Laboratory  Tests  of  the  Graystone  Sandstone.* — Specific  gravity,  105 
pounds  per  cubic  foot.  Al)sorptiun  of  moisture,  1.23  per  cent;  of  water, 
5.13  per  cent.  Loss  in  carbonic  acid  solution,  0.42  per  cent.  In  the 
acid  fumes,  the  color  was  leached  out  one  fourth  inch  dee})  and  tissure- 
joints  were  developed.  In  the  nuitfle-furnace  the  stone  suffered  no 
change  up  to  a  bright  red  heat,  except  the  change  in  color  from  yellow 
to  red.  Inunersion  in  water  while  hot  failed  to  crack  the  stone.  The 
crushing  strength  indicated  by  a  single  specimen  was  2400  pounds  per 
square  inch.  The  microscope  shows  tluit  (pnirtz  is  the  leading  con- 
stitutent.  Orthoclase  and  plagioclase  are  present,  the  first  in  excess 
and  both  much  decomposed.  The  cement  is  a  film  of  kaolin  impreg- 
nated with  carbonate  of  lime.  The  yellow  ochre  coloring  matter  is  not 
distributed  uniformly,  l)ut  is  in  small  particles  and  patches  scattered 
between  the  granules. 

SHASTA  COUNTY. 

A  few  miles  northeast  of  Redding,  the  Cretaceous  Chico  sandstone 
forms  the  surface  rock  of  Sees.  7  and  18,  T.  32  N.,  R.  4  W.  The  tawny- 
colored  sandstone  occurs  in  thick  horizontal  beds,  enabling  the  quarrying 
of  large  l)locks.  It  makes  a  fairly  good  building  stone,  and  has  been 
used  in  many  of  the  prominent  buildings  in  northern  California.  Two 
quarries  have  been  worked  on  this  sandstone: 

Sandflat  Quarry,  in  Section  18;  A.  Dutton,  Redding,  owner. 

Stillwater  Quarry,  in  Section  7;  F.  M.  Dakin,  104  Sutter  street,  San 
Francisco,  owner. 

Texas  Spring-  Quarry,  in  Sec.  29,  T.  31  N.,  R.  5  W.;  California  Sand- 
stone and  Construction  Company,  16  Post  street,  San  Francisco,  owner. 
The  Chico  sandstone  lies  at  the  surface  on  a  considerable  portion  of 
Sections  28  and  29  (see  sketch  C);  thin  beds  are  also  found  overlying 
the  shales  in  Section  30,  on  the  Horsetown  road.  At  the  Texas  Spring 
(juarry  the  sandstone  is  yellow  and  hard  on  the  exposed  faces;  gray 
and  softer  when  fresh;  thickly  l)edded,  dipping  slightly  a  little  north 
of  east.     One  bed   more  tlian  7  feet  tbick  was  worked  in  the  quarry. 

*Mu(1l'  by  I'ruf.  A.  W.  .lack.son,  I'liivurijily  of  Ciilit'orniii,  IJcrkcli'V.  N'lllili  Kepurt 
State  Mineralogist,  j..  Siio. 


SANDSTONE  —  SHASTA,    SISKIYOU 


139 


The  sandstone  contains  a  number  of  concretions  (niggerheads 
very  thin  lenses,  carrying  considerable  fossils.  On  account  of 
inclusions  and  niggerheads,  the  stone,  otherwise  a  good  building 
rial,  is  not  well  suited  for  that  purpose. 


)  and 

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ILL.  No.  67.     SKKTCH  C.  SHASTA  COUNTY 


SISKIYOU  COUNTY. 

A  very  extensive  bed  of  sandstone  runs  along  the  east  side  of  the 
Kildall  hills,  Black  Mountain  range,  and  Cottonwood  Mountains,  into 
Oregon.  Its  southern  extremity  is  about  in  Sec.  4,  T.  44  N.,  R.  6  W. 
It  is  found  east  of  Yreka  in  two  large  exposures.  The  most  southern 
runs  from  the  southern  extremity  of  the  belt  to  Sees.  25  and  26,  T.45  N., 
R.  7  W.,  along  the  eastern  rim  of  the  Kildall  hills.  It  forms  a  narrow 
ridge,  with  steep  slopes  on  both  sides. 

North  of  this  ridge  the  sandstone  crops  out  again  in  Sec.  13,  T.  45  N., 
R.  7  W.,  where  it  forms  another  ridge  having  a  northeasterly  direction, 
also  forming  the  rim  of  the  Shasta  River  Valley. 

The  same  sandstone  crops  out  a  few  miles  south  of  Ager,  along  the 
east  side  of  Black  Mountain  range,  where  a  coal  mine  has  been  worked 
in  the  sandstone  at  the  Herr  ranch. 

The  same  belt  shows  in  the  vicinity  of  Hornbrook  in  the  ridges  sur- 
rounding the  valleys  of  the  Klamath  River  and  the  lower  part  of 
Cottonwood  Creek. 


140  STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OP    CALIFORNIA. 

West  of  nt>rnl)r()(ik  and  Henley,  along  the  rim  of  the  Cottonwood 
Mountains,  runs  a.  belt  of  tine-grained  gray  sandstone,  not  over  a 
quarter  of  a  niilr  wide.  It  fornix  a  landmark,  as  its  surface  sloping 
east  forms  for  a,  greater  })ortion  the  bare  lower  slope  of  the  mountains, 
its  gray  color  being  distinguishable  from  a  long  distance. 

The  sandstone  is  very  tine-grained,  compact  and  hard.  It  consists 
of  small  granules  of  quartz,  witli  some  small  ones  of  hornblende,  and  is 
known  as  the  llenlen  xamhtonc.  The  relation  of  this  sandstone  to 
that  east  of  the  valley  is  not  clear.  Whether  it  underlies  the  latter  or 
does  not  persist  farther  than  exposed  at  the  surface  has  not  been  deter- 
mined as  3'et. 

D.  C.  Earhart,  Ilornbrook,  owns  a  (juarry  in  Sec.  20,  T.  47  N.,  H.  6  W., 
near  Henley,  on  tlie  Henley  sandstone. 

Fioch  Brothers,  Yreka,  own  a  quarry  in  Sec.  13,  T.  45  N.,  U.  7  W., 
near  Yreka,  where  considerable  stone  has  been  taken  out.  The  face  of 
the  quarry  shows  massive  sandstone,  nearly  horizontal,  dipping  slightly 
east.  The  upper  bed  is  at  least  8  feet  thick,  and  coarse-grained.  Only 
very  few  niggerheads  occur  and  the  sandstone  is  very  uniform  in 
texture,  of  a  tawny  color.  Underlying  this,  but  without  any  parting, 
is  a  bed  of  dark  gray  sandstone,  under  which  shows  again  tawny  sand- 
stone, which  forms  the  present  floor  of  the  quarry. 

G.  B.  Russell,  Yreka,  owns  a  (juarry  in  Sec.  7,  T.  45  N.,  R.  G  W.  The 
stone  is  a  fine-grained,  bluish-gray  sandstone.  It  is  used  for  building 
and  monument  work  and  for  flagstones;  it  resists  weathering  very 
well,  sliowing  no  deterioration  after  an  exposure  of  over  forty  years. 

Mr.  Russell  has  two  (luarries  in  Sec.  30,  T.  45  N.,  R.  6  W.  In  the 
quarry  on  the  west  side  of  the  ridge  the  coarser-grained  tawny  sand- 
stone is  cleared  off  to  reach  the  underlying  fine-grained  gray  sandstone, 
which  is  similar  to  the  Henley  sandstone.  The  overlying  sandstone 
€uts  in  blocks  up  to  8  feet  long,  and  from  12  to  18  inches  wide.  In  the 
quarry  on  the  east  side  of  the  ridge  the  sandstone  is  very  hard.  It  is 
worked  by  plugs  and  feathers,  and  breaks  in  blocks  and  rifts  witli  tlic 
grain  almost  equal  to   lumber. 

Southern  Pacific  Railroad  Company  has  several  quarry  oj)cnings  on 
the  Henley  sandstone  in  Sec.  21),  T.  17  N.,  R.  B  \V.,  near  Henley.  It 
uses  the  stone  j)rinci])ally  for  bridge  abutments.  The  quarries  are 
worked  by  i)lug-and-feather  work.  The  sandstone  breaks  in  large 
square  blocks,  some  weighing  over  •")  tons.  In  a  (juarry  on  llock  Creek, 
a  parting  of  shale  about  1  foot  thick  is  found  in  the  sandstone.  The 
sandstone  was  u^rd  in  the  ibtm  and  .loncs  buildings,  Ilornbrook, 
built  in  ISSS,  ;ind  sliows  no  signs  of  weal  h<'ring. 


SANDSTONK— SOLANO,   SONOMA,    STANISLAUS.  141 

SOLANO  COUNTY. 

The  northwest  portion  of  Sohmo  County  is  closely  related  in  topog- 
raphy and  geology  to  the  southwest  portion  of  Yolo.  The  sandstone 
croppings  can  be  followed  from  Putah  Creek  for  a  distance  of  12  miles 
to  Vaca  Valley. 

The  only  practical  e.xposurt'S  of  sandstone  beyond  the  surface  of  the 
croppings  in  Solano  County  ha\'e  been  made  by  two  small  quarries  or 
open  cuts  necessitated  by  the  opening  of  public  roads  and  to  supply  a 
small  local  demand. 

F.  Frietas,  ^'acaville,  in  Sec.  11,  T.  6  N.,  R.  2  \\ .,  toward  the  southern 
extremity  of  the  belt. 

F.  B.  King-ton,  Vacaville,  in  Sec.  35,  T.  7  N.,  R.  2  \V.,  2  miles  north  of 
the  first  named. 

The  sandstone  is  gray  of  color,  fine  of  texture,  and  said  to  weigh  185 
pounds  to  the  cubic  foot;  it  has  been  used  principally  in  culvert  con- 
struction. 

SONOMA  COUNTY. 

Coast  BlufTs. — Along  the  coast  from  Fort  Ross  to  Stewart's  Point 
sandstone  has  been  quarried  and  proved  to  be  a  good  building  material. 
The  bluffs  can  be  approached  by  schooners.  (See  Xllth  Report  State 
Mineralogist,  p.  400.) 

In  the  hills  just  east  of  Freestone,  along  the  county  road  to  Sebas- 
toi)ol,  there  are  many  places  where  freestone  can  be  quarried.  It  is 
easily  cut  with  a  saw  when  green,  but  seasons  fairly  well.  It  is  not 
suitable  for  large  buildings. 

A  small  quarry  face  has  been  opened  on  the  property  of  Mary  E. 
Roberts,  on  the  south  side  of  Jonive  Creek,  in  the  Jonive  Grant,  one 
mile  northeast  of  Freestone.    • 

STANISLAUS  COUNTY. 

Wright  Ranch,  in  Sec.  21,  T.  1  S.,  R.  12  E.;  G.  W.  Wright,  Knight's 
Ferry,  owner.  Stone  has  been  quarried  from  this  locality  at  different 
times  for  the  last  fifty  years,  furnishing  material  for  all  the  principal 
buildings  in  the  vicinity  of  Knight's  Ferry.  The  entire  hill  is  com- 
posed of  bedded  sandstone,  the  beds  ranging  in  thickness  from  a  few 
inches  to  several  feet,  and  dip  slightly  to  the  southwest.  The  stone  is  a 
light  buff-colored  sandstone,  and  contains  some  mica  flakes.  No  regular 
quarry  has  been  developed,  l)ut  stone  has  been  taken  out  at  intervals 
along  the  roadside.  Much  waste  rock  covers  the  small  faces  and  only 
a  small  amount  of  dimension  stone  is  exposed  at  present,  the  result  of 
very  careless  (juarrying  by  divers  persons. 


142  STKlCTrKAL    AND    INDUSTKIAI,    MATKUIAI.S    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

VENTURA  COUNTY. 

Sandstone  lias  been  quarried  at  different  points  in  Sespe  Canon  by 
various  parties  for  a  great  many  years,  but  nearly  all  the  stone  (except 
a  little  in  Kazzle  Dazzle  Canon)  has  been  quarried  by  hand  from  sur- 
face boulders.  Scores  of  immense  boulders,  some  of  them  hundreds  of 
tons  in  weight,  offer  inducement  for  inexpensive  quarrying.  A  further 
inducement  is  found  in  the  position  of  these  boulders  at  the  base  of  the 
hill,  while  the  ledges  are  generally  high  up  on  the  mountainside,  where 
considerable  expense  would  be  involved  in  l>ringing  the  quarried  ])locks 
to  the  roadway  in  the  bottom  of  the  valley. 

The  Los  Angeles  Brownstone  Company  quarried  rock  in  this  canon 
for  several  months,  in  1888,  and  then  left  the  work.  Several  other 
parties  have  quarried  stone  here,  some  for  a  few  months,  some  for  a  few 
years,  but  only  one  party  is  quarrying  stone  at  present. 

In  the  Xlllth  Report  of  the  State  Mineralogist,  in  1896,  two  com- 
panies are  mentioned  as  then  in  operation:  The  Mentone  Sandstone 
Works,  at  Brownstone  spur,  employing  18  men;  the  Razzle  Dazzle 
Sandstone  Quarry,  3^  miles  north  of  the  works,  and  owned  by  the  same 
company;  and  the  Henley  Brothers,  operating  the  Phrenix  Sandstone 
Quarry. 

Sespe  Canon  Brownstone  Quarry,  in  Sec.  35,  T.  5  N.,  K.  20  W.,  and 
Sees.  1  and  2,  T.  4  N.,  K.  20  W.,  S.  B.  M.;  George  J.  Henley,  Sespe, 
owner.  This  is  the  only  quarry  at  present  in  operation;  it  is  located 
from  5  to  6  miles  from  Brownstone,  a  station  on  the  Southern  Pacific 
Railroad.  INIost  of  the  stone  is  loaded  for  shipment  at  Brownstone.  It 
was  used  in  the  State  Insane  Hospital  at  Patton.  Four  men  are 
employed. 

In  this  locality  the  Sespe  River  cuts  across  the  "Coldwater  Anticline,'' 
with  its  axis  nearly  east  and  west,  dipping  toward  the  east.  The  brown 
sandstone  is  exposed  on  the  crown  and  on  both  sides  of  the  axis  on 
both  sides  of  the  river.  It  is  also  exposed  in  the  several  small  tributary 
canons,  such  as  Coldwater  Caiion,  east  of  the  river.  In  places,  as  at 
the  "Devil's  (Jate,"  and  below,  the  shearing  planes  developed  by  the 
folding  are  more  prominent  than  the  bedding  planes  and  in  places  cut 
the  stone  into  small  dimensions.  On  the  north  side  of  the  axis  the 
stone  does  not  api)ear  to  be  at  all  shattered,  and  occurs  in  iieavy  mas- 
sive beds,  with  two  sets  of  nearly  rectangular  joint  planes,  so  that  it 
lies  in  huge  cubical  blocks  which  have  a  gentle  dip  to  the  north  and 
east. 

The  brownstone  l)eds  are  underlaid  by  a  series  of  oil-bearing  gray 
sandstones  and  gray  and  red  variegated  shales.  Overlying  the  brown- 
stone is  another  ()il-l)earing  series  of  gray  sandstones  and  shales. 


SANDSTONE— VENTl'RA    COUNTY. 


143 


The  brownstune  series  consist  of  sandstones,  shales,  and  conglom- 
erates, with  a  total  thickness  of  800  feet  or  more.  The  lower  portion  of 
the  series  is  prevailingly  conglomerate,  quite  coarse  in  places,  with 
some  sandstone  and  shale  intermingled.  The  upper  part  of  the  series 
consists  of  brown  slialc's  with  alternating  beds  of  sandstone.  The 
middle  portion  of  the  series,  several  hundred  feet  in  thickness  in  places, 
is  almost  entirely  brown  sandstone.  While  this  is  the  general  relation 
of  the  beds,  there  are  local  variations. 

The  most  favorable  location  for  a  quarry  opening  would  l)e  where  the 
greater  part  of  the  overlying  shales  has  been  eroded,  exposing  the  sand- 


ILL.  No.  GS.     VIKW   IN  SKSl'K  CVNON,  VENTURA  COUNTY,  SHOWING 

ANTICLINE." 


C'OLDW.\TER 


stone  of  the  middle  portion  of  the  series  over  an  area  sufficiently  large 
for  quarry  operations. 

On  the  west  side  of  the  river,  just  north  of  the  axis,  the  shales  have 
been  eroded,  exposing  the  top  of  the  sandstones  over  a  large  area,  prob- 
ably 100  acres  or  more.  Several  small  perennial  w^atercourses  have 
cut  deep  tributary  canons  into  this  hill,  exposing  the  edges  of  the  sand- 
stone layers  from  15  to  20  feet  thick,  and  in  places  forming  perpen- 
dicular cliffs  from  30  to  50  feet  in  height,  and  in  one  place  more  than 
half  a  mile  long.  Good  quarries  of  excellent  brownstone  could  be 
opened  at  many  places  in  this  hill. 

The  stone  has  such  a  straight  fracture  and  even  grain  that  it  could 
be  most  economically  quarried  by  wedging  or  with  the  Knox  blasting 


144  (STRUCTURAL    AND    INDUSTRIAL    MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

system.  The  evenness  of  the  fracture  and  the  regularity  of  the  joint 
planes  ure  indicated  by  the  huge  talus  blocks,  which  are,  in  places,  as 
rectanguhir  and  as  sciuare-cornered  as  though  they  had  just  come  from 
the  hands  of  the  stonecutter. 

No  stone  has  yet  l)een  quarried  on  this  hill,  because  of  the  difficulty 
in  getting  it  to  raih'oad.  There  probably  are  good  quarry  sites  in  the 
l)ro\vnstone  area,  other  tliaii  the  one  described. 

The  stone  is  a  typical  brownstone;  the  coarser-grained  varieties  have 
a  rich  purplish-brown  color,  and  the  finer-grained  stone  has  a  light 
reddisli-brown  color.  The  stone  is  free  from  the  "iron  balls,''  "iron 
bhsters,"  or  "  liver  spots,''  too  common  in  many  of  the  Eastern  brown- 
stones;  in  fact,  it  is  remarkably  free  from  defects  of  any  kind.  In  many 
places,  most  prominent  in  the  finer-grained  varieties,  there  is  a  faint 
banding  parallel  with  the  bedding,  which  is  perceptible  on  a  rock-  or 
sand-rubbed  surface.  It  works  readily  under  the  stonecutter's  tools, 
and  is  adapted  to  carved  and  dressed  surfaces  as  well  as  rock- faced 
work.  Blocks  several  feet  in  diameter  are  split  straight  and  even  by 
plug-and-feather  in  3-inch  hand-drilled  holes. 

The  durability  of  the  stone  is  indicated  by  the  steep  mountain  slopes 
on  which  it  occurs,  and  by  the  bold  outcropping  ledges  and  the  sharp 
corners  and  fresh  surfaces  of  the  talus  blocks.  It  is  rarely  discolored, 
even  on  the  long-exposed  outcrop.  The  conglomerate  beds  are  likewise 
for  the  most  part  quite  durable  and  might  be  safely  used  for  bridge 
abutments,  foundations,  retaining  walls,  and  similar  uses.  The  shaly 
layers  and  the  very  fine-grained  stone  should  be  avoided  where  great 
durability  is  important. 

Laboratory  Tests  on  Sespe  Brownstone.*— The  specific  gravity  of  the 
stone  is  2.65,  hence  the  weight  of  one  cubic  foot  is  165.6  pounds.  The 
absorption  of  moisture  is  0.76  per  cent;  absorption  of  water  ec^uals  1.53 
per  cent;  loss  in  carbonic  acid  gas  solution,  0.24  per  cent.  Exposure 
to  strong  acid  fumes  changed  the  shade  to  a  lighter  tone,  corroded  the 
stone  somewhat,  leaving  it  slightly  crumbly  on  the  surface,  resulting  in 
a  loss  by  disintegration  of  2.87  per  cent,  2.05  per  cent  of  which  was  lost 
quietly  in  the  exi)Osure  chamber.  This  test  works  unfairly  against 
this  stone,  as  compared  with  one  containing  no  visible  carbonate  of 
lime  in  the  cement,  such  as,  for  instance,  the  Angel  Ishmd  sandstone, 
because  while  fairly  indicating  relative  tendencies  to  rJicmiral  disinte- 
gration, it  gives  no  measure  of  the  meci\<tnlc(d  disintegration  to  which 
the  loosely  aggregated  argillaceous  sandstones  of  the  Coast  Range  are 
particularly  liable.  On  account  of  the  firmness,  this  broAvnstone  would 
unquestionably  resist  the  combined  agencies  of  chemical  and  mechan- 
ical disintegration  indefinitely  longer  than  the  Angel  Island  and  similar 

*Mad('  by  Prof.  A.  W.  .Tivckson,  riiivcrsity  of  r'alifoniia.  VTITili  Report  State 
.MiiuTalogist,  p.  WK. 


SANDSTONE— VENTURA,  YOLO.  145 


sandstones.  In  the  niulllc-fiiriuu'e  the  brownstone  eluuiged  its  color  at 
full  red  heat  to  a  light  brownish  red,  and  developed  one  crack  clear 
through  the  cube  parallel  to  the  bedding.  The  rest  of  the  eid)e  was 
entirel}^  unaffected,  neither  cracking,  scaling,  nor  becoming  crumbly  on 
the  surface.  Immersion  in  cold  watei-  while  still  hot  failed  to  affect  the 
stone  in  the  least. 

The  crushing  strength  determined  on  a  bed-cube  1.507  in.  by  1.534 
in.  by  1.485  in.  (lit.)  e([ualed  4122  pounds  per  square  inch,  and  on  an 
edge-cube  1.472  in.  by  I.UIS  in.  by  1.595  in.  (ht.)  yielded  .3892  pounds 
per  square  inch. 

References  on  the  Sespe  Bpownstone. — 1.  Eighth  Report.  State  Min- 
eralogist of  California,  pp.  G76,  G87,  and  888. 

2.  Tenth  Report,  State  Mineralogist  of  California,  p.  761. 

o.  Thirteenth  Report,  State  Mineralogist  of  California,  p,  638. 

4.  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  Mineral  Resources  of  the  United  States, 
1893,  p.  560. 

5.  Merrill,  Building  and  Ornamental  Stones,  p.  252. 

6.  Bulletin  No.  11,  California  State  Mining  Bureau,  p.  26. 

7.  Bulletin  Xo.  19,  California  State  Mining  Bureau,  p.  94. 

Buildings  Constpueted  wholly  or  in  part  of  Sespe  Brownstone. — Bryson 
Block.  Los  Angeles,  first  story  and  superstructure  trimmings;  Y.  M.  C.  A. 
Building,  Los  Angeles,  front  facade;  Burdick  Block,  Los  Angeles,  first 
story  and  trinunings;  Drew  Block,  San  Bernardino,  trimmings;  Opera 
House,  South  Pasadena,  trimmings;  People's  Bank,  Pomona,  trimmings; 
Orphan  Asylum,  Los  Angeles;  Shatto  pyramid,  Rosedale  Cemetery,  Los 
Angeles;  Briswalter  monument.  Courier  Building,  Los  Angeles;  Brad- 
bury Building,  Los  Angeles;  Van  Xuys  Hotel,  Los  Angeles,  two  door- 
ways: Old  Chamber  of  Commerce  Building,  Los  Angeles;  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church,  Pasadena;  Torrence  Building,  Pasadena;  Academy 
of  Sciences  Building,  San  Francisco;  Pacific  Insurance  Building,  San 
Francisco;  Whittier  State  School,  Whittier;  Chico  High  School,  Chico: 
Sherman  Indian  School,  Arlington;  Gay  residence,  San  Diego;  High- 
land Insane  Asvlum,  near  San  Bernardino. 

In  most  of  the  above  mentioned  buildings  the  brownstone  is  used  for 
doorways  or  trimmings,  or  both. 

YOLO  COUNTY. 

Sandstone  deposits  crop  out  along  the  west  boundary  of  Yolo  County 
on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  mountain  ridge  that  divides  the  county  from 
Napa,  at  some  ]ioints  reaching  an  elevation  of  2000  feet  above  the  levels 
of  Cache  and  Putah  creeks.  Between  these  two  streams  the  ledse  is 
apparently  unbroken.  At  the  south  end  the  stone  is  of  a  bluish  color 
10-BL-L.  38 


146  STRUCTURAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL    MATERIALS   OP    CALIFORNIA. 

that  is  re})ute(l  to  l)o  strongly  resistant  to  the  elements.  •  The  same 
character  of  formation  may  l)e  traced  across  and  heyond  Putah  Creek 
into  Solano  County.  Excei)t  for  local  uses  this  sandstone  has  been 
quarried  on  a  comparatively  small  scale,  considering  the  vast  deposits 
indicated  by  the  croppings. 

Putah  Stone  Quarry,  in  Sec.  29,  T.  8  N.,  K.  1  W.;  E.  F.  Searles,  San 
Francisco,  owner;  \\.  Herthelot,  Winters,  lessee.  In  the  extreme  south- 
west corner  of  Yolo  County,  9  miles  by  wagon  road  from  Winters;  15 
miles  by  wagon  road  from  Vacaville,  Solano  County.  This  deposit  of 
sandstone  is  situate  on  tlie  north  l)ank  of  Putah  Creek,  and  is  exposed 
in  heights  varying  from  50  to  200  feet  for  a  width  of  one  quarter  to  one 
half  mile.  The  formation  extends  east  to  south  across  Putah  Creek 
into  Solano  County.  The  exposed  material  at  the  Putah  quarry  is 
shattered  but  massive.  It  is  blue  and  gray  in  color,  takes  a  fine  tinish, 
and  averages  174  pounds  to  the  cubic  foot. 


SERPENTINE. 


Serpentine  is  a  hydrous  silicate  of  magnesia  (.')  MgO,  2  Si( ).,  2  111)) 
that  occurs  in  rock  masses,  and  is  sometimes  used  as  a  building  or  orna- 
niental  stone.  It  usually  has  a  green  color — sometimes  dark,  sometimes 
light,  and  sometimes  yellowish  green.  It  is  thouglit  to  be  in  all  cases  a 
secondary  rock;  that  is,  it  is  formed  from  some  other  rock  l)y  a  gradual 
change  in  the  mineral  character.  The  most  common  minerals  which 
are  known  to  change  to  serpentine  are  chrysolite,  hornl)lende,  and 
augite. 

Serpentine  forms  extensive  rock  masses  in  the  Coast  Moimtains  and 
occurs  in  numerous  small  areas  in  the  Sierras,  but  in  most  places  it  lacks 
sufficient  brightness  of  color  to  be  a  desirable  ornamental  stone,  and 
has  too  many  cracks,  fissures,  and  mineral  impurities  to  make  a  good 
building  stone.  It  has  been  (juarried  for  l)oth  l)ui]ding  and  ornamental 
stone  in  small  ({uantities  at  some  localities  in  California. 

Despite  the  fact  that  seri)entine  is  a  durable  stone  and  occurs  in  hvrge 
quantities  in  different  parts  of  the  United  States,  it  has  not  been  used 
for  either  l)uilding  or  ornamental  purposes  in  (luantitics  at  all  comparable 
with  many  of  the  other  classes  of  building  stone.  The  reasons  for  this 
are  prol)a])ly  twofold:  first,  the  color  is  not  a  favorite  one;  and  second, 
the  great  (juantity  of  waste  necessary  to  handle,  because  of  the  numer- 
ous fissures  and  cracks,  makes  the  ([uarrying  expensive.  Large  dimen- 
sions are  scarce  in  all  serpeniino  (juarries. 


SERPENTINE  —  AMADOR,    LOS    AXGEI.ES,   SAN    HERXAKDIXO.  147 

Verde  Antique.  When  serpentine  is  mixed  irregularly  with  consid- 
erable quantities  of  calcite,  it  is  called  verde  anti(|ue  niar])le,  or  ophio- 
calcite,  and  is  highly  prized  as  an  ornamental  stone.  One  large  deposit 
of  verde  antique  marble,  noted  below,  has  been  quarried  in  California. 

AMADOR  COUNTY. 

A  yellowish-green  to  dark  olive-green  serpentine  has  been  quarried 
about  two  miles  west  of  Plymouth.  The  quarry  is  not  in  operation 
and  is  said  to  have  been  idle  for  a  number  of  years.  The  old  pit  is  40 
by  20  by  15  feet,  and  was  formerly  owned  by  Dr.  Thomas  Boyeson.* 

Folio  11,  U.  8.  Geological  Survey  Atlas,  states  that  a  beautiful  mot- 
tled variety  of  serpentine  is  quarried  H  miles  west  of  Sugar  Loaf, 
Amador  County. 

LOS  ANGELES  COUNTY. 

Banning  Company,  593  Pacific  Electric  Building,  Los  Angeles,  owns 
a  quarry  in  a  belt  of  serpentine,  at  Empire  Landing,  Santa  Catalina 
Island,  on  the  east  coast,  about  12  miles  from  Avalon.  The  serpentine 
is  very  dark  green  and  occurs  in  that  part  of  the  island  in  bunches,  in 
conjunction  with  soapstone  and  steatite,  from  which  a  very  good  mate- 
rial for  ornamental,  sanitary,  and  electrical  purposes  is  obtained.  It 
can  be  w^orked  out  into  ver}'  thin  slabs  and  even  used  for  open  work, 
and  takes  a  very  fine  polish.  (See  Xllth  Report,  California  State 
Mining  Bureau,  p.  402;  also  Xlllth  iJ>l(J..  p.  B39.) 

SAN  BERNARDINO  COUNTY. 

Mojave  Consolidated  Development  Company,  .J.  P.  O'Brien,  175 
Crocker  Building,  San  Francisco,  organized  to  operate  the  ]^erde 
Antique  Marble  quarry,  formerly  known  as  the  Gem  quarry  (Alamo 
Consolidated  Marble  Company),  or  the  Kimball  mine,  in  Sec.  28,  T.  7  N., 
R.  2  W.,  S.  B.  M.,  on  the  Mojave  Desert,  about  16  miles  X.  25°  E. 
from  Victorville,  a  station  on  the  Southern  California  Railway.  It 
was  opened  a  number  of  years  ago  by  Frank  Kimball  of  Xational 
City,  San  Diego  County,  and  has  been  worked  at  several  different 
times.  It  is  idle  this  year  (1904).  More  than  400  tons  of  marble 
have  been  hauled  from  this  quarry  to  Victorville,  and  shipped  by 
rail  to  Colton,  where  it  was  sawed,  polished,  and  prepared  for  use. 
It  has  been  used  for  interior  decoration  in  a  numl)er  of  buildings  in 
Los  Angeles  and  San  Francisco.  Some  very  handsome  stone  has  been 
obtained  from  this  quarry,  probably  as  fine  as  any  in  the  United  States, 
and  it  seems  unfortunate  that  more  of  it  is   not  put  on  the  market. 

*  Twelfth  Report  of  State  Mineralogist,  18fW,  i>.  402. 


148  STRUCTURAL    AM)    INDlSTKIAh    .MATKKIAI.S    OF    CAI.IFUKNl A. 

While  the  long  distance  from  the  railway  makes  the  mai-keting  expen- 
sive, the  beauty  of  the  stone  is  suffieient  to  connnand  a  [mcc  tliat 
would  pay  for  the  transportation. 

The  quarry  opening  is  from  60  to  100  feet  long,  with  a  faec  of  about 
75  feet.  It  is  in  what  appears  to  be  a  large  dike  or  intrusive  mass  of 
serpentine  and  calcite,  in  the  midst  of  a  granitic  porphyry.  The  meta- 
morphism  is  now  so  complete  that  it  would  require  a  more  detailed 
study  of  the  rock  and  the  locality  to  determine  the  nature  of  the 
original  rock  from  which  the  serpentine  and  caleiti'  were  dei-ivcd.  'I'lie 
rock  is  ({uite  heterogeneous  in  structure.  In  some  })laces  the  pure 
serpentine  is  from  5  to  10  feet  thick;  elsewhere  the  serpentine  occurs  in 
patches  and  bands  of  limestone,  which  alternates  in  white  and  blue. 
In  places  the  limestone  is  from  10  to  20  feet  thiek,  without  any 
serpentine.  The  serpentine  varies  in  color  from  a  light  yellow-green 
to  a  dark  green.  The  handsomest  stone  is  that  in  whicli  tlie  bright 
yellow-green  occurs  banded  with  dark  green  and  white  limestone. 

Both  the  limestone  and  serpentine  contain  many  cracks  and  weather 
seams,  so  that  there  is  a  large  quantity  of  waste  material  to  be  handled. 
The  method  of  quarrying  by  blasting  has  caused  additional  waste. 

There  are  two  derricks  in  the  quarry  and  another  one  at  the  base  of 
the  hill.  The  stone  is  dragged  from  the  quarry  to  the  base  of  the  steep 
part  of  the  mountainside,  where  it  is  loaded  on  wagons  to  be  hauled 
to  the  railway. 

It  is  to  be  hoped  that  this  (quarry  may  soon  be  again  in  operation, 
and  that  it  may  be  worked  more  systematically  and  on  a  laiger  scale. 

The  serpentine  outcrops  again  about  half  a  mile  S.  70°  K.  from  the 
quarry,  but  it  is  not  certain  that  this  mass  is  connected  with  that  at 
the  ({uarry. 

SISKIYOU  COUNTY. 

Most  of  the  serpentine  found  in  Siskiyou  County  lias  a  eonehoidal 
fracture.  A  belt  of  it  runs  along  a  part  of  the  main  ridge  of  the 
Cottonwood  Mountains,  forming  there  "Shafts  Hock,''  a  prominent 
landmark  at  the  head  of  Bogus  and  Dutch  creeks.  Samples  show 
that  it  takes  a  tine  polish,  and  l)reaks  so  as  to  form  blocks  which  can 
be  used  as  structural  material. 


M.AI'K rKoDUCTlnN,     KTC. 


149 


SLATE, 


Kunning  through  VA  Dorado  and  Amador  counties  is  a  great  belt  of 
black  slate  that  has  been  exploited  in  a  small  way  in  a  score  or  more 
places.  Many  of  the  openings,  however,  are  not  deep  enough  to  show 
whether  a  good  material  is  present  or  not.  The  belt  forms  part  of  the 
Mariposa  slate  belt,  Avhich  is  of  Jurassic  or  early  Cretaceous  age.  It 
Avill  be  strange,  indeed,  if  other  first-class  slate  does  not  occur  in  this 
extensive  range,  and  other  quarries  will  no  doubt  be  opened  in  the 
future  when  better  railwav  facilities  are  afforded. 


PRODUCTION  OF  ROOFING  SLATE  IN  CALIFORNIA,   1889-1904. 


Year. 


Squares. 


1889 4,500 

1890 --  4,lX)0 

1891 4.(XH1 

1892 8,o(X> 

1893 H,000 

1894 1.80(.i 

1895 ].3.^i0 

1896 500 

1897 4(X) 


Value. 

^18,089 

24,000 

24,000 

21.000 

21,000 

11.700 

9,4.50 

2,500 

2,800 


Year. 


Squares 


1898 

400 

18f)9 

810 

19W 

3,500 

1901 

5,100 

1902 

4,000 

1903 

10,(M)0 

1904 

6,000 

Value. 
|;2,800 
5,900 
26,250 
.38,2.50 
.30,000 
70,000 
.50,000 


Total-.  -     52,860         .1.357,739 


The  figures  show  a  marked  increase  in  production  during  the  past 
five  years.  The  fact  that  California  is  at  present  the  only  slate-pro- 
ducing State  on  the  Pacific  Coast  gives  additional  interest.  It  has 
recently  shipped  slate  to  the  insular  territories  of  Hawaii  and  Guam. 


REFERENCES  ON  CALIFORNIA  SLATE. 

1.  Eighth  Report.  State  Mineralogist  of  California,  p.  199. 

2.  Ninth  Report,  State  Mineralogist  of  California,  p.  283. 
;•).  Twelfth  Report,  State  Mineralogist  of  California,  p.  400. 

4.  Thirteenth  Report,  State  Mineralogist  of  California,  p.  639. 

5.  Eleventh  Census,  volume  on  Mineral  Industries,  p.  662. 

6.  Bulletin  No.  225,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  pp.  417-421. 

7.  E.  C.  Eckel,  Journal  of  Geology,  Vol.  12,  February,  1904,  pp.  15-29. 

8.  Proceedings  of  the  California  Miners'  Association  for  1903,  p.  134. 


AMADOR  COUNTY. 

On  Lane  Ranch,  Mr.  Yager,  owner.  1^  miles  east  of  lone,  some  pre- 
liminary work  was  done  a  few  years  ago  in  opening  a  slate  quarry. 
Two  openings  have  been  made;  the  south  one  shows  only  little  promise 
of  good  slate  in  large  dimensions.     The  north  opening,  about  250  yards 


150  STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OF    CALIPORNLV, 

down  tlic  gulch,  appears  to  l)e  free  from  quartz  veins,  and  promises  a 
good  ([uality  of  slate,  but  the  opening  is  not  yet  deep  enough. 

The  thick  belt  of  Mariposa  slate,  the  same  that  has  been  quarried  in 
El  Dorado  County,  crosses  the  county  and  is  promising  at  sufficient 
depth  in  a  number  of  places,  but  the  above  are  the  only  openings  as  yet 
made  in  Amador  County. 

EL  DORADO  COUNTY. 

California  Slate  Quarry,  in  Sees.  28  and  25,  T.  1 1  N.,  K.  10  E.,  M.  D.  M.; 
F.  IS.  Chadbourne,  121  Xew  Montgomery  street,  San  Francisco, 
owner.  It  is  located  on  the  north  side  of  the  American  River.  The 
material  contains  much  iron  pyrites.  The  trimmed  slabs  left  in  the 
yard  are  nearl}'^  all  iron-stained,  and  some  of  them  crumbling  by  the 
disintegration  of  the  pyrite  since  their  exposure  to  the  air.  The  pyrite 
appears  to  be  much  worse  on  the  west  side  of  the  quarry  opening  than 
on  the  east  side.  It  is  probably  confined  largely  to  certain  layers  of 
the  slate,  and  the  quarry  opening  unfortunately  struck  one  of  these  bad 
streaks.     The  quarry  has  not  been  operated  in  the  last  few  years. 

Chili  Bar  Slate  Quarry,  in  Sec.  36,  T.  11  N.,  R.  10  E.,  M.  D.  M.;  J.  G. 
Mothersole,  Placerville,  owner.  On  the  south  side  of  the  American 
River.  It  is  said  to  be  the  oldest  (juarry  in  the  district,  but  has  been 
idle  since  1897. 

Eureka  Slate  Company,  \Vm.  J.  Dingee,  president,  Crocker  Building, 
San  Francisco,  is  operating  the  only  quarry  that  is  producing  any 
slate  at  present  in  California.  It  is  located  at  Slatington,  one  mile 
south  of  Kelsey,  and  between  7  and  8  miles  north  from  Placerville,  the 
nearest  railway  station  and  the  shipping  point  of  the  slate.  The  quarry 
has  been  in  operation  for  fifteen  or  twenty  years.  The  present  company 
has  operated  it  only  about  two  years  and  a  half,  and  has  put  in  large 
improvements,  among  others  an  extended  wire  cable-way  Smiles  long^ 
of  the  Rleichert  system,  for  transporting  the  slate  across  the  American 
River,  with  a  clear  span  across  the  river-valley  of  2400  feet,  at  an 
elevation  of  600  feet  above  the  river,  and  operated  by  water-power. 
From  the  south  end  the  slate  is  hauled  l)y  wagon  to  the  railway  at 
Placerville. 

The  Eureka  slate  has  a  blue-black  color,  which  weathers  brown  in 
some  places,  and  greenish-gray  in  other  places.  It  is  for  the  most 
part  free  from  impurities  in  the  deeper  portion  of  the  quarry,  but  in  a 
few  places  there  is  iron  pyrite  along  the  seams  and  a  few  small  quartz 
and  calcite  veins,  which  add  to  the  waste  that  is  always  an  important 
part  of  every  slate  quarry. 

The  (luarry  is  locate<l   in   tlie   bottom  and  on   both  sides  of  a  small 


SLAT1-:     i:i 


iMiHAIiit    COUNTY 


151 


cafion.  The  steep  slope  for  several  hundred  feet  hclow  the  (juarry 
opening  gives  an  excellent  dumping  ground  for  the  waste  product.  The 
quarry  opening  on  the  north  side  of  the  canon  has  heen  abandoned. 
On  the  south  side  of  the  canon  the  quarry  has  a  face  over  200  feet  long, 
and  about  70  feet  high  at  one  end,  and  about  200  feet  at  the  other.  The 
west  end  of  the  quarry  has  been  sunk  90  feet  below  the  bottom  of 
the  canon.  The  deep  portion  is  about  100  feet  square,  and  it  is 
from  this  opening  that  the  greatest  quantity  of  good  slate,  with  the 
least  waste,  is  now  obtained.     The  east  end  of  the  quarry  is  within  40 


ILL.  No.  i;y.     EL'REKA  SLATE  IHAKKY,  SLATIN(;T(.)N,  EL  DORADO  COUNTY. 

feet  of  the  bottom  of  the  canon.  From  both  places  large  quantities  of 
good  roofing  slate  are  quarried. 

The  strike  of  the  cleavage  is  south  25  degrees  east.  To  a  depth  of 
nearly  40  feet  in  places,  there  are  numerous  joint-planes  cutting  the  slate 
into  small  dimensions.  15elow  this  the  joints  rapidly  disappear,  and  in 
the  bottom  portions  there  are  very  few — not  enough  to  interfere  with 
taking  out  blocks  as  large  as  can  1)e  quarried  and  handled.  The  blocks 
are  loosened  by  hand  work,  b}'  drilling  and  wedging,  and  are  then  lifted 
by  the  cable-hoists  and  placed  on  cars  on  the  tracks  on  the  upper 
tloor.  The  same  hoists  are  used  to  lift  the  fragments  and  waste.  The 
blocks  taken  out  vary  from  300  to  oOOO  pounds  in  weight. 

The  marketal)le  slate  is  run  to  the  sheds,  where  the  splitters  and  the 
blockmaker  reduce  it   to  the  standard  size  for  roofing.     The  finished 


152  STRUCTURAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL    MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

slate  is  placed  in  small  iron  carriers  on  the  cable-way.  Tlie  ])rcsent 
output  is  1000  squares  per  niontli. 

The  entire  product  is  used  for  roofing  slate,  forwliicli  ])urposeit  gives 
good  satisfaction  and  the  demand  kee])s  pace  with  the  slnpments.  Tlie 
slate  unit  is  tlie  s(iuare  which  is  sullicient  to  cover  100  square  feet  of 
roof,  and  weighs  ahout  600  jiounds. 

Running  through  the  body  of  the  slate  are  numerous  narrow  rib- 
bons of  a  mateiial  more  siliceous  than  the  adjoining  slate,  which  are 
separated  in  the  (juarry  operation  and  thrown  out  in  the  waste.  These 
ribbons  do  not  folh)w  the  cleavage  of  the  slate,  but  indicate  the  original 
Ijedding  of  the  slate  mass,  which  does  not  vary  greatly  at  this  ])oint 
from  the  cleavage  plane. 

Eureka  Green  Slate. — There  is  a  green-colored  belt  of  slate  several 
feet  in  width,  erossing  the  black  slate,  that  is  thought  by  Mr.  Eckel*  to 
be  an  altered  intrusive  dike  of  igneous  rock.  This  is  indicated  by  the 
fact  that  it  is  not  parallel  to  the  ribbons  and  hence  is  not  interstratified 
material,  and  further  by  the  chemical  composition  (see  accompanying 
analysis),  which  shows  it  to  be  (|uite  unlike  the  black  slate  and  much 
like  certain  basic  igneous  rocks  of  the  district.  The  green  slate  is  not 
quite  so  smooth  as  the  black,  l)ut  works  very  well  and  is  used  with 
the  black  for  lettering  and  trimming. 

Analyses  of  Eureka  Slate,  Slatington,  California. 

lihick  GrL'L'ii  'irt-en 

Slate.  Slate.  Slate. 

Silica(SiO.) 63.52%  45.15%  47.30% 

Alumina  (AUO3  and  TiO^)  16.34  16..33  15..53 

Iron  oxides  (FeO,  Fe,03) 6.71)  8.42  «.(K) 

Lime(CaO) .!•«  6.42  7.HH 

Magnesia(MgO) '2.M  8.72  7.86 

Carbon  dioxide  (CO2)  and  water 4.86  U.28  !t.!i2 

GLENN  COUNTY. 

Slate  of  good  roofing  quality  may  be  developed  in  (ilenn  County. 
Some  of  the  following  deposits  may  he  worthy  of  future  investigation: 
Alder  Spring  road,  T.  21  N.,  R.  7  W. 
(irindstone  Canon,  T.  22  N.,  R.  6  W. 
Kilgore  road,  T.  22  N.,  R.  7  \V. 
.1.  Shelton  ranch,  T.  22  N.,  R.  C  W. 
Stout  ranch,  Sec.  20,  T.  20  X.,  R.  7  W. 

MARIPOSA  COUNTY. 

Paeifle  Slate  Company's  Quarry,  in  Sec.  G,  T.  G  S.,  R.  IG  iv,  M.  D.  M.; 
Pacific  Slate  Company,  owner;  C.  G.  Kocher,  Merced,  secretary.  The 
quarry  was  first  opened  about  1897  and  operated  intermittently  for  a 

*  Bulletin  No.  225,  IT.  S.  Geological  Snrvey,  p.  419. 


o 


'■4 


y. 


a 


o 


(153) 


154  STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATERLVLS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

time,  but  it  has  been  idle  for  the  last  three  years.  The  slate  is  of  good 
(luality,  with  a  straight,  even  cleavage,  and  was  used  in  roofing  the 
county  jail  at  Merced.  .\n  IS-milc  haul  over  rough  roads  is  the  main 
item  of  expense. 

PLACER  COUNTY. 

In  Sec.  31,  T.  16  N.,  R.  12  E.,  south  of  Emigrant  Gap,  an  exposure 
of  slate  is  found  which  is  claimed  to  contain  a  good  (luality  of  roofing 
material. 


VOLCANIC  AND  INTRUSIVE  ROCKS. 


BUTTE  COUNTY. 

Curtis  Ranch,  in  Sec.  7,  T.  21  N.,  R.  4  E.;  .1.  G.  Curtis,  Pentz,  owner. 
Volcanic  tuff  of  coarse  grain  and  dark  color  has  been  quarried  for  local 
building  purposes;  it  is  easilv  worked  and  hardens  with  exposure. 

CALAVERAS  COUNTY. 

Several  quarry  faces  have  been  opened  at  different  times  on  the  steep 
cliff  on  the  north  side  of  the  lower  road  to  Murphys  (by  Vallecito), 
about  2  miles  northeast  of  Angels,  in  Sec.  26,  T.  3  N.,  R.  13  E.  The 
stone  is  a  trachytic  tuff  and  can  be  obtained  in  any  desired  amount, 
but  no  very  large  dimension  stone  can  be  (juarried  because  of  the 
numerous  seams  and  cracks. 

GLENN  COUNTY. 

A  belt  of  tuff  runs  along  the  foothills  in  the  western  part  of  Glenn 
County.  It  is  the  southern  continuation  of  the  belt  of  similar  material 
found  in  Tehama  County.  The  tuff  is  quarried  for  local  purposes,  and 
also  used  for  the  manufacture  of  ollas  (water  jars). 

INYO  COUNTY. 

A  soft  volcanic  tuff  occurs  in  Sec.  14,  T.  6  S.,  R.  32  E.,  M.  D.  M.; 

A.  M.  Strong  et  al.,  Bishop,  owners;  6  miles  from  Laws,  on  the  Carson 

and  Colorado  Railroad.     It  has  been  used   for   l)uilding  purposes   in 
Bishop  and  Independence. 

LOS  ANGELES  COUNTY. 

On  Santa  Catalina  Island,  bluffs  of  trachyte  come  to  the  water's  edge 
on  the  east  coast,  between  Avalon  and  Empire  Landing,  in  places  to  a 
height  of  800  feet.     This  trachyte  has  been  used  in  the  old  breakwater 


VOLCANIC   AND   INTKISIVE   ROCKS  — NAPA   COUNTY. 


155 


froni  Terminal  Island  to  Deadman's  Island,  San  Pedro  harbor,  and 
formerly  in  the  (Jovernment  breakwater  at  San  Pedro,  but  in  the  latter 
its  use  was  abandoned  on  account  of  the  difficulty  in  obtaining  the  large 
blocks  required,  weighing  over  4000  pounds.  (See  also  Xth  Report, 
California  State  Mining  Hureau,  p.  279,  andXIth  iI)i(J.,  \).  404.) 

NAPA  COUNTY. 

Brown  Quarry;  Mrs.  Marguerite  Myers,  Fairtield,  owner;  2  miles 
southeast  of  Calistoga.  There  are  two  quarry  faces;  the  older  one  was 
abandoned,  as  it  became  too  soft.     The  new  face  is  one  fourth  of  a  mile 


ILL.  No.  71.     ST.  HELENA  PUBLIC  SCHOOL. 
Constructed  of  Trachytic  Tuff  from  Moffat  Quarry,  near  St.  Helena   Napa  County. 

nearer  town  and  is  more  uniform  in  character,  being  a  hard,  coarse, 
yellowish  trachyte.  It  outcrops  in  large  boulders  and  larger  stone  is 
obtainable.  It  has  been  used  to  a  considerable  extent  locally  as  a 
building  stone. 

Davis  Quarry;  Dr.  C.  E.  Davis,  St.  Helena,  owner;  2  miles  north 
of  St.  Helena,  on  the  Sanatorium  road.  The  stone  is  a  hard  reddish 
trachytic  tuff,  showing  flow  structure,  and  is  quarried  from  the  out- 
crops.    It  was  used  in  the  construction  of  the  Hunt  lilock  in  St.  Helena. 

Dr.  Davis  also  has  an  exposure  of  soft  buff-colored  tuff  at  the  bridge 
on  the  Sanatorium  road,  1  mile  north  of  St.  Helena. 


356 


STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


Howell  Mountain  Quarry;  IF.  Overacker,  Jr.,  St.  Tfclena,  owner.  This 
quarry  is  al)o\it  o  miles  northeast  of  Calistoga.  The  stone  is  a  light 
vellow  traehytic  tuff,  and  occurs  in  large  houlders.  It  can  be  ol)taine(l 
in  large  pieces  and  is  suitable  for  large  l)uil(lings.  It  was  used  in  the 
front  wall  of  the  postofiice  at  8t.  Helena. 

Jursch  Quarry  (formerly  the  Carver  Quarry);  G.  O.  .lursch,  St. 
Helena,  owner;  al)out  H  miles  northeast  of  St.  Jlelena,  on  a  private 
road  off  the  Howell  Mountain  road.     The  stone  is  a  light  yellow  traehytic 


ILL.  No. 


NKWMAN'S  TltACHY'l'l';  inAItKY,  2   MILKS  SOlTll   OF  NAl'A. 


tuff,  and  has  been  used  in  a  number  of  buildings  in  St.  Helena  and 
also  in  some  bridges  in  the  county. 

Linseott  Quarry;  Mr.  0.  H.  Linscott,  Calistoga,  owner;  2  miles 
southeast  of  Calistoga,  on  the  St.  Helena  road.  The  rock  is  a  light 
yellow  traehytic  tuff,  and  grades  from  a  fine-grained,  nearly  white  rock 
on  the  north  side  of  the  quarry  to  a  coarse,  yellowish  stone  on  tlie 
south  side.  It  furnishes  a  very  good  stone  for  bridge  or  foundation 
work,  l)ut  a  large  amount  of  waste  is  necessary  in  getting  out  l)uilding 
stone,  and  no  very  large  dimension  stone  is  obtainal)le. 

Moffat  Quarry;  James  Moffat,  915  Geary  street,  San  Francisco,  owner; 
1).  Brusk,  superintendent;  about  2  miles  northwest  of  St.  Helena,  near 
the  reservoir.     Tlie  stone  is  a  light  buff  trachvtic  tuff;  it  can  l)e  (juarrieil 


\()1.('.\.\IC    AND    l.\'l'KISI\l-:    ROCKS  — XAI'A    COUNTY. 


la- 


in large  pieces,  and  is  uniforiu  in  color.     It  was  used  in  tlio  construction 
of  tlic  beautiful  new  school  l>uil(linu-  at  St.  Helena. 

Newman  Quarry;  operated  by  J.  H.  Newman,  Napa;  about  H  miles 
southeast  of  Xai>a,  t)n  the  Soscolor  Vallejo  road.  The  stone  is  a  light- 
gray  tracdiyte  and  grades  into  a  bluish,  close-grained  basaltic  trachyte, 
showing  flow  structure.  It  occurs  in  a  bedded  deposit,  and  the  rock 
varies  within  a  few  feet.  It  is  used  as  a  building  stone  for  bridges  and 
foundation  work. 

In  the  field  adjoining  the  State  Hospital  grounds  on  the  south  side, 
there  are  numerous  low  outcrops  of  a  wine-colored  trachytic  tuff  which 
are  being  dug    from    the   earth  and  sj)lit  into  small   building  stones^ 


-v^SSjii^ 


ILL.  X(i.  7:'..  WIN(;'S  TRACHYTE  QUARRY,  NAPA. 

principally    used    as   a  decorating   material    in    buildings  constructed 
mainly  of  lighter  colored  tuffs. 

Pickett  Quarry;  C.  X.  Pickett,  Calistoga,  owner;  about  1^  miles  east 
of  Calistoga.  The  rock  is  a  light-yellowish  trachyte  and  has  been  used 
as  a  building  stone  in  Calistoga. 

Rose  Quarry;  Dave  Willis,  Calistoga,  owner;  2  miles  east  of 
Calistoga.  The  stone  is  a  trachytic  tuff  and  has  been  used  in  bridge 
construction,  but  is  rather  too  soft,  tending  to  flake  when  exposed  to  the 
action  of  frost.  It  is  suitable  for  foundation  construction  where 
protected  from  the  weather. 

Salmina  Quarry,  in  Sees.  9  and  10,  T.  H  X.,  R.  4  \\'.;  7  miles  north  of 
Xapa.  The  stone  is  a  soft,  light-yellow  tuff,  and  is  easily  sawed  or  cut 
and  readily  dressed.  It  makes  a  very  pretty  stone  for  interior  decora- 
tions, especially  for  fireplaces,  and  is  used  very  successfully  as  firebacks 
in  stoves,  being  very  refractory  when  dry. 


158  STRUCTUKAL    AND    INDUSTRIAL    MATERIALS    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

Taplin  Quarry;  W.  II.  iV  •!•  <  ^-  Ta])!!!!,  St.  Ih^lena.  owiut!^;  al)out 
*2-^  miles  southeast  of  St.  Helena,  on  tlie  east  side  of  the  road.  This 
quarrj'  formerly  furnished  eonsiderabl*'  rook  for  building  purposes  in 
St.  Helena,  but  has  not  produced  mucli  of  late.  The  stone  is  a  trachytic 
tuff. 

Wing's  Quarry,  in  See.  lU,  T.  (;  N.,  U.  :'.  W.;  U.  W.  Wing,  Napa, 
owner;  4  miles  northeast  of  Napa,  on  the  l)erryessa  road.  The  rock 
is  a  hard,  light  gray  to  a  yellowisli  trachyte,  with  a  close,  even 
texture.  It  is  used  for  bridge  and  foundation  Avork.  Mr.  Wing  used  it 
in  the  construction  of  the  bridge  on  Brown  street,  for  the  city  of  Napa. 
The  rock  is  rather  seamy  and  very  much  waste  is  entailed  in  securing 
large  dimension  stone. 

Zollner  Quarry;  J.  F.  Zollner,  Napa,  owner.  This  ([uarry  is  located 
2f  miles  south  of  Napa.  The  rock  is  a  smooth,  even-grained  basalt, 
and  is  dark  blue  to  black  in  color.  On  the  west  side  of  the  quarry  a 
very  hard  gray  trachyte  is  quarried  for  building  purposes  by  H.  \V. 
Wing  of  Napa. 

PLACER  COUNTY. 

iihyolite  of  good  building  quality  is  rejjorted  to  occur  in  Klue  Canon, 
in  Sec.  14,  T.  IB  N.,  R.  11  E. 

Tuffs  of  good  building  quality  are  abundant  in  the  Forest  Hill  dis- 
trict, T.  14  N.,  K.  10  K.  Some  occur  at  Dutch  Flat.  The  old  hydraulic 
mine  workings  have  exposed  large  (quantities  of  this  material  of  varying 
quality.  A  local  building  erected  in  Forest  Hill  about  forty  years  ago 
still  stands  as  evidence  of  the  imperviousness  of  this  material  to  the 
elements.  It  is  light  of  weight  and  color,  and  of  finer  grain  than  that 
at  Dutch  Flat.  Similar  occurrences  are  noted  at  Chalk  Bluff,  between 
Sugar  Pine  Mill  and  Damascus,  in  T.  15  N.,  R.  11  E. 

SAN  LUIS  OBISPO  COUNTY. 

A  line  of  buttes  of  igneous  rock  runs  in  a  northern  direction  west  of 
the  Santa  Lucia  range  from  San  Luis  ()bis])o  to  Morro.  These  rocks 
are  of  a  grayish  color,  and  have  been  classified  by  Mr.  H.  W.  Fairbanks, 
Journal  of  Geology,  Vol.  \'I,  page  567,  as  dacite  granophyre  and  ande- 
site  granophyre.     These  buttes  afford  very  good  quarry  sites. 

Another  belt  of  igneous  rock  (tuff)  is  found  in  the  southwestern  part 
of  the  county,  running  from  near  Arroyo  Grande  in  a  southeastern 
direction  past  Los  Berros  Creek.  The  belt  is  over  a  mile  wide,  and  the 
tuff  has  been  quarried  in  several  places. 

Bishop's  Peak  (Cerro  Obispo)  Quarry,  in   Sec.  21,  T.  80  S.,  R.  12  E., 

M.    D.   M.;   Dr.   G.    15.    Nichols,   San    Luis   ()bisi»o.  owner;   .T.  W.  NN'yley, 


VOLCANIC   AND  INTRUSIVE  ROCKS  — SAN   I.IIIS  OBISPO. 


151) 


superintendent.  Tliere  are  two  quarries  on  tliis  property.  From  the 
old  quarry  at  the  southwest  eorner  of  the  butte  large  blocks  were  taken 
by  A.  A.  Polhenius  and  the  Oity  Improvement  Company  of  San  Fran- 
cisco for  tlic  (lovernnicnt  hri'akwater  at  Port  Harford,  but  lately  this 
(juarrv  has  not  been  used.  The  present  quarry  is  in  the  southeast 
corner  of  the  butte,  elevation  1000  feet.  As  yet  only  boulders  have 
been  <|uarried.  the  face  having  just  reached  the  solid  rock,  which 
has  a  })orphyritit'  character,  and  l)reaks  easily,  requiring  very  little 
])owder.  The  rift  is  not  appreciable,  the  fracture  occurring  generally 
on  a,  curved  ])lane,  wlii^'li,  however,  is  very  smooth.  The  rock  can  be 
casilv  dressed  and  takes  a  good  polisli.     It  is  used  for  rubble  masonry, 


n.L.   No.  74.     WVLIK'S  KIlVoLlTE  (.QUARRY,  SAN  LUIS  OBISPO  COUNTY. 

coping  stone,  curl:»  stone,  etc.     It  was  used  in  the  Presbyterian  Church, 
and  the  luasement  of  the  Free  Library,  San  Luis  Obispo. 

In  1896  ]\Ir.  William  Irelan  made  an  analysis  of  the  rock  from  the 
old  quarry,  giving  it  silica,  B4.15  per  cent,  and  a  specific  gravit}'  of 
2.58,  equal  to  161  pounds  ])er  cubic  foot. 

Caen  Quarry,  in  Sec.  86,  T.  82  S.,  R.  18  K.,  M.  D.  M.,  and  Sec.  26, 
T.  12  N..  R.  8.5  \V.,  S.  H.  M.;  Los  Berros  Stone  Company,  Los  Angeles, 
owner.  It  is  also  known  as  the  Houghton  quarry,  and  is  about  8  miles 
south  of  Arroyo  Grande.  The  tuff  is  uneven  in  character,  containing 
in  places  considerable  iron.  It  lias  generally  a  high  yellow  color,  but 
with  white  patches  and  scams  containing  some  lime. 


]«K) 


STRUCTURAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL    MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


Lee  Quapry,  in  Sec.  17,  T.  :\0  S..  U.  12  E.,  M.  D.  M.;  Elena  Hansan, 
San  l.uis  ()l»isjK),  owner.  At  the  nortli  foot  of  the  Cerro  Onialdo,  near 
Chorro  Creek;  elevation,  (i'i')  feet.  The  rock  is  of  a  character  similar 
to  that  in  tlie  lUshop's  Peak  quarry,  only  the  j;roun(lniass  has  a  much 
lighter  and  duller  gray  color.  The  quarry  is  in  the  solid  rock,  in  l)eds 
from  H  to  3  feet  thick,  di|)))ing  easterly  45  degrees,  which  have  very 
smooth  planes,  in  places  showing  slickensides.  This  rock  was  used  in 
the  construction  of  the  Southern  Pacific  railroad,  near  San  Luis  Ohispo. 
Has  been  idle  since  IS'.ll.  (See  also  Xlllth  Report,  California  State 
Mining  Bureau,  )).  i\2').) 


ILL.  N( 


\()l,cA.\ii'    I'li-'i'  iiiAi;i;\,   I. Its   i',Ki;i;t»s,  san   i.iis  oiiisi'o  coi-n-i^- 


Moore  Quarry,  in  Sec.  31,  T.  12  X.,  P.  35  W.,  S.  P..  .M.;  P.  Moore, 
Arroyo  (irande,  owner;  leased  to  tlie  Los  Berros  Stone  Company,  Los 
Angeles.  It  is  on  the  south  side  of  Los  Berros  Creek.  In  the  (juarry 
two  distinct  iiows  of  tuff  arc  readily  distinguished.  The  ujjper  How. 
from  10  to  12  feet  thick,  thins  out  toward  the  W(>st.  Ft  lies  without  any 
l)arting  on  the  smooth  surface  ut  an  older  How,  clipping  slightly  east- 
ward. The  upper  tuff  is  of  more  regular  character  and  harder  than 
that  at  the  Caen  (piarry.  It  ))reaks  in  large  hut  irregular  l)locks.  The 
lower  tuff  is  much  lianler  than  the  ui)pcr,  has  a  metallic  ring,  and 
breaks  in   small    Mticks   with  eui'Ncd   faces  like  glass.     In   Los  Berros 

'i'lic  tuff  is  sawed  here  and 


Creek  a  stuall  gang-saw  lias  heen   erected 


VOLCANIC    ROCKS  — SHASTA,    SIERRA,    SISKI!^OU.  161 

used  for  building  purposes  in  Arroyo  Grande  and  San  lAiis  Oljispo,  and 
some  carloads  have  been  shipped  via  Port  Harford  to  Los  Angeles. 

Morpo  Rock  Quarry,  in  Sec.  26,  T.  29  S.,  R.  10  E.,  M.  D.  M.;  Morro 
Bay,  United  States  Government  Reservation.  The  most  northern  of 
the  line  of  buttes  above  described.  Used  by  A.  A.  Polhemus  for  the 
breakwater  at  Port  Harford.  (See  also  Xlllth  Report,  California 
State  Mining  Bureau,  p.  623.) 

SHASTA  COUNTY. 

A  belt  of  tuff  extends  from  Clover  Creek  to  Bear  Creek,  a  distance  of 
5  miles. 

In  Sec.  18,  T.  31  N.,  R.  2  W.,  in  the  forks  of  Old  Cow  Creek  and  South 
Cow  Creek,  east  of  Millville,  a  bluff  of  Tuscan  tuff  rises  with  steep  sides 
from  30  to  50  feet  high.  In  the  road  the  underlying  Chico  sandstone  is 
found,  nearly  horizontal;  dip  S.  50°  W.,  at  an  angle  of  about  10°.  The 
tuff  has  a  light  gray  color,  and  contains  a  great  number  of  inclusions 
of  various  sizes  and  hardness,  some  even  of  a  soft,  talcose  material. 
The  rock  is  rather  soft  and  easily  cut  to  any  desired  form,  but  hardens 
on  exposure.  Being  light,  it  makes  a  good  building  material  for  a 
temperate  climate. 

SIERRA  COUNTY. 

Basaltic  lava  occurs  in  Sec.  29,  T.  21  N.,  R.  10  E.,  2  miles  east  of  Mor- 
ristown;  also  in  Sec.  34,  T.  22  N.,  R.  10  E.,  at  Mount  Filmore,  in  the 
northwestern  part  of  the  county;  also  in  Sec.  27,  T.  19  N.,  R.  14  E.,  at 
Weber  Lake,  in  the  central  part  of  the  county.  This  stone  is  adapted 
for  building  purposes,  resisting  exposure  to  the  weather,  and  may  be 
secured  in  massive  sizes.  It  can  be  worked  with  the  ordinary  stone- 
cutter's tools,  takes  a  fine  polish,  and  has  been  employed  in  local  con- 
struction and  for  monument  work  in  local  cemeteries. 

SISKIYOU  COUNTY. 

In  Sec.  10,  T.  44  N.,  R.  5  W.;  E.  C.  Hart,  Roselawn  P.  0.,  owner.  A 
prominent  bluff  of  tuff,  rising  from  30  to  40  feet  above  the  surrounding 
country,  has  been  quarried  and  used  in  Yreka  for  building  pur- 
poses. The  rock  is  light  yellowish,  Avith  narrow  bands  of  light  brown 
and  white  colors,  rather  coarse-grained.  When  fresh  it  is  not  very  hard 
and  can  be  easily  dressed,  l)ut  on  long  exposure  to  the  air  the  outer 
coating  becomes  very  hard.  This  quarry  is  from  7  to  8  miles  by  wagon 
road  from  Montague,  a  station  on  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad. 

In  Sec.  17,  T.  45  N.,  R.  4  W.;  S.  F.  Terwilligen,  Little  Shasta  P.  0., 
owner.     On  the  north  bank  of  Little  Shasta   River  there  is  a  consider- 
11— Bl'L.    38 


162  STRUCTURAL    AND    INDUSTRIAL    MATERLVLS   OF    CALIPORNLV. 

able  area  of  similar  rock,  only  somewhat  finer  grained.  It  can  be 
trimmed  easily  and  takes  a  fine  polish.  This  same  belt  runs  north  to 
the  Klamath  River  near  the  mouth  of  Bogus  Creek,  where  it  has  been 
used  by  the  Klamath  Lake  Railroad  in  its  bridge  abutments. 

In  Sec.  K).  T.  45  N.,  R.  4  W.;  S.  F.  Terwilligen,  Little  Shasta  P.  0., 
owner.  On  the  north  bank  of  Little  Shasta  River,  for  a  distance  of 
about  a  hundred  yards,  a  brick-red  rhyolite  rock  is  exposed;  in  places 
it  is  light  bluish  gray.  The  rock  has  been  quarried  and  used  in  Yreka 
for  building  i)urposes.  This  quarry  is  about  12  miles  from  Montague, 
on  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad. 

About  half  a  mile  up  the  river  there  is  a  large  bluff  of  the  same 
material,  of  a  grayish-green  color. 

Vesuvianite.— In  Sec.  12,  T.  18  N.,  R.  6  E.,  H.  M.,  on  the  north  side 
of  the  South  Fork  of  Indian  Creek;  A.  E.  Heighway,  52  Nassau  street, 
New  York,  owner.  Some  work  has  been  done  on  large  boulders  of  a  hard 
stone,  varying  from  olive  to  almost  grass-green.  This  rock  was  at  first 
supposed  to  be  jade,  but  proved  upon  analysis  to  be  a  form  of  vesuvian- 
ite, called  by  Mr.  G.  F.  Kunz  californite.  It  takes  a  fine  polish,  and  can 
be  used  for  ornamental  work.  (See  American  Journal  of  Science,  4th 
Series,  Vol.  XIV,  1908.  Bulletin  No.  37,  California  State  Mining 
Bureau.)  These  boulders  lie  in  serpentine,  dipping  northwesterly  into 
the  mountain.  Whether  the  vesuvianite  occurs  as  a  bed  in  the  ser- 
pentine, or  only  as  boulders,  is  as  yet  undetermined.  Large  l)Oulders 
are  found  in  the  creek  bed. 

SOLANO  COUNTY. 

Tuff  deposits  occur  in  the  northwest  corner  of  Solano  County.  The 
belt  has  a  northwest  and  southeast  trend,  crossing  Putah  Creek  into 
Volo  County.  The  tuff  is  white,  light  of  weight,  and  hardens  on 
exposure  to  the  atmosphere.  It  has  been  used  for  building  purposes, 
and  as  firebacks. 

Sees.  81  and  82,  T.  8  N.,  R.  1  \V.,  M.  1).  M.;  Sackett  Bros.,  Winters, 
Yolo  County,  owner. 

Sec.  86,  T.  8  N.,  R.  2  \V.,  and  Sec.  1,  T.  7  N.,  R.  2  W.;  D.  L.  Tucker 
and  Sarah  L.  Taylor,  \\'inters,  Yolo  County,  owners. 

SONOMA  COUNTY. 

Aguillon  Quarry;  C.  Aguillon,  Sonoma,  owner.  Located  one  half  mile 
north  of  Sonoma,  adjoining  the  Vallejo  estate.  The  rock  is  a  light- 
colored  trachyte,  and  is  suitable  for  a  building  stone.     Idle. 

Lounibos  Quarry  (formerly  the  Cady  Quarry);  Mr.  Lounibos,  El 
Verano,  owner.     A  series  of  small  (juarry  faces  along  the  road  between 


TK.U'IIVTIC    TUFF  — SONOMA    COUNTY. 


163 


El  Verano  and  Agua  Caliente,  near  the  latter  place.    It  has  been  operated 
for  building  stone,  paving  blocks,  and  curbings.     Idle. 

McDonald  Quarry.     (See  Paving  Blocks,  page  344.) 

Santa  Rosa  Bank  Quarry;  operated  by  P.  Maroni;  located  2  miles 
north  of  Santa  Rosa,  on  the  Sonoma  road.  The  stone  ranges  from  a 
light  to  a  dark  gray  trachyte,  and  is  used  for  building  stone  and  paving 
blocks. 

Stony  Point  Quarry;  Petaluma  and  Santa  Rosa  Interurban  (electric) 
Railroad,    owner;   P.    J.    Evans,    superintendent;    located  on  the  rail- 


ILL.  No.  70.     CARNEGIE  LIBRARY,  PETALUMA. 
Constructed  of  Trachytic  Tuff  from  Stony  Point  Quarry. 

road,  about  9  miles  south  of  Sebastopol.  The  rock  is  a  trachytic  lava, 
showing  occasional  flow  structure,  with  small  pebble  inclusions,  and 
occurs  as  a  capping  on  a  low  hilltop.  The  drainage  on  either  side  of 
the  hill  has  eroded  down  through  it.  When  green,  the  stone  breaks 
with  a  fairly  even  face  and  is  easily  dressed,  resembling  the  San  Jose 
sandstone  so  much  that  it  is  erroneoush'  called  sandstone  by  the  people 
of  Sonoma  County.  When  seasoned,  it  becomes  nearly  white  in  color, 
very  hard  and  refractory.  The  stone  stands  well,  as  is  shown  by  the 
Phoenix  Building,  in  Petaluma,  which  was  erected  about  1862.  It  has 
been  used  in  other  buildings  in  Petaluma,  and  recently  in  the  Carnegie 
Library,  which  is  now  nearing  completion  (November,  1904). 


164  STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

At  present  the  quarry  face  is  being  opened  with  a  view  of  later  taking 
out  building  stone  for  shipment  to  bay  points  by  rail  and  water.  Both 
electric  and  steam  power  are  available.  About  85  men  are  employed, 
and  the  quarry  is  operated  day  and  night,  the  rock  being  used  prin- 
cipally for  ballast  on  the  railroad  bed. 

On  the  north  side  of  the  same  hill  P.  Maroni  has  been  endeavoring 
to  take  out  some  suitable  stone  for  the  erection  of  the  new  bank 
building  in  Sebastopol.  The  stone  occurs  in  pentagonal  columns 
averaging  about  5  feet  in  thickness,  dipping  N.  30°  E.  at  an  angle  of  about 
70°.  On  account  of  cross  fractures  or  seams,  it  is  verj''  difficult  to 
obtain  dimension  stone  more  than  5  or  6  feet  in  length.  Another  small 
opening  near  the  crest  of  the  hill  shows  similar  columns. 

Vallejo  Estate  Quappies,  in  the  foothills  one  half  mile  north  of  Sonoma, 
on  the  old  Vallejo  rancho.  One  quarry  furnishes  a  dark  red  rhyolitic 
tuff,  which  has  been  used  considerably  in  the  buildings  of  Sonoma, 
especially  for  trimming  buildings  constructed  of  the  dark  blue  basaltic 
rock  of  this  locality. 

Paving  blocks  are  obtained  from  a  quarry  face  on  same  property. 

SUTTER  COUNTY. 

In  Sec.  32,  T.  16  N.,  R.  2  E.,  3  miles  west  of  Sutter  City,  is  a  quarry 
of  rhyolite,  used  locally  for  building  stone. 

TEHAMA  COUNTY. 

About  20  miles  west  of  Red  Bluff,  between  Thomes  and  Elder  Creek^ 
there  is  a  considerable  exposure  of  a  light  reddish  tuff,  Avhich  Mr.  Diller 
in  Bulletin  196,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  page  39,  refers  to  the  Tuscan 
tuffs.  The  tuff  is  very  soft,  can  be  cut  with  a  saw,  and  resists  exposure 
and  heat  very  well;  it  is  used  all  through  the  vicinity  for  building  pur- 
poses, especially  chimneys,  etc. 

Rice  Quappy,  in  Sec.  12,  T.  24  N.,  R.  6  W.,  M.  D.  M.;  H.  W.  Rice, 
Paskenta,  owner;  a  small  quarry  on  Headquarters  Creek. 

YOLO  COUNTY. 

Tuffs  suitable  for  building  purposes  occur  in  the  eastern  margin  of 
the  fooi,hills  of  western  Yolo  County;  and  along  the  northern  bank  of 
Putah  Creek,  in  T.  7  and  8  N.,  R.  1  and  2  W.,  on  lands  owned  by  Sackett 
Brothers  Company,  and  by  W.  H.  Gregory,  Winters  P.  O.  The  forma- 
tion extends  into  Solano  County.  No  development  work  has  been 
done,  and  only  small  local  use  is  made  of  the  material. 


ARTIFICIAL  STONE   ( CEMENT  PRODUCTS)  .  165 


ARTIFIQAL  STONE  (CEMENT  PRODUCTS). 


Artiticial  stone  is  now  made  in  several  different  ways.  The  sand- 
lime  bricks  form  a  very  good  artificial  stone.  Another  artificial  stone 
that  is  meeting  with  much  favor  both  in  California  and  elsewhere  in  the 
United  States  is  made  by  mixing  sand  with  Portland  cement,  using 
cement  in  place  of  lime  as  a  bond  for  the  sand  grains.  It  is  a  special 
form  of  concrete,  in  which  sand  is  used  in  place  of  broken  stone. 
Instead  of  being  made  in  the  wall  or  structure  in  which  it  is  to  be  used, 
it  is  made  in  a  factory  into  desired  forms,  such  as  bricks,  building  stone 
blocks,  arches,  columns,  etc. 

There  are  several  different  methods  of  its  manufacture,  some  portions 
of  which  are  said  to  be  covered  with  patents.  In  one  method  the  sand 
and  cement  are  mixed  into  a  liquid  mortar,  which  is  poured  into 
specially  designed  molds  and  permitted  to  harden.  Another  process 
consists  in  mixing  the  sand  and  concrete  in  a  moist  condition  and 
packing  it  into  molds  and  then  drying.  A  great  many  factories  in 
different  parts  of  the  United  States  are  now  engaged  in  making  arti- 
ficial stone  or  concrete  blocks,  and  several  manufacturers  are  engaged 
in  making  machinery  for  molding  the  bricks.  By  means  of  pigments 
the  color  of  any  sandstone  can  be  duplicated,  and  any  stone  in  rock 
face  or  tool-dressed  face  can  be  duplicated  by  making  with  metallic 
lead  a  cast  of  the  face  of  a  block  of  the  stone  it  is  desired  to  imitate, 
and  using  this  as  a  mold  for  the  concrete  block.  By  a  little  experiment- 
ing with  pigments  the  color  is  duplicated,  and  having  the  mixture  and 
mold,  any  desired  number  of  blocks  can  be  made. 

In  a  similar  manner,  large  columns,  arches,  and  carved  blocks  are 
reproduced.  Doorways  and  gateways  of  the  finest  brownstone  or  red 
sandstone  are  made  in  this  way,  and  so  closely  do  they  resemble  the 
natural  stone  that  it  is  not  easy  to  distinguish  one  from  the  other.  One 
can  easily  see  the  great  possibilities  in  this  line.  There  can  be  little 
question  that  the  artificial  stone  when  carefully  made  is  superior  in 
some  ways  to  the  natural  product.  In  the  natural  stone,  nature  cements 
the  sand  grains  by  iron  oxide,  clay,  carbonate  of  lime,  or  silica,  aided  to 
some  extent  in  places  by  pressure.  In  the  artificial  stone,  man  adds 
the  Portland  cement  to  hold  the  grains  together,  and  it  is  stronger  and 
more  durable  than  some  of  the  natural  cements. 

The  same  process  might  also  be  used  in  making  conglomerate,  espe- 
cially where  a  supply  of  bright-colored  pebbles  is  available. 

A  strong  point  in  favor  of  the  artificial  sandstone  over  the  natural  in 
carved  and  ornamental  work  is  that  the  projecting  and  weaker  parts 


166  STRUCTURAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL    .MATERIALS    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

can  be  strengthened  internally  by  wires  and  steel  rods,  also  the  large 
arch  blocks  and  columns  can  be  made  with  a  sunken  iron  loop  to  aid  in 
handling  them,  and  thus  avoid  disfiguring  the  face  of  the  stone. 

CONTRA    COSTA    COUNTY. 

There  are  two  companies  manufacturing  sand-lime  bricks  at  Antioch. 
Each  of  the  plants  has  a  short  spur  connecting  with  the  A.  T.  &  S.  F. 
Railway,  and  a  tunnel  underneath  the  sand  dune  to  the  river  bank, 
where  they  have  a  dock  with  deep  water,  so  that  they  can  ship  either 
by  water  or  by  rail.  Both  companies  get  their  sand  from  the  sand 
dune  at  the  works  and  lime  from  kilns  at  Concord. 

Holland  Sandstone  Brick  Company,  office  18  Fremont  street,  San 
Francisco;  F.  W.  Moller,  superintendent;  has  a  plant  one  mile  east  of 
Antioch,  on  the  north  side  of  the  Santa  Fe  Railroad.  It  uses  the  un- 
slaked process,  in  which  the  lime  is  ground  as  quicklime  and  mixed 
wdth  the  screened  sand  and  slaked  in  the  mixing  process.  The  lime 
and  sand  are  first  thoroughly  mixed  in  a  pugmill,  with  sufficient  water 
to  slake  the  lime,  and  the  mixed  material  runs  into  large  bins,  holding 
enough  for  several  thousand  bricks,  where  the  slaking  process  is  com- 
pleted. The  sand  is  well  screened,  the  coarse  and  the  very  fine  mate- 
rials being  separated  and  thrown  out  before  it  is  mixed  wdth  the  lime 
in  the  pugmill.  The  mixed  materials  while  still  warm  are  run  into 
another  pugmill,  in  which  more  water  is  added,  and  after  another 
thorough  mixing,  they  pass  still  warm  into  a  Kommick  brick  machine 
having  a  capacity  of  from  10,000  to  12,000  brick  per  day,  where  the 
bricks  are  molded  under  high  pressure,  loaded  on  the  cars,  and  run  into 
the  steam  boilers  still  warm.  There  are  three  boilers,  each  about 
30  feet  long,  and  each  holding  7,000  bricks,  where  the  bricks  are  kept 
under  steam  pressure  of  120  pounds  for  al)out  ten  hours,  when  they  are 
removed  on  cars  and  run  into  the  yard,  where  they  are  stored  and  per- 
mitted to  further  season  liefoi'e  shipping.  The  In-icks  are  made  of  a 
standard  size,  weigh  5  pounds  each,  and  have  a  l»right,  light  gray  color 
when  finished. 

The  Holland  Company  began  working  in  .June,  1903,  but  its  plant 
was  not  in  operation  the  first  four  months  of  1904,  so  that  it  had 
not  put  many  bricks  on  the  market  at  that  time. 

Golden  Gate  Sandstone  Brick  Company. — This  company  manufac- 
tures by  a  little  different  process,  in  which  the  lime  is  slaked  before 
mixing  with  the  sand.  The  slaking  is  done  in  iron  pots  with  steam,  in 
the  same  boilers  in  which  the  bricks  are  afterwards  steamed.  As  this 
plant  was  started  about  the  same  time  as  the  other,  both  are  too  new 
as  yet  to  tell  which  process  will  give   the    better  results.     The  Golden 


ARTIFICIAL   STONE  — CONTRA    COSTA,   KERN.  1G7 

Gate  Company  uses  an  American-made  machine,  which  molds  six 
bricks  at  a  time,  instead  of  one,  as  in  the  German  machine.  The  com- 
pany has  one  large  steam  boiler,  about  60  feet  long,  and  is  now 
(August,  1904)  putting  in  a  second  smaller  boiler  about  30  feet  long, 
which,  when  complete,  will  give  them  practically  the  same  boiler 
capacity  as  the  Holland  Company. 

Paeifle  Stone  Company,  office  208  Crossley  Building,  San  Francisco, 
is  putting  up  an  extensive  plant  at  Black  Diamond,  Contra  Costa 
County,  to  manufacture  "litholite"  by  the  Stevens  process.  This  pro- 
cess is  somewhat  different  from  the  one  described  above,  and  the  com- 
pany objects  to  calling  it  an  artificial  stone,  but  uses  the  more  classic 
name,  litholite. 

The  company  will  use  crushed  granite,  basalt,  quartz,  and  other 
rocks,  which,  after  being  crushed  into  fine  fragments,  are  mixed  with 
cement  into  a  thin  mortar  or  slip,  and  poured  into  sand  molds.  The 
sand  absorbs  the  excess  of  moisture,  part  of  which  it  gives  back  when  the 
stone  begins  to  set.  In  an  above  mentioned  process  the  semi-dry  materials 
are  tamped  in  the  mold  and  then  removed  and  air-dried.  In  this 
process  there  is  no  pressure,  and  the  cement  sets  in  the  presence  of 
excess  moisture.  It  takes  about  thirty  days  from  the  time  the  mate- 
rials are  mixed  until  the  stone  is  ready  for  use  in  the  building.  The 
granite  used  by  this  company  is  a  light  gray  and  the  stone  produced  is 
normally  a  light  gray  concrete,  but  by  using  pigments  any  desired  color 
may  be  made. 

A  letter  from  this  company  dated  October  24,  1904,  says:  "We 
expect  to  start  the  wheels  turning  to-morrow."  The  present  capacity 
of  its  plant  is  300  cubic  feet  of  building  stone  per  day,  and  it  has  been 
constructed  with  a  view  to  future  enlargement.  It  is  located  on  deep 
water  on  the  San  Joaquin  River,  and  has  a  siding  from  both  the  Santa 
Fe  and  Southern  Pacific  railroads,  so  that  shipping  facilities  are  of 
the  best. 

The  plant  is  equipped  with  crushers,  rolls,  conveyors,  elevators, 
screens,  mixers,  and  overhead  carriers,  which  are  operated  by  electric 
motor  with  power  from  the  wires  of  the  Bay  Counties  Power  Company. 

At  the  beginning  of  1904  there  were  in  the  United  States  and  Canada 
twenty  different  factories  making  stone  by  this  process,  most  of  them 
in  the  East,  five  of  them  being  in  New  York  State.  The  Pacific  Stone 
Company  claims  to  be  the  only  one  on  the  Pacific  Coast. 

KERN  COUNTY.      - 

Bakersfield  Sandstone  Bpiek  Company,  John  Curran,  superintendent, 
began  operations  in  August,  1903.  This  company  uses  the  Kommick 
system  of  manufacture,  the  same  as  the  Holland  Sandstone  Brick  Com- 


168  STRUCTURAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL    MATERIALS    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

pany  at  Antioch.  It  uses  river-sand  from  the  bed  of  Kern  River,  and 
lime  from  Telincliaj)].  This  sand  is  obtained  up  the  river  from  Bakers- 
field  and  is  brought  to  the  plant  on  railway  cars.  The  works  have  been 
in  operation  almost  continuously  since  they  started  in  1908,  except 
when  delayed  by  waiting  for  supplies.  Several  large  business  blocks 
and  some  private  residences  have  been  constructed  of  this  light-colored 
brick  in  Bakersfield,  which  has  a  larger  percentage  of  houses  of  this 
material  than  any  other  town  in  the  State.  The  greater  part  of  the 
product  is  used  in  Bakersfield,  where  it  is  apparently  growing  in  favor. 
Since  they  are  sold  about  as  cheap  as  red  l)ricks,  they  will  probably  be 
used  even  more  extensivelv  in  the  future. 


LOS  ANGELES  COUNTY. 

California  Concpete  Building-  Block  Company;  H.  C.  Turner,  general 
manager,  510  Douglas  Building;  works,  2522  East  Ninth  street,  Los 
Angeles.  Various  building  materials  are  made  from  gravel,  sand,  and 
cement.  The  forms  are  pressed  in  Palmer  hollow-block  machines  and 
pressed-brick  machines.  The  plant  is  equipped  with  an  8-horsepower 
gasoline  engine.     Employs  8  men. 

Califopnia  Ornamental  Brick  Company,  lOoO  East  First  street,  oftice 
215  Mason  Opera  House  Building,  Los  Angeles,  uses  the  second  method 
described  (on  page  165),  by  mixing  sand  or  gravel  with  the  cement  in  a 
moist  condition,  and  turns  out  quite  a  variety  of  products.  The  company 
manufactures  many  bricks  of  standard  size,  also  many  different  kinds 
of  sandstone  in  form,  dimensions,  and  color  to  suit  the  customer. 
The  factory  stands  on  the  river  bank  below  First  street,  and  an  endless 
wire  cable,  with  sand  buckets  attached,  elevates  the  sand  and  gravel  of 
the  river-bed  to  the  top  of  the  building,  where  they  are  automatically 
dumped  into  screens,  wdiich  separate,  first,  the  coarse  gravel  used  for 
concrete;  second,  the  finer  gravel  used  in  mixing  with  tar  in  roofing 
buildings;  and  third,  the  sand  used  in  making  the  brick  and  sandstone 
as  described  above. 

Some  of  the  buildings  in  Los  Angeles  in  which  the  artificial  stone  and 
brick  made  by  the  Pacific  Stone  Company  have  been  used  are:  Evening 
Express  Building,  Home  Telephone  Building,  Bryson  Block,  Congrega- 
tional Church,  Pruess  Block,  McBurney  Building,  Emergency  Hospital. 
St.  Joseph's  Church.  Synagogue,  \\^'inshank  Building,  and  Bacon  Block. 

Ornamental  Stone  and  Brick  Company;  F.  A.  Parker,  president,  Fourth 
and  Alamitos  streets,  Long  Beach;  J.  H.  Dovey,  superintendent.  ISIaii- 
ufactures  hollow  concrete  blocks  of  various  forms  and  dimensions  for 
building  purposes,  and  intends  to  manufacture  pressed  building  bricks. 


ARTIFICIAL  STONE  — LOS  ANGELES,   MONTEREY.  169 

Gravel  is  used,  the  pebbles  being  crushed  and  mixed  with  cement.  The 
mixture  is  pressed  moist  in  forms,  then  slowly  dried  in  the  air,  beinj^ 
moistened  every  day.  Started  operations  September,  1904.  Employs 
7  men. 

Pacific  Sandstone  Brick  Company  has  a  sand-lime  brick  plant  one  mile 
north  of  Redondo,  on  the  coast,  near  Los  Angeles.  During  the  summer 
of  1904  the  company  remodeled  its  plant  and  put  in  new  machinery. 
The  works  are  close  to  one  of  the  great  oil  fields  of  the  State,  and  are 


i 

^       •- 

fi    ,JM 

if  ^B 

mL 

"i 

■  ^ 

ILL.  No.  77.     PACIFIC  SANDSTONE  BRICK  COMPANY'S  PLANT,  KEDONDO, 

LOS  ANGELES  COUNTY. 

favorably  located  for  fuel  and  raw  material.     The  rapidly  growing  city 
of  Los  Angeles,  and  other  neighboring  towns  should  offer  a  good  market. 

MONTEREY  COUNTY. 

Monterey  Brick  and  Stone  Company,  320  Crossley  Building,  San 
Francisco;  Wm.  Quinton,  Alvarado  street,  Monterey.  It  contemplates 
erecting  a  plant  to  make  sand-lime  brick  by  the  Schwartz  system  from 
the  Monterey  beach  sand. 

The  T.  A.  Work  Company,  Pacific  Grove,  makes  at  Monterey  and 
Pacific  Grove,  hollow  building  blocks  out  of  the  beach  sand  and  Cali- 
fornia Portland  cement,  in  the  ratio  of  5  to  1 ;  for  the  facing  blocks  the 
ratio   is  2  to   1.     Tlie  material  is   mixed  dry,  and  tamped  dry  into  a 


170  STRUCTI'KA1>    AND    INDUSTRIAL    MATERIALS    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

Hayden  automatic  block  machine.  The  blocks  are  moistened  twice  a 
day  for  four  or  five  days,  then  left  to  dry  in  the  air,  and  within  ten  or 
twelve  days  are  ready  for  use.  The  works  were  started  in  October, 
1904. 

SANTA  BARBARA  COUNTY. 

Leslie  Conklin,  Santa  Barbara,  is  now  (July,  1904)  erecting  a  small 
factory  on  Castillo  street,  Santa  Barbara,  for  the  purpose  of  making 
artificial  stone.  He  has  been  experimenting  for  some  time  and  reports 
that  his  experiments  have  been  very  successful.  He  expects  to  use  sand 
from  nearby  deposits  and  cement  in  the  proportion  of  about  8  to  1. 
He  has  ordered  machinery  for  molding  the  blocks,  and  estimates  that 
he  can  manufacture  bricks  in  this  way  cheaper  than  ordinary  red 
bricks  can  be  sold. 

SANTA  CLARA  COUNTY. 

San  Jose  Cement  Block  Company  is  operating  a  plant  at  the  corner  of 
Fourth  and  Virginia  streets,  San  Jose.  J.  H.  Kircher  is  superin- 
tendent, with  offices  in  Room  40,  Auzerais  Building.  Stone  copings, 
hollow  concrete  building  blocks,  chimneys,  gravestones,  and  other 
cement  products  are  manufactured. 

SONOMA  COUNTY. 

Sonoma  Stone  and  Construction  Company  has  a  plant  at  121  Fifth 
street,  Santa  Rosa,  and  manufactures  various  products,  including 
cement  sewer  pipe,  pressed  sand  bricks,  artificial  stone,  cemetery  orna- 
ments, copings,  curbings,  cement  shingles  and  tiling,  etc.,  using  Cali- 
fornia Portland  cement  as  a  binder.     Ten  men  are  employed. 

VENTURA  COUNTY. 

H.  Roberts,  Ventura,  manufactures  hollow  building  blocks  from  l)each 
sand  and  California  Portland  cement. 


ARTinCIAL    MARBLE. 


A  number  of  handsome  marbles  now  on  the  market  are  partly  artificial; 
that  is,  other  rocks,  such  as  gypsum  and  slate,  are  put  through  a  process 
in  which  they  are  made  to  resemble  marble. 


PART    II. 

PORTLAND  CEMENT  INDUSTRY  IN  CALIFORNIA. 


Cement,  as  used  in  building  operations,  signifies  a  compound  of  lime 
and  other  substances  that  hardens  under  water  or  in  contact  with  water. 
It  is  a  mixture  of  lime,  or  lime  and  magnesia,  with  clay  or  silica,  or  both. 
It  differs  from  common  quicklime  in  that  it  does  not  slake,  expand, 
crumble,  nor  give  off  heat  when  wet,  but  chemically  combines  with  part 
of  the  water  into  a  firm,  solid  rock.  There  are  two  principal  classes  of 
cement:  the  natural  rock,  or  Rosendale  cement;  and  the  artificial  prod- 
uct, or  Portland  cement;  to  which  may  be  added  a  third,  the  Pozzolana, 
or  slag  cement. 

NATURAL  ROCK   CEMENT. 

A  limestone  which  in  nature  contains  sufficient  clay  or  other  sub- 
stance, mixed  with  the  carbonate  of  lime,  that  it  only  requires  proper 
burning  and  grinding  to  form  a  cement,  is  called  a  waterlime  or  natu- 
ral cement  rock,  and  the  product  is  natural  or  Rosendale  cement,  some- 
times called  Roman  cement.  Natural  cement  rock  was  discovered 
accidentally  in  the  United  States  in  1818,  near  Chittenango,  N.  Y. 
Later  it  was  found  in  large  quantities  in  Pennsylvania,  Indiana, 
Kentucky,  and  elscAvhere.  Ulster  County,  New  York,  and  Louis- 
ville, Kentucky,  have  always  been  the  centers  of  this  important 
industry.  The  natural  cement  is  generally  inferior  to  the  Portland 
cement,  and  in  some  places,  especially  in  a  few  localities  in  New  York 
State,  its  market  is  being  gradually  taken  by  the  artificial  product. 

The  only  natural  cement  rock  known  in  this  State  comes  from  Orange 
County,  where  a  body  of  it,  claimed  to  be  of  good  quality,  is  found. 

PORTLAND    CEMENT. 

Portland  cement  may  be  defined  as  a  compound  consisting  chiefiy  of 
silicates  and  aluminates  of  lime,  produced  by  the  calcination  to  incipient 
vitrification  of  a  mechanical  mixture  of  calcareous  and  argillaceous 
materials,  the  clinker  thus  produced  being  subsequently  ground  to  a 
more  or  less  impalpable  powder.  The  exact  chemical  composition  of 
Portland  cement  varies  considerably;  its  principal  constituents  are 
lime,  silica,  alumina,  and  oxide  of  iron,  which  are  found,  roughly,  in 

(171) 


172  STRUCTUKAIi   AND    INDUSTRIAL    MATERIALS   OP    CALIFORNIA. 

the  following  i)roi)ortions:  lime,  60  to  64  per  cent;  silica,  20  to  24  per 
cent;  alumina,  6  to  10  per  cent;  iron  oxide,  o  to  5  per  cent.  These  four 
constituents,  as  a  rule,  amount  to  about  !)6  per  cent,  the  remainder  con- 
sisting of  small  quantities  of  sulphuric  anhydride,  magnesia,  alkalies,  etc. 
(See  Portland  Cement,  D.  B.  Butler,  page  10.  Geological  Survey  of  Ohio 
(4th  series).  Bulletin  No.  3,  The  Manufacture  of  Hydraulic  Cements,  by 
A.  V.  Bleininger.  A  paper  by  same  writer  in  the  Transactions  of  the 
American  Ceramic  Society,  1903.  Chemical  and  Engineering  News, 
1898,  Vol.  IV,  page  5,  etc.)  The  use  of  Portland  cement  is  principally 
based  on  its  characteristic  quality  to  harden  rapidly  under  water  or  in  a 
moist  atmosphere. 

Portland  cement  was  first  manufactured  and  so  named  in  1824  by 
Joseph  Aspdin,*  Avho  took  out  a  patent  for  it  as  "an  improvement  in 
the  modes  of  producing  an  artificial  stone."  The  growth  of  the  industry 
was  very  slow  at  first.  It  was  not  until  1851  that  it  was  first  brought 
prominently  before  the  world,  and  soon  after  its  manufacture  began  in 
Germany,  France,  and  elsewhere  on  the  continent.  The  increase  in  the 
output  was  rapid  from  this  time,  especially  in  Germany  and  England, 
both  of  which  countries  exported  large  quantities  to  the  United  States. 

In  the  United  States  the  first  Portland  cement  was  manufactured  in 
1875,  by  Mr.  Saylor,  at  Siegfried,  in  eastern  Pennsylvania.  A  second 
factory  was  soon  afterwards  established  in  western  Pennsylvania.  For 
nearly  twenty  years  the  growth  of  the  industry  was  very  slow  indeed,  but 
during  the  last  decade  of  the  nineteenth  century  there  was  a  phenome- 
nal increase  in  the  product.  This  was  brought  about  by  the  grea.ly 
increased  use  of  cement,  which  without  any  marked  decrease  in  impor- 
tation raised  the  home  production  in  one  decade  more  than  1200  per  cent. 
The  following  figures  indicate  the  great  increase  in  the  domestic  pro- 
duction and  the  growing  commercial  importance  of  the  industry: 

Domestic  Production,  Imports  and  Exports  of  Portland  Cement,  1890  1903. 

ISUO  I'JOl).  1902. 

Production   of    Portland    cement    in    the 

United  States,  in  barrels 335,500  8,482,000  17,230,644 

Number  of  works  in  the  United  States 16  50  65 

Imports     of    Portland    cement    into    the 

United  States 1,940,18(!  2,386,683  1,961,013 

Production    of    natural  rock    cement  in 

the  United  States 7,082,204  8,383,519  8,044,305 

The  enormous  increase  in  the  domestic  production  of  Portland  cement 
is  a  matter  of  surprise,  and  yet  when  one  looks  at  the  varied  us-es  to 
which  it  is  put  and  the  many  other  places  where  it  might  be  used,  it  will 
be  a  matter  of  great  surprise  if  the  increased  rate  of  production  does  not 
continue  for  many  years. 

*  While  Aspdin  is  usually  ci'cditcd  w  itii  inventing  the  Porthiud  cciiunt,  it  is  thought 
that  he  originated  the  naiur  only,  as  tiii'  ('ciiiciit  which  he  made  was  a  Rosi'udalc  or 
Roman  cement,  and  not  a  I'ortlaiul  cement. 


PORTT>AND   CEMENT  INDUSTRY. 


173 


Uses  of  Portland  Cement. — Because  of  the  ease  Avith  which  it  can  be 
molded  or  put  into  desired  shapes,  its  hardness  and  durability  when 
placed,  and  its  resistance  to  the  action  of  moisture  and  vermin,  Port- 
land cement  will  continue  to  increase  in  importance  in  structural  and 
engineering  work.  It  is  not  only  replacing  the  ordinary  lime  mortar 
in  masonry,  especially  in  foundations,  but  is  even  replacing  stone  and 
brick,  and  for  many  uses  wood  and  iron,  in  the  structures. 

Cement  is  used  both  in  the  manufacture  of  artificial  stone,  and  in 
concrete,  which  material  is  much  used  for  monolithic  structures,  in 
walls  (e.  g.  the  Museum  of  Fine  Arts  at  the  Stanford  University),  foun- 


ILL.  Xo.  7S.     SAXTA  ANA  VIADUCT,  OX  THK  S.  P.,  L.-A.  it  S.?;L.  R.  K.,  CROSSING  SANTA 

ANA  RIVER,  NEAR  RIVERSIDE. 

dations,  bridge  construction  (e.  g.  the  bridge  of  the  Salt  Lake  Railway 
at  Riverside),  reservoir  dams,  etc. 

The  following  list,  arranged  alphabetically,  indicates  the  more 
important  present  uses  of  Portland  cement:  abutments,  arched  culverts, 
artistic  tile,  artificial  stone,  bank  vaults,  breakwaters,  concrete  in  many 
places,  curbs  and  gutters,  dams  and  wheel-pits,  dry  docks,  engine  beds, 
fence  posts,  fireproof  floors,  etc.,  fortifications,  foundations  and  walls, 
foundations  for  brick  and  asphalt  pavements,  irrigation  flumes,  linings 
of  war  vessels,  locks  of  canals,  pavements,  piers,  piling,  pipe  mains, 
railway  ties,  reservoirs,  retaining  walls  and  embankments,  sea  walls, 
sewers,  shingles,  stucco,  telephone  conduits,  terra  cotta  blocks,  tomb- 
stones, tunnel  linings,  and  burial  tombs.  The  list  is  capable  of  indefi- 
nite extension,  as  possibly  no  other  modern  product  commends  itself  so 
readily  to  so  many  different  uses. 


174  STRUCTURAL    AND    IXOT-STRIAL    MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNLV. 

The  (luantity  of  Portland  cement  used  in  California  is  far  in  excess  of 
that  manufactured  in  the  State.  With  large  deposits  of  limestone  and 
clay  quite  widely  scattered  over  the  State,  and  a  large  fuel  supply,  it 
would  seem  as  though  the  cement  industry  ought  to  increase  quite 
rapidly.  The  State  should  be  exporting  rather  than  importing  cement. 
For  many  years  the  development  of  the  cement  industry,  like  many 
other  manufacturing  industries  in  California,  was  hindered  by  the  high 
price  of  fuel,  but  with  the  opening  of  the  great  oil  fields  this  difficulty 
has  been  overcome. 

Tests  of  Portland  Cement.— The  tests  recommended  by  the  American 
Society  of  Civil  Engineers  for  Portland  cement  are:  (1)  For  fineness  — 
Cement  shall  be  ground  to  such  fineness  that  95  per  cent  by  weight 
will  pass  through  a  standard  sieve  of  50  meshes  per  inch  (2500  meshes 
per  square  inch),  and  90  per  cent  will  pass  through  a  standard  sieve  of 
100  meshes.  (2)  For  sound ne.^s — The  cement  shall  endure  the  hot- 
water  test  at  25"  F.  for  twenty-four  hours  without  cracking  or  blowing. 
(3)  For  initial  set — Neat  cement  shall  not  set  to  support  i  pound  on 
l-inch  wire  in  less  than  fifteen  minutes  for  natural  cement,  and  twenty- 
five  minutes  for  Portland  cement.  (4)  For  tensile  strength — Portland 
cement  briquettes  of  neat  cement  mixed  three  minutes,  put  in  molds 
with  thumbs  and  trowel,  and  kept  at  a  temperature  of  65°  to  70°  for 
one  day  in  moist  air  and  six  days  in  water,  shall  show  a  least  average 
tensile  strength  of  400  pounds  per  square  inch.  Briquettes  of  three 
parts  by  weight  of  standard  crushed  quartz  and  one  part  by  weight  of 
Portland  cement,  mixed  in  same  manner  and  kept  seven  days  under 
same  conditions,  shall  show  a  least  average  tensile  strength  of  125 
pounds  per  square  inch.  Briquettes  like  the  last,  kept  twenty-eight 
days  under  the  same  conditions,  shall  show  a  least  average  tensile 
strength  of  220  pounds  per  square  inch.  (5)  For  tensile  strength, 
American  natural  cement — Briquettes  of  neat  natural  cement,  mixed 
three  minutes,  put  in  molds  with  thumbs  and  trowel,  and  kept  at  a 
temperature  of  65°  to  70^  for  two  hours  in  moist  air  and  twenty-two 
hours  under  water,  shall  show  a  least  average  tensile  strength  of  60 
pounds  per  square  incii.  Briquettes  of  natural  cement  and  standard 
crushed  quartz  in  equal  parts  by  weight,  mixed  and  handled  in  the 
same  manner  and  kept  at  same  temperature  for  one  day  in  moist  air 
and  six  days  in  water,  shall  show  a  least  average  tensile  strength  of  65 
pounds  per  square  inch.  Briquettes  similar  to  last,  and  kept  twenty- 
eight  days  under  same  conditions,  shall  show  a  least  average  tensile 
strength  of  150  pounds  per  square  inch. 

The  standard  crushed  quartz  used  in  the  tests  shall  pass  a  sieve  of 
20  meshes  per  inch,  and  shall  stop  on  one  of  30  meshes. 

Portland  cement  is  to  a  great  extent  bought  on  the  reputation  of  tho 


PORTLAND  CEMENT  INDUSTRY.  175 

brand,  hence  the  importance  to  the  mannfactnrer  of  keeping  up  the 
reguhirity  of  quality  of  his  product. 

The  Composition  of  Portland  Cement  is  already  given  above.  The 
varying  amounts  of  the  different  constituents  influence  the  character 
of  the  cement  to  a  certain  extent.  Cements  rich  in  lime  set  more  slowly, 
but  harden  better  than  those  poor  in  lime.  Cements  rich  in  silica  set 
more  slowly  than  those  rich  in  alumina,  but  they  are  better  for  use 
under  salt  water. 

An  addition  of  0.33  to  0.75  per  cent  of  fluorspar  is  helpful  in  making 
the  materials  clinker  more  easily. 

Gypsum  or  sulphate  of  lime  in  small  quantities  delays  the  setting  of 
the  cement  somewhat,  and  adds  to  its  final  strength.  More  than  4  or 
5  per  cent  is  injurious,  and  many  specifications  require  that  less  than 
2  per  cent  be  added. 

In  this  country  limestone,  marl,  chalk,  and  travertine  are  used  in 
making  Portland  cement. 

ANALYSES  OF  RAW  MATERIALS  AND  THE  CEMENT,  COLTON,  CALIFORNIA.* 

Limestone.  Clay.  riav.  Cement. 

Lime(CaO) 55.216  2.900  2.300  60.648 

Magnesiii(MsO)  .(lOO  1.016  1.873  .378 

Silica  (SiOo) ' .550  49.300  50.100  22.250 

Alumina  (AUOj)  and  Ferric  oxide  (FeaOj)---         .850  20.100  29.700           

Carbon  dioxide  (CO2) 43.384  Undet.  3.854           

Sulphate  of  lime  (Cay04) 2.000 

Alkalies; 1.524 

Moisture  and  organic  matter 12.300 


MANUFACTURE  OF  PORTLAND  CEMENT. 

The  successive  steps  in  the  process  of  manufacture  are  the  prepara- 
tion of  the  raw  materials,  the  mixing,  burning,  grinding  and  bolting. 

Mixing. — There  are  two  general  methods  of  preparing  and  mixing 
the  raw  materials.  One  is  known  as  the  wet  process,  and  the  other  as 
the  dry  or  semi-wet  process. 

In  the  wet  process,  the  mixing  is  done  in  w^ater.  Sometimes  it  is 
necessary  to  grind  the  materials  first,  but  as  this  method  is  commonly 
used  with  chalk  or  marl,  the  preliminary  grinding  is  often  unnecessary. 
The  mixing  is  done  in  large  tanks  resembling  the  plungers  used  in  clay- 
washing  plants.  In  the  center  of  the  tank  is  a  vertical  rotating  shaft, 
carrying  a  framework  with  scrapers,  that  keeps  the  materials  constantly 
agitated.  Water  is  let  in  continually  during  the  mixing,  and  as  it  flows 
out  it  carries  the  materials  as  sediment  to  the  settling  tanks,  where 
after  the  settling  of  the  solids  the  clear  water  is  drawn  off.  One  of  the 
objections  to  this  process  is  that  clay  and  chalk,  having  different 
specific  gravities,  tend  to  separate  in  the  settling  tank.     Another  objec- 

*Annual  Report  of  State  Geologist  of  New  Jersey,  1900,  p.  24. 


1(()  STRrCTl'HAL    AM)    1XDUSTRIA1>    MATERIALS    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

tion  is  the  length  of  time  required  to  dry  the  materials  or  get  rid  of  the 
excess  water. 

In  the  dry  or  semi-wet  method,  tlie  raw  materials  are  ground  dry 
separately  and  mixed  with  only  enough  water  to  form  a  paste  or  slurry, 
which  is  then  molded  into  bricks  to  facilitate  the  charging  into  the 
kilns.  Where  the  rotary  kiln  is  used,  the  forming  into  bricks  is 
unnecessary.  Sometimes  the  dry-press  is  used  in  forming  the  bricks, 
thus  saving  the  expense  of  evaporating  the  excess  water.  In  all  the 
California  cement  works  the  rotary  kiln  is  used,  and  hence  the  briquet- 
ting  is  unnecessary. 

Burning-. — After  the  materials  are  mixed  in  the  proper  proportions, 
the  next  step  is  the  burning  in  kilns,  of  which  there  are  different  types 
in  use  in  this  country. 

The  rotary  kiln  is  the  only  one  in  use  in  California,  and  is  now  almost 
universally  used  throughout  the  United  States,  while  rapidly  growing 
in  favor  abroad.  It  consists  of  a  steel  cylinder  lined  with  firebricks. 
The  first  rotary  kilns  were  40  feet  long,  but  this  was  soon  changed  to  60 
feet,  which  has  been  the  standard  length  for  several  years.  Recently 
Edison  constructed  a  kiln  150  feet  long,  which  shows  a  considerable 
saving  in  fuel  and  an  increased  output.  This  result  has  already  induced 
several  manufacturers  to  lengthen  their  kilns,  but  the  60-foot  kilns 
are  still  in  use  in  California.  The  cylinders  are  slightly  inclined 
and  revolve  upon  two,  sometimes  three  tires,  resting  on  idlers,  and 
are  turned  by  steam  power.  The  upper  end  of  the  kiln  projects 
into  a  brick  tlue,  which  is  generally  surmounted  by  an  iron  stack. 
The  lower  end  of  the  kiln  is  closed  by  a  firel)rick  hood.  The  raw  mate- 
rial is  fed  into  the  upper  end  and  the  fuel  burned  at  the  lower  end. 
The  material  works  slowly  down  the'interior  of  the  kiln  into  gradually 
higher  temperatures.  First  the  moisture  is  driven  off,  next  the  car- 
bonic acid,  and  next  there  is  a  partial  fusion  into  yellow  balls,  which 
finally  change  to  a  greenish-black  slag  or  clinker;  Avhen  the  burning  is 
complete  the  clinker  drops  through  the  opening  in  the  hood  into  the 
clinker  pit.  Each  of  these  processes  takes  place  at  a  different  tempera- 
ture, but  the  last  one  requires  the  greatest  care,  as  either  overburning 
or  underburning  injures  the  value  of  tiie  cement. 

The  first  work  done  with  the  rotary  kilns  was  with  oil  for  fuel,  but 
in  eastern  Pennsylvania,  coal,  which  is  cheaper  there  than  oil,  replaced 
the  oil  and  is  used  by  first  crushing  it  to  a  powder  and  then  blowing  it 
into  the  kiln.  In  California,  however,  oil,  being  much  cheaper,  is  used 
exclusively,  and  aside  from  cheapness  is  preferable  to  coal. 

The  clinker  is  cooled  in  several  ways.  Some  use  rotary  coolers,  some 
vertical  coolers,  and  some  cool  in  the  pits  or  on  the  floor.  Water  is 
generally  sprinkled  on  the  clinker,  which  helps  cool  it  and  also  aids  in 
seasoning  it. 


PORTLAND  CEMENT  INDUSTRY.  177 

Grinding-.— After  cooling,  the  clinker  is  ground  to  a  fine  powder  either 
in  tlie  Cirittin  mill  or  in  the  ball  and  tube  mills,  such  as  are  used  for 
grinding  the  raw  materials.  The  cement  is  ground  until  a  large  per- 
centage of  it  (90  per  cent  or  more)  will  pass  through  a  100-mesh  screen, 
and  a  smaller  but  still  large  percentage  would  pass  through  a  200-mesh 
sieve.     Many  contracts  call  for  a  specified  degree  of  fineness. 

The  cement  should  be  stored  for  several  weeks,  or  better,  several 
months,  before  using.  This  is  usually  done  in  large  bins  in  the  storage 
warehouse.  When  sent  to  market,  it  is  shipped  in  either  bags  or  bar- 
rels. Nearly  all  the  California  product  is  shipped  in  bags  holding  95 
})ounds  each. 

The  Grifl&n  mill,  which  is  the  kind  used  at  Colton,  is  an  American 
invention,  and  is  used  extensively  in  the  cement  works  in  the  eastern 
United  States.  It  consists  of  a  revolving  pendulum,  with  a  ball  at  the 
lower  end,  which  in  its  rotation  strikes  the  inner  side  of  a  steel  ring, 
the  grinding  being  produced  partly  by  the  blow  and  partly  by  the 
peculiar  rubbing  motion. 

The  ball  and  tube  mills  are  used  at  Suisun  and  Napa  Junction. 
The  hall  mill  is  a  short  cylinder,  having  heavy  perforated  steel  plates 
inside  of  screens  near  the  outside  cylinder.  It  is  charged  with  quite 
hard  steel  balls  from  3  to  5  inches  in  diameter,  and  when  the  c^dinder 
is  rotated  the  balls  drop  with  considerable  force  on  the  rock  material 
l)elow.  The  ball  mill  is  quite  effective  in  crushing  the  material  to  about 
20-mesh  size.  The  tube  mill  is  used  to  continue  this  process  until 
extreme  fineness  is  produced.  It  consists  of  a  tube  usually  about  22 
feet  long  and  52  inches  in  diameter,  although  the  size  is  not  always 
uniform.  It  is  charged  with  well-rounded  pebbles,  usually  imported 
from  Norway  or  Sweden.  The  Suisun  factory  uses  some  pebbles  from 
the  American  River.  After  the  cement  to  be  ground  is  placed  in  the 
mill,  rotation  is  started  and  the  rolling  and  running  action  of  the 
peV>bles  reduces  the  cement  to  extreme  fineness.  The  expense  of  keeping 
these  mills  in  repair  is  said  to  be  very  great,  not  infrequently  the  annual 
cost  of  repairs  being  equal  to  one  third  the  original  cost  of  the  mill. 

ANALYSES  OF  PORTLAND  CEMENT. 

German—  SiO,  Al.,0,  Fe^Oa  CaO  ,MgO  SO3 

Dyckerhoff    20.64  T.lo  3.69  H;H.M6  2.33  1.39 

Genuania 22.08  6.84  3.36  63.72  1.32  1.82 

French — 

Boulofrne 22.30  7.W  2..30  64.62  1.04  .75 

CarKleiot 22.30  8.50  3.10  62.80              .45  .70 

Ameriraii — 

Savior's 22.68  6.71  2..35  62..30  3.14  1.88 

Giant 19.92  9.83  2.63  6U.32  3.12  1.13 

Alplia    22.62  8.76  2.6H  61.46  2.92  1.53 

Atlas 21.96  8.29  2.67  60.56  3.43  1.43 

California — 

Colton.. 22.25 12.70 60.65              .38  1.18 

"Standard."  Xapa. Junction  21.42  7.40  3.20  63.08  1.02  1.07 

Golden  Gate,  Suisun 22..">5  7.25  x,.,-)(i  62.60  1.20  1.30 

12— HII..    88 


178  STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL    ^MATERIALS    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

PORTLAND  CEMENT  FACTORIES  IN  CALIFORNIA. 

At  present  (1904)  there  are  three  cement  factories  in  operation  in 
California,  located  at  Napa  Junction,  Napa  County;  at  Colton,  San 
Bernardino  County;  and  at  Cement,  near  Suisun,  Solano  County.  At 
other  places  cement  works  are  projected  in  tlie  near  future.  The  oldest 
factory  is  that  at  Colton.  The  one  at  Suisun  began  in  1902,  and  the 
one  at  Napa  Junction  in  1903. 

REFERENCES  TO  LITERATURE  ON  LIME  AND  CEMENT. 

1.  Lime  and  Cement  Industries  of  New  York.  Bulletin  No.  44,  New 
York  State  Museum,  November,  1901. 

2.  Report  on  Portland  Cement  Industry.  Geological  Survey  of  New 
Jersey,  Annual  Report  of  the  State  Geologist  for  the  year  1900,  pp.  9-101. 

3.  American  Cements,  by  U.  Cummings.     Boston,  1898. 

4.  Limes,  Hydraulic  Cement,  and  Mortars,  by  Q.  A.  Gillmore.  N.  Y., 
1872. 

5.  Manual  of  Lime  and  Cement.     N.  Y.,  1893. 

6.  Eighth  Annual  Report  of  State  Mineralogist  of  California,  1888, 
p.  865. 

7.  Report  on  Portland  Cement  in  Indiana.  Twenty-fifth  Annual 
Report,  Department  of  Geology  and  Natural  Resources,  1900,  pp.  1-331. 

8.  Concrete — A  monthly  publication,  began  in  1904.  Detroit, 
Michigan. 

9.  Geological  Survey  of  Ohio,  4th  Series,  Bulletin  No.  3.  The  Manu- 
facture of  Hydraulic  Cements,  by  A.  V.  Bleininger. 

BUTTE  COUNTY. 

There  is  a  i)ossibility  that  cement  may  be  manufactured  in  the  near 
future  at  the  limestone  quarries  in  Sees.  7,  17,  18,  and  20,  T.  21  N., 
R.  4  E.,  M.  D.  M.     L.  M.  Hancock,  Fortuna,  Humboldt  County. 

LOS  ANGELES  COUNTY. 

Los  Angeles  Fireproof  Cement  Company,  J.  p].  Brown,  318  Grant 
Building,  Los  Angeles,  manufactures  a  cement  out  of  sawdust,  sand, 
and  Portland  cement.  The  works  are  located  in  Garvanza.  The 
material  is  mixed  by  hand.     Capacity,  about  20  tons  per  day. 

NAPA  COUNTY. 

Standard  Portland  Cement  Company. — The  works  of  this  company  are 
at  Napa  Junction,  Napa  County;  olKce,  Crocker  Building,  San  Fran- 
cisco. Tlu;  company  began  operations  in  February,  1903,  with  eight 
rotary  kilns,  which  were  soon  increased  to  ten,  eacli  liaving  a  capacity 


X. 


x: 


< 


X 

X 


O 

71 


(179) 


180  STKlCTIKAl,    AM)    IXDUSTRIAL    .MATKKIALS    OF    C.UJFORNIA. 

of  200  barrels  per  day,  or  a  total  capacity  at  present  of  2000  barrels  of 
cement  per  day. 

The  plant  is  close  to  the  Honthern  Pacific  Railroad,  at  the  junction 
of  the  roads  to  Vallejo  and  Benicia.  Two  spurs  from  the  railway  extend 
into  the  works,  and  a  tramway  runs  to  deep  water  on  Napa  Creek,  al)out 
a  mill'  distant,  so  that  cement  may  be  shipped  either  by  rail  or  by 
water. 

Tlie  cement  is  manufactured  in  large  fireproof  buildings.  The  build- 
ing for  holding  the  stock  is  over  200  feet  long  and  has  a  capacity  of 
200,000  barrels.  The  cement  is  usually  shipped  in  sacks  of  95  pounds 
each;  when  so  desired,  it  is  shipped  in  barrels.  The  company  has  its 
own  cooper  shop. 

The  works  are  well  equipped  with  modern  machinery.  The  company 
has  its  own  machine  shop.  Electrical  power  is  used  throughout  the 
plant,  and  the  material  is  all  handled  by  machiner}'^  from  the  time  it  is 
])ut  on  the  car  in  the  quarry  until  it  is  placed  in  sacks  for  shipment. 
The  only  manual  labor  required  is  in  quarrying  and  loading  the  raw 
materials,  and  in  loading  the  cement  on  the  cars. 

The  raw  materials,  both  the  limestone  and  the  claj^  are  quarried  close 
by  the  n)ill  and  loaded  on  small  dump-cars,  ^vhich  are  pulled  into  the 
works  by  a  wire  cable.  Each  car  is  weighed  as  it  comes  in,  and  the 
materials  are  properly  proportioned,  so  that  the  limestone  and  clay 
when  dropped  into  the  rock-crusher  are  in  the  right  proportion  for 
cement.  From  the  crusher  the  material  passes  to  two  large  rotary 
dr\'  kilns  heated  by  oil  flame.  From  the  dry  kilns  part  of  the  product 
goes  to  storage  bins,  where  a  supply  is  kept  to  meet  demands.  The 
other  portion  from  the  dry  kilns  passes  to  the  ball  and  tube  mills;  there 
are  six  of  each  for  grinding  the  raw  materials,  and  the  same  number  for 
grinding  the  clinker.  The  fine  material  is  then  conveyed  to  ten  large 
rotary  kilns,  where  it  is  burned  with  oil  fuel  to  a  clinker,  which  as  it 
comes  from  the  kilns  is  caught  in  iron  buckets  on  a  vertical  belt  and 
carried  to  the  top  of  the  cooling  chamber,  where  it  is  cooled  by  air- 
currents.  The  cooled  clinker  is  next  passed  to  the  ball  and  tube  mills, 
where  it  is  thoroughly  pulverized  ready  for  use.  and  then  taken  by  an 
overhead  tube  to  the  stock  room,  and  stored  in  large  l)ins  awaiting 
shipment. 

The  raw  materials  consist  of  crystalline  limestone  and  a  calcareous 
clay,  both  of  which  are  obtained  from  the  same  pit.  The  limestone 
occurs  in  regular  beds  from  1  to  4  feet  thick,  which  dip  to  the  north  at 
an  angle  of  40  degrees.  It  is  partly  crystallized  and  very  fossiliferous, 
being  composed  largely  of  a  mass  of  broken  shells,  not  many  of  which 
are  preserved  entire.     It  is  probably  of  Lower  C'retaceous  age. 

The  limestone  is  overlaid  by  a  yellow  calcareous  clay.  The  quarry 
face  shows  a  thickness  of  about  100  feet  of  limestone  and  50  feet  of  clay. 
Drill  records,  it  is  reported,  indicate  a  thickness  of  at   least  200  feet  of 


y. 


A 


Y, 


y. 


y 

o 


o 
Z 


(ISl) 


Low-Grade 

Material. 

Cement 

20.23 

21.42 

8.68 

7.40 

3.11 

3.20 

65.23 



63.08 

1.72 

1.02 

.25 

1.07 

1.46 

182  STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL    MATERIALS   OP    CALIFORNIA. 

limestone  at  the  qiiarr3\  Steam  drills  and  dynamite  are  used  in  quarry- 
ing the  limestone,  and  a  steam  shovel  for  loading  the  clay  is  soon  to 
be  added. 

A  fault-plane  runs  through  the  quarr}'  and  shows  quite  prominently 
on  the  south  wall,  where  a  crumpled,  blue-black,  pyritiferous  shale  has 
been  thrust  up  over  the  limestone. 

The  clay  at  the  east  end  of  the  quarry  is  very  calcareous,  and  merges 
into  limestone,  but  at  the  extreme  west  end  it  is  more  argillaceous. 
Overlying  all  is  a  bed  of  dark  brown  adobe. 

Analyses  of  Cement  Materials  and  Cement  of  the  Standard  Portland  Cement 

Company,  Napa  Junction.* 

High-Grade 
Material. 

Silica  (SiO.).. 6.63 

Alumina  (AI0O3) 3.61 

Iron  oxide  (FcaOs) 1.26 

Lime  carbonate  (CaCOs) 85.17 

Lime(CaO) 

Magnesia  carbonate  (MgCO^) -_- 1.83 

^lagnesia  (MgO) 

Sulphuric  anhydride(S03)  .91 

Ignition 

Physical  Tests  of  the  Standard  Portland  Cement  Company,  Napa  Junction. 

Fineness — 100-mesh 'J4.8  per  cent. 

200-mesh 75.0  per  cent. 

Initial  set 2  liours. 

Final  set 6  hours. 

, 7  days. — n        . 28  days. > 

Tensile  strength —  Neat.      Sand.        Neat.        Sand. 

Xo.  1---- 647  265  840  387 

No.  2 653  294  798  396 

No.  3 628  273  8M  412 

No.  4 643  277  824  398 

This  plant  is  admirably  located  for  the  production  of  cement  in  large 
quantities.  Good  rail  and  water  transportation,  and  an  abundant 
supply  of  raw  material  at  the  works,  are  certainly  strong  points  in  favor 
of  a  stable  industry,  (rypsum  and  fuel  are  the  only  substances  not 
obtained  close  at  hand.  The  gypsum  is  shipped  from  Nevada,  as  is 
nearly  all  that  substance  used  in  central  California.  The  fuel  is  oil, 
but  much  of  the  power  is  electric,  brought  by  wire  from  the  American 
River. 

ORANGE  COUNTY. 

Some  years  ago  tests  in  tlie  manufacture  of  cement  were  made  by 
using  clay  and  the  fossiliferous  limestone  found  on  the  ranch  of  \Mlliam 
L.  Moulton,  near  El  Toro.  The  product  was  of  satisfactory  quality, 
but  the  high  cost  of  fuel  at  that  time  prevented  the  manufacture  from  a 
commercial  standpoint.  With  the  present  supply  of  oil  as  fuel,  cement 
could  probably  be  produced  commercially  with  the  limestone  and  clay 
found  on  this  property. 

♦Analyses  and  tests  made  by  the  company  in  their  laboratories. 


PORTLAND  CEMENT  — SAN  BERNARDINO   COUNTY. 


183 


SAN  BERNARDINO  COUNTY. 

Colton  Cement  Works,  in  Sees.  19  and  30,  T.  1  S.,  II.  4  W.,  S.  B.  M.; 
at  Colton;  California  Portland  Cement  Company,  401  Trust  Building, 
Los  Angeles,  owner;  T.  J.  Fleming,  general  manager.  Preliminary 
work  was  begun  about  1892,  and  in  1894  the  works  were  producing 
about  50  barrels  per  day  and  employing  25  men.*  In  1896,  the  capa- 
city of  the  plant  was  200  barrels  per  day  and  75  men  were  employed. f 
Since  that  time  the  capacity  of  the  plant  has  been  increased  nearly 
threefold. 

The  works  are  located  about  li  miles  west  of  Colton,  on  the  south 
side  of  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad,  and  at  the  north  end  of  Slover 
Mountain.  This  mountain,  which  is  nearly  all  pure  limestone,  is  about 
a  mile  in  length,  more  than  a  half  mile  wide,  and  500  feet  high.  (See 
Limestone  and  Marble,  pages  77  and  102.)  Near  the  summit  of  the 
mountain,  on  the  northeast  side,  is  the  quarry  from  which  the  cement 


Y-ao. 


ILL.  No.  .sL     ELEVATION  OF  LIMESTONE  QUARRY  OF  COLTON  CEMENT  WORKS, 

SAN  BERNARDINO  COUNTY'. 

rock  is  obtained.  The  limestone  is  here  very  coarsely  crystallized,  some 
of  the  calcite  rhombs  being  more  than  an  inch  in  diameter.  Analyses 
of  this  stone  show  it  to  be  a  remarkably  pure  carbonate  of  lime.  One 
analysis  gave:  lime,  55.216  per  cent;  carbonic  acid,  43.384  per  cent; 
silica,  0.55  per  cent;  alumina  and  iron  oxide,  0.85  per  cent.  The  com- 
position of  the  stone  in  the  quarry  is  said  to  be  remarkably  uniform, 
as  its  appearance  Avould  indicate.  A  tunnel  has  been  cut  through  the 
mountain  from  the  level  of  the  quarry  floor  to  a  point  directly  above 
the  cement  works.  The  broken  stone  from  the  quarry  is  run  through 
the  tunnel  on  small  tram-cars  and  dumped  into  a  rock-crusher.  After 
crushing  it  is  sent  by  gravity  doAvn  a  long  chute  to  the  cement  mill, 
where  it  is  finely  pulverized  in  a  Griffin  mill,  and  then  thoroughly 
mixed  with  the  clay  in  a  mixer.  The  mixed  product  is  fed  into  three 
rotary  kilns,  where  it  is  burned  to  a  clinker  with  an  oil  fire.  The 
superintendent  has  patented  an  appliance  for  spraying  the  oil  into  the 
kilns,  which  is  said  to  be  a  great  aid  in  burning.     The  clinker  is  removed 

*Twelftli  Annual  Report  of  State  Mineralogist,  1894,  p.  380. 
t  Thirteenth  Annual  Report  of  State  Mineralogist,  IBitfi,  p.  H12. 


184  STRUCTIKAI.    AND    INDUSTRIAL    MATERIALS    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

1)y  wheelbarrow  from  the  kihis  to  the  drying  floor,  where  it  is  spread 
out  and  sprinkh^d  with  water  for  the  donbh-  ])nriiose  of  coolini;-  and 
seasoning  it.  It  is  tlien  ground  in  tlw  (iriflin  mill  and  sacked  ready 
for  shipment. 

The  clay  is  obtained  from  Alberhill,  Riverside  County,  and  is  shipped 
in  by  rail.     The  gypsum  is  ol)tained  from  Arizona. 

Besides  cement,  this  company  produces  crushed  stone,  marl^le,  plaster 
of  paris,  lime,  and  marble  dust  for  making  carbonic  aeid  gas  for  soda 
fountains. 

SANTA  CRUZ  COUNTY. 

Several  years  ago  a  Santa  Cruz  company  was  organized  to  manufac- 
ture Portland  cement  from  material  obtained  in  a  little  gulch  at  a  place 
known  as  Wagner's  Park,  one  mile  north  of  Santa  Cruz.  A  reverl^er- 
atory  furnace,  a  kiln,  and  the  necessary  grinding  machinery  were 
installed,  and  some  cement  was  produced,  which,  reports  say,  was  good; 
but  as  the  price  of  imported  cement  had  been  reduced  to  a  figure  below 
the  cost  of  local  production,  a  cessation  of  operations  resulted.  The 
material  used  in  the  manufacture  of  this  cement  was  taken  from  a  bed 
of  calcareous  travertine  (a  deposit  from  springs),  and  was  ground  with 
some  clayey  material  found  in  a  neighboring  bluff. 

SAN  BENITO  COUNTY. 

Chittenden  Cement  Plant;  Mr.  Bauman  of  New  York  and  Mr.  Kemp 
Van  Ee  of  San  Francisco,  owners  until  the  company  is  regularly  organ- 
ized. The  company  has  completed  plans  for  the  erection  of  a  large 
cement  plant  near  Chittenden,  a  small  station  on  the  coast  line  of  the 
Southern  Pacific  Railroad,  in  the  southeast  corner  of  Santa  Cruz  County. 
The  company  claims  to  have  about  700  acres  of  limestone  from  l^  to  2^ 
miles  west  of  San  Juan,  and  an  immense  hill  of  shale  at  Chittenden. 
The  plans  call  for  a  plant  with  a  daily  capacity  of  3200  barrels,  with 
facilities  for  enlarging.  Buildings  are  to  be  of  steel  and  reinforced  con- 
crete. The  plans  also  include  a  broad-gauge  electric  railroad  to  tide 
water  at  Watsonville  Landing.  Oil  from  the  nearby  wells  will  be  used 
as  fuel. 

SAN  DIEGO  COUNTY. 

At  Jamul,  18  miles  southeasterly  from  San  Diego,  hydraulic  cement 
was  manufactured  on  a  small  scale  a  number  of  years  ago.  The  reason 
commonly  assigned  for  abandoning  the  industry  at  this  point  is  that  it 
is  too  far  from  the  railway.  The  plant  was  designed,  it  is  said,*  to 
produce  200  barrels  per  day. 

*Nin(li  Annual  Tlcport  of  Stale  :\rinoralogist,  18S9.  pp.  130  and  "0!1.     Twflftli  ih;<l., 

1892,  p.  ;w:5. 


PORTLAND   CEMENT  — SOLANO    COUNTY.  185 

SOLANO  COUNTY. 

James  Clyne,  Benicia,  owner;  extensive  deposits  of  rock  in  Hec.  33, 
T.  3  N.,  R.  3  W.,  M.  D.  M.,  on  the  hills  back  of  the  town  of  Benicia,  and 
in  fact  within  the  limits  of  the  town,  which  until  1890  was  used  in  mak- 
ing cement.  The  article  was  once  in  demand,  and  pronounced  equal  to 
the  best  imported.  It  is  stated  that  130,000  barrels  were  used  in  the 
construction  of  the  New  City  Hall  in  San  Francisco.* 

Paeifle  Portland  Cement  Company  (''Golden  Gate  Cement")  has  a 
plant  in  Sec.  17,  T.  5  N.,  R.  1  W.,  M.  D.  M.,  at  Cement,  2  miles  north 
of  Tolenas,  a  station  on  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad,  5  miles  northeast 
of  Suisun;  office,  Rialto  Building,  San  Francisco. 

This  company  began  operations  in  1902.  The  plant  has  been  enlarged 
once,  and  is  now  being  enlarged  a  second  time,  to  meet  the  constantly 
increasing  demand.  At  present  the  company  is  some  months  behind 
on  its  orders. 

There  are  eight  large  rotary  kilns,  with  a  rated  capacity  of  200  bar- 
rels each  per  day,  eight  tube  and  ball  mills  for  grinding  and  mixing 
the  clay  and  stone,  and  eight  others  for  grinding  the  clinker. 

The  limestone  and  clay  quarries  are  above  the  mill,  so  that  every- 
thing is  moved  by  gravity  from  the  quarries  into  the  mill,  and  through 
the  mill  until  it  comes  out  finished  cement  at  the  base  of  the  hill,  where 
it  is  stored  in  a  large  warehouse  ready  for  shipment.  The  company 
has  its  own  locomotive  and  side  track  connecting  with  the  Southern 
Pacific  Railroad  at  Tolenas;  also  a  machine  shop,  a  carpenter  shop, 
and  a  chendcal  and  testing  laboratory  at  the  works,  besides  a  restau- 
rant and  dormitories  for  the  men.     About  160  men  are  employed. 

The  limestone  used  is  a  porous  travertine,  which  has  been  subject  to 
uplift  since  it  was  deposited.  There  is  almost  no  soil-covering  over  the 
stone,  which  outcrops  on  the  surface  over  a  large  area.  The  limestone 
is  a  comparatively  pure  lime  carbonate,  as  shown  by  the  following 
analysis: 

Average  Analysis  of  Travertine  Limestone  Used  by  the  Pacific  Portland 

Cement  Company. 

Per  Cent. 

Lime  (CaO) . 53.65 

Loss  on  ignition  (mostly  COj) 43.40 

Magnesia  (MgO) .55 

Silica  (SiO.) L25 

Alumina  (AUG;,)  and  Ferric  Oxide  (FeaO.-,) 1.00 


Total 99.85 

The  travertine  is  said  to  be  very  uniform,  and  to  vary  but  little  from 
the  average  assay. 

*  Twelfth  Annual  Report  of  State  Mineralogist,  lS!«-!)4,  i>.  380. 


186 


STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


It  was  from  this  travertine  deposit  that  the  so-called  Suisim  marble 
has  been  taken  in  limited  quantities  at  different  times. 

The  extent  of  the  deposit  is  not  less  than  one  (juarter  of  a  mile  wide 
and  a  mile  in  length,  and  it  may  be  even  larger.  The  present  quarry 
face  shows  from  30  to  60  feet  of  stone,  and  it  is  said  to  persist  60  feet 
below  the  bottom  of  the  quarry.  How  nuich  deeper  it  goes  is  not  known. 
The  deposit  resembles  in  many  ways  the  large  deposit  at  Tivoli,  near 
Rome,  from  which  the  stone  was  named.  Hand  samples  of  the  two 
rocks  look  very  much  alike. 

The  clay  used  by  the  Pacific  Portland  Cement  Company  is  a  laminated 


«r^. 


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ILL.  No.  82.     SECTION    OF   FACE    OF    LIMESTONE    QUARRY  OF    PACIFIC    PORTLAND 
CEMENT  COMPANY,  CONS.,  AT  CEMENT,  SOLANO  COUNTY. 

gray  to  buff  clay,  shaly  in  places,  and  containing  some  interstratified 
shaly  sandstone.  The  deposit  is  probably  late  Tertiary  in  age.  The 
clay  is  free  from  fossils,  but  some  of  the  sandstone  layers  contain  many 
fossil  fragments.  Tlie  clay  beds  have  been  elevated  and  crumpled 
somewhat.  At  the  clay  pit  where  they  are  working  the  strata  stand 
vertically.  The  clay  crumbles  and  slakes  rapidly  on  exposure  to  the 
air,  so  it  is  customary  to  plow  it  up  and  leave  it  exposed  to  the  air 
and  sun  a  week  or  more,  after  which  it  is  moved  by  scrapers  down 
grade  to  the  loading  platform,  where  it  is  loaded  through  a  hopper  into 
small  cars  which  run  by  gravity  into  the  mill  and  dump  it  at  the 
mixing  machine. 


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(187) 


188  STRUCTURAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL    MATERIALS    OK    CALIFORNIA. 

Analysis  of  Clay  Used  by  the  Pacific  Portland  Cement  Company. 

I'LT  Cent. 

Silica  (SiO^) 58.t)5 

Aluniiiia  (  AljOj)    1«.25 

liO;<s  on  ijiiiition  (mainly  water  with  a  little  orgaiiic  matter) lU.Wt 

Iron  oxide  (I'V-oO:,) 7.3'i 

Linic(CaO)...- 2.15 

Magnesia  (MgO) --- l.ir> 

Alkalies 2.05 

Suliiiiuric  anliyilriile  (SO3) .5<.> 

Total 1(1(1.10 

AsMe  from  the  thin  sandstone  layers,  which  are  thrown  out  in  tlie 
quarrying,  the  clay  is  remarkably  free  from  (juartz  and  contains  no 
perceptible  grit.  It  is  a  smooth,  plastic  clay  that  would  fuse  at  a 
moderately  low  temperature. 

Analysis  of  Golden  Gate  Cement  made  by  the  Pacific  Portland  Cement  Company. 

Linie(Ca()) 62.60 

Silica  (SiOj) - 22.55 

Alumina  (AI2O3) 7.25 

Iron  oxide  (FeoOj) 3.50 

Magnesia  (MgO) 1.20 

Sulphuric  anhydride  (SO,) 1.30 

Loss  on  ignition  J .75 

Alkalies  by  difference .85 

Total 100.00 

The  al)ove  is  the  analysis  of  the  cement  made  at  the  works  in  August, 
1904.  For  comparison  with  the  other  cements,  the  table  on  page  177 
should  be  consulted. 

Physical  Tests*  of  the  Golden  Gate  Cement,  July  10,  1904. 

Fineness— 100-niesh 90.5  per  cent. 

200-mesh 70.0  per  cent. 

Set— Initial 2  hours,  40  minutes. 

Final 6  hours. 

Tensile  strength — Neat:                                 No.  l.         No.  2.         No.  .S.       No.  4.  No.  5. 

Iday 320           310           305           310  320 

3  days -.  520           545           490           580  545 

Tdays 710           (i50           665           600  650 

28da"ys 820           800           800           750  800 

Tensile  strength—  Saiid: 

3  days 120  140  125  100  140 

Tdays 210  200  205  200  225 

28days 370  340  340  370  395 


*Tests  for  tensile  strength  were  made  in  a  Fairbanks  standard  machine. 


ILL.  No.  84.     STEAM  SHOVEL  AT  WORK  IN  CLAY  PIT.   PACIFIC  PORTLAND  CEMENT 

COMPANY,  CONS.,  SOLANO  COUNTY'. 


ILL,  No.  85.     CARS  LOADED  WITH   LIMESTONE  TO  SUPPLY  THE  CRUSHER  AT  PLANT  OF 
THE  PACIFIC  PORTLAND  CEMENT  COMPANY,  CONS..  AT  CEMENT,  SOLANO  CO. 

(189) 


PART  III. 

CLAYS  AND  CLAY  INDUSTRIES  IN  CALIfORNIA. 


1.   I)i:fimtio.n  of  Clay. 

'2.  Origin  of  Clays. 

M.  Chemical  Composition  of  Clay.s. 

4.  Phy.sical  Properties  of  Clay'.s. 

.5.  Uses  of  Clays. 

H.  High-Grade  Clays: 

China  Clay. 

Potter's  Ciay. 

Fire  Clay. 

High-Grade  Clay  Industries  in  California. 
7.  Liiw-Gkade  Clays: 

General  Features. 

Red  Brick  an<l  Tile  Works  in  California. 


Clay  is  one  of  the  most  useful  substances  in  nature.  Besides  forming 
a  large  and  important  part  of  all  the  soils,  it  adapts  itself  to  so  many 
and  varied  uses  that  it  is  almost  indispensable  to  man  in  all  stages  of 
development. 

DEHNITION  OF  CLAY. 

Clay  is  one  of  the  common,  everyday  words  that  possibly  can  not  be 
accurately  defined  in  technical  terms,  and  yet  it  has  been  adopted  into 
technical  literature  as  a  convenient  word,  and  ordinarily  does  not  lead 
to  confusion  except  when  one  seeks  a  definition. 

There  are  so  many  varieties  of  clay,  which  differ  so  widely  in  chemical 
and  physical  properties,  that  it  is  difficult  to  give  a  satisfactory  defini- 
tion that  will  include  all  of  them.  The  Standard  .Dictionary  says  that 
clay  is  "A  common  earth  of  various  colors,  compact  and  brittle  when 
dry,  but  plaHic  and  tenacious  when  wet,"  which  is  fairly  descriptive  of 
nearly  all  clays;  but  to  see  that  it  is  not  inclusive,  one  needs  only  to 
turn  to  another  page  of  the  same  dictionary,  where  it  is  stated  that 
"Fuller's  earth  is  a  non-pJnstir  clay  used  in  fulling  cloth."  The 
so-called  flint  fire  clay  is  not  at  all  plastic  in  its  native  condition. 

Clay  is  sometimes  defined  from  a  chemical  standpoint  as  an  earthy 
substance  composed  essentially  of  the  mineral  kaolin,  a  hydrous  silicate 
of  ahmiina.  But  some  persons  challenge  this  with  the  pertinent  state- 
ment that  it  has  not  been  proved  that  kaolin  is  the  essential  base,  or 
that  it  is  always  present. 

(I'.M.) 


CLAY  INDUSTRY  IX   CALIFORNIA.  191 

One  recent  writer  on  the  subject  makes  the  definition  include  '"  all 
earthy  or  stony  substances  which  are  or  may  be  used  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  clay  wares." 

Mr.  Jefferson  Middleton,  in  a  special  report  of  the  Census  Office, 
"Mines  and  Quarries,"  1902,  page  861,  gives  the  following  popular  defi- 
nition of  the  term  clay:  "Any  earthy  substance  which,  if  mixed  with 
water  and  molded,  will  retain  its  shape  after  drying,  and  which  upon 
subjection  to  high  temperature  loses  its  plasticity  and  becomes  hard 
and  brittle." 

ORIGIN  OF  CLAYS. 

The  ultimate  origin  of  the  silicate  of  alumina,  wliich  appears  to  be 
an  important  part  of  all  the  clays,  is  to  be  sought  in  the  aluminous 
minerals  of  the  igneous  rocks,  especially  the  feldspars.  In  the  weather- 
ing processes,  the  alkalies  are  separated  and  combine  with  carbonic  or 
other  acids,  and  are  carried  away  in  solution.  The  remaining  alumina 
and  part  of  the  silicate  frequently  combine  with  some  water,  forming 
kaolin. 

The  hydrous  silicates  of  alumina  seem  to  be  exceedingly  stable  com- 
pounds at  ordinary  temperatures.  The  elements  may  not  always  com- 
bine in  the  same  ratio  as  in  crystallized  kaolinite,  yet  they  remain  in 
some  form  and  constitute  an  important  part  of  nearly  all  clay,  shale, 
and  slate  deposits,  and  hence  a  very  material  portion  of  the  surface 
rocks  of  the  earth. 

When  this  hydrous  silicate  of  alumina  or  clayey  material  is  segre- 
gated and  forms  a  considerable  portion  of  any  deposit  the  product  is 
called  clay,  but  it  also  occurs  in  large  quantities  mixed  with  other  mate- 
rials in  other  rocks,  as  with  sand  in  the  sandstones,  with  gravel  in  the 
conglomerates,  and  with  the  carbonate  of  lime  in  the  limestones.  When 
the  clayey  limestones  disintegrate  by  the  carbonated  waters  dissolving 
the  lime  carbonate  and  carrying  it  away  in  solution,  the  insoluble  sili- 
cate of  alumina  is  left  behind  as  residual  clay.  The  disintegration  of 
the  sandstones  and  shales  forms  a  mixture  of  clay  and  sand,  w^hich  when 
carried  way  by  the  rains  and  streams  is  frequently  separated  into  sand 
and  clay  deposits. 

Thus  the  clays  may  be  divided,  on  the  basis  of  origin,  into  residval 
rlays,  or  those  occurring  in  the  place  of  the  original  rock  from  which  they 
have  formed,  and  tnnisporfed  dfnj>>,  or  those  which  have  been  deposited 
by  water  which  has  transported  them  from  their  original  position. 

The  glncial  clays  (boulder  clay  or  till)  is  a  special  class  of  trans- 
ported clay  in  which  the  agent  has  been  ice.  Besides  the  clay  of 
disintegration  that  has  been  picked  up  by  the  glacier,  the  glacial  clay 
consists  in  part  of  finely-ground,  fresh-rock  material,  which  was  formed 
by  the  rock-shod  mass  of  ice  pulverizing  the  rock  over  which  it  passed. 


litL*  STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL    MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

CHEMICAL  COMPOSITION. 

Technically,  pure  clay  or  kaolinite,  which  is  the  basis  of  all  clay,  is 
a  hydrated  silicate  of  aluminum  (AlgOg,  2  SiOa,  2  HgO).  All  clay  in 
its  natural  state  contains  more  or  less  impurities,  the  kind  and 
quantity  of  which  determine  its  character;  from  purest  varieties,  called 
kaolin,  clays  range  through  all  stages  of  impurity  down  to  a  point 
where  the  material  contains  so  little  kaolinite  that  it  can  not  be  classi- 
fied as  clay  at  all.     (Mines  and  Quarries,  above  mentioned,  page  861.) 

The  foreign  material  of  the  clay  is  frecjuently  divided  into  the  flux- 
ing and  non-fluxing  constituents,  depending  upon  whether  or  not  they 
increase  the  fusibility  of  the  clay.  The  most  common  fluxing  constitu- 
ents are  lime,  magnesia,  potash,  soda,  lithia,  iron,  and  manganese. 
The  fusibility  of  the  clay  is  as  well  affected  by  the  physical  condition 
of  these  fluxing  constituents  as  by  their  quantity.  For  instance,  a  small 
percentage  of  iron  oxide  very  finely  divided  and  intimately  diffused 
through  the  clay  mass  will  prove  to  be  a  more  active  flux  than  twice 
the  amount  scattered  through  it  in  coarse  grains. 

The  common  non-fluxing  constituents  are  silica,  titanic  acid,  water, 
and  organic  matter.  This  classification  is  not  wholly  free  from  criti- 
cism, as  silica  may  slightly  increase  the  fusibility. 

These  constituents  may  be  present  in  quite  a  variety  of  njineral  forms. 

PHYSICAL  PROPERTIES  OF  CLAYS. 

Some  of  the  properties  which  make  clay  so  valuable  to  mankind  are: 
(1)  Plasticity  and  mobility  when  wet;  (2)  Retention  of  the  molded 
form  when  dry;  and  (3)  The  hardness  and  great  duraliility  when 
burned.  Plasticity  when  wet  is  a  property  common  to  all  clays  but 
the  flint  fire  clay.  * 

The  plasticity  is  a  result  of  the  microscopical  texture  of  the  clays. 
(See  IXth  Pveport,  California  State  Mining  Bureau,  page  287.)  The 
kaolinite,  which  is  formed  in  situ,  and  composed  of  crystalline  scales,  is 
only  slightly,  if  at  all,  plastic,  while  kaolin,  which  has  been  transported, 
and  composed  of  infinitesimal  globular  particles,  makes  a  highly  plastic 
clay.  Flint  clay  becomes  plastic  when  finely  ground,  but  quartz  does 
not,  because  the  resulting  particles  are  so  hard  that  they  will  not  flatten, 
however  small. 

In  dryimi,  the  clay  loses  part  of  the  interstitial  water,  and  in  Inirning 
it  loses  the  remainder  and  part  of  the  water  of  crystallization.  The 
hardening  of  the  clay  from  high  temi)erature  is  a  permanent  one,  the 
nature  of  the  material  is  changed,  and  it  will  no  longer  become  plastic 
on  the  addition  of  water. 


♦Possibly  some  persons  would  aild  tuUcr's  earth  to  tlio  exceptions,  Imt  it  \\vvi\  not 
be  classed  with  the  clays  at  all. 


.   .  CLAY  INDUSTRY  IN  CALIFORNIA,  193 

Shrinkage.— All  clays  that  are  molded  wet,  shrink  on  drying — air 
shrinkaijr — and  undergo  a  further  shrinkage  when  burned — fire  shrink- 
age. The  shrinkage  is  probably  due,  in  great  part  at  least,  to  loss  of 
water.  The  water  exists  in  the  clay  as  water  of  crystallization,  as  a 
tihn  around  the  particles,  and  inclosed  between  them. 

The  air  shrinkage  is  due  largely  to  the  loss  of  the  second  part  as 
indicated  by  the  fact  that  the  shrinkage  is  from  2  to  10  per  cent,  while 
it  takes  from  14  to  35  per  cent  to  make  the  clay  plastic.  The  difference 
indicates  in  a  general  way  the  volume  of  the  interstices. 

Clays  differ  greatly  in  the  amount  of  shrinkage.  In  general,  the 
more  plastic  and  purely  argillaceous  clays  shrink  more  than  the  sandy, 
siliceous  ones.  Hence,  if  the  brickmaker  has  a  clay  that  is  too  ''fat," 
he  adds  sand  to  it.  Clay  that  has  been  burned  once  undergoes  no 
further  shrinkage  on  subsequent  burning,  hence  burned  clay  is  frequently 
used  as  a  "grog"'  to  lessen  shrinkage,  especially  in  refractory  products, 
where  sand  might  lower  the  fusing  point. 

The  fire  shrinkage  is  probabl}-  caused,  in  part  at  least,  by  the  loss  of 
the  water  of  crystallization  along  with  the  remaining  interstitial  water. 
It  is  also  affected  by  the  amount  of  organic  or  other  volatile  matter 
present.  Moreover,  some  substances  expand  on  heating,  and  if  present 
in  the  clay  may  more  than  counterbalance  the  shrinkage  of  the 
argillaceous  part. 

It  is  important  to  know  the  shrinkage  of  any  given  clay  that  is  to  be 

used  for  products  of  definite  dimensions,  so  that  the  molds  may  be  made 

the  proper  size.     Laboratory  tests  made  on  a  large  number  of  different 

kinds  of  clay  gave  the  following  results,   each   being  the  average  of 

several  specimens  of  that  kind: 

Laboratory  Tests  on  Shrinkage. 

Air  Shrinkage.       Fire  Shrinkage. 

Average.  Average. 

Flint  tireclay 3.5%  9.9% 

Kaolin ' 5.0  8.8 

Potter's  clay . 7.0  5.4 

Brick 5.5  4.5 

Shales .    6.0  4.6 

Gumbo 9.0  1.5 

Fusibility  of  Clays. — The  clay  manufacturer  must  necessarily  know 
the  fusing  temperature  of  the  clay  he  is  using,  in  order  that  he  may  not 
injure  or  destroy  his  ware  by  overburning  or  underburning.  The  term 
fusilnlity"  as  applied  to  clays  has  a  significance  a  little  different  from 
that  as  applied  to  metals.  When  clay  is  heated  beyond  red  heat,  it 
shrinks  and  becomes  close-grained  and  harder.  It  finally  reaches  a 
point  where  shrinkage  ceases  and  it  becomes  very  hard  and  strong,  and 
the  individual  grains  are  no  longer  recognized.  This  is  called  incipient 
vitrification.  On  further  heating,  the  density  and  hardness  are  still 
further  increased.  This  is  called  complete  vitrification,  although  the 
clay  still  retains  its  form  and  shape.  If  the  temperature  is  further 
18— BUL.  38 


a 


11)4  STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

increased,  the  clay  begins  to  warp  and  sag,  and  ])lister,  and  becomes 
scoriaceous,  which  stage  may  be  called  scoriaceous  vitrification.  A  fur- 
ther increase  in  temperature  may  produce  a  complete  vitrification  to  a 
molten  stage,  from  which  it  eools  to  a  hard,  glassy,  rock-hke  slag. 

The  temperatures  at  which  the  various  stages  of  vitrification  are  pro- 
duced are  different  in  the  different  clays,  and  are  functions  largely  of 
the  chemical  and  physical  composition  of  the  clay. 

The  clays  which  resist  vitrification  at  high  temperatures  are  called 
fire  clays  or  refractory  clays.  The  line  of  separation  between  refrac- 
tory and  non-refractory  clays  is  an  arbitrary  one.     (See  Fire  Clay.) 

Color. — Clays  may  be  white,  black,  red,  yellow,  brown,  blue,  or 
variegated.  The  white  clays  are  free  from  metallic  oxides  and 
frequently  among  the  purest  forms  of  kaolin.  The  black  clays  are 
generally  colored  by  the  carbonaceous  material  diffused  through  them, 
and  are  frequently  made  white  by  burning.  The  yellow,  brown,  red, 
and  frequently  the  blue  colors  are  due  to  iron  in  some  form;  in  the 
yellow  clay  the  iron  is  in  the  form  of  the  hydrous  oxide,  the  common 
bog  ore;  in  the  red,  the  color  is  due  to  anhydrous  iron  oxide,  or  hema- 
tite; the  blue  color  may  be  caused  in  part  by  iron  carbonate,  silicate, 
or  sulphide,  and  sometimes  wholly  or  in  part  by  organic  matter. 

The  color  of  a  clay  after  burning  is  frequently  quite  different  from 
that  before  burning.  They  may  be  divided  into  three  classes:  Those 
which  burn  (1)  white,  (2)  buff,  (3)  red.  The  color  of  the  burned  clay 
is  influenced  not  only  by  the  amount  of  iron  in  the  clay,  but  also  l>y  the 
physical  and  chemical  condition  of  the  iron,  the  other  elements  asso- 
ciated with  the  iron,  the  temperature  and  length  of  time  in  burning, 
and  the  character  of  the  gases  in  the  kiln.  The  color  of  the  burned 
product  is  thus  very  largely  influenced  by  the  skill  of  the  Inirner. 

In  the  finer  grades  of  ware,  the  desired  color  or  colors  are  obtained 
by  mixing  the  proper  pigments.  Almost  any  desired  color  or  shade  of 
color,  except  white,  can  be  ol)tained  in  this  way.  For  white  wares,  clay 
free  from  metallic  oxides  is  necessary.  (See  "  The  Role  Played  by  Iron 
in  the  Burning  of  Clays,"  by  Professor  Orton,  in  the  "  Clayworker,"  for 
April,  1904.) 

USES  OF  CLAY. 

The  uses  of  clay  are  so  many  and  varied  that  it  is  impossible  to 
enumerate  them  all,  especially  in  view  of  the  fact  that  almost  every  day 
new  uses  are  found  for  it. 

VARIETIES  OF  CLAY. 

The  varieties  of  clay  are  almost  endless,  and  the  methods  of  classifica- 
tion are  almost  as  many.  The  commercial  clays  are  conveniently 
divided  into  high-grade  and  low-grade,  although  the  line  of  separation 
is  not  a  sharp  one. 


HIGH-GRADE  CLAYS.  195 

HIGH-GRADE  CLAYS. 


CHINA  CLAY,  PORCELAIN  CLAY  OR  KAOLIN  EARTH. 

This  is  the  purest  known  form  of  clay;  a  white-burning,  non-plastic, 
highly  refractory,  residual  clay,  used  in  the  manufacture  of  china  and 
other  white  wnres.  It  must  be  practically  free  from  iron.  The  kaolins 
are  friable  in  the  hand  and  meagre  to  the  touch.  In  the  natural  condi- 
tion they  always  contains  more  or  less  impurities,  which  are  removed 
bv  washing. 


'f 


China  Clay  (.1.  H.  Collins,  "  Engineering  and  Mining  .Journal,"  June 
8,  1905)  is  a  commercial  term  for  the  purest  and  whitest  variety  of 
kaolin.  It  is  ol>tained  by  washing  a  variety  of  decomposed  and  often 
disintegrated  granite,  called  "earclazite."  In  this  the  feldspar  crystals 
have  been  more  or  less  completely  converted  into  kaolin.  When  the 
kaolinization  is  complete,  or  nearly  so,  the  rock  is  called  "clay";  when 
less  complete,  if  there  is  an  absence  of  objectionable  elements  in  the- 
other  components  of  the  rock,  the  mass  is  called  "chinastone"  or 
''petunzite."  The  kaolinization  is  closely  associated  with  veins  of 
Cjuartz  and  black  tourmaline  or  schorl.  Sometimes  china  clay  can  l)e 
traced  for  long  distances,  with  a  breadth  of  only  a  few  feet,  or  even  a 
few  inches,  in  the  direction  of  those  veins;  occasionall}'-  the  width  may 
reach  several  yards.  These  wide  masses  of  china  clay  are  found  asso- 
ciated with  a  number  of  more  or  less  parallel  veins  of  the  kind  men- 
tioned. The  breadth  of  the  decomposition  is  apparently  independent 
of  the  size  of  the  veins,  but  the  direction  of  the  decomposed  land  is  dis- 
tinctly governed  by  that  of  the  vein.  The  limit  of  the  persistence  in 
depth  of  the  china  clay  is  as  yet  unknown;  at  one  place  it  was  found  at 
a  depth  of  900  feet  below  the  surface. 

From  a  chemical  standpoint  the  china  clays  are  more  valuable  the 
nearer  they  approach  kaolinite  in  composition,  namely,  46.3  per  cent  of 
silica,  39.8  per  cent  of  alumina,  and  13.9  per  cent  of  water.  The  physi- 
cal properties  are  often  as  important  as  the  chemical  ones,  and  are  not 
always  governed  by  the  chemical  composition.  The  following  table, 
compiled  from  many  analyses,  indicates  the  wide  range  in  chemical 
composition  of  china  clays: 

Range  in  Composition  of  Chinaware  Clays. 

Per  Cent. 

Silica 45  to  85 

Alumina ri  to  40 

Water 2  to  14 

Iron  oxide 0  to    2 

Lime 0  to    2 

Magnesia 0  to    2 

Alkalies 0  to    3 

Titanic  acid 0  to    3 


196  STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

Ball  Clay  is  a  wliite-burning,  plastic,  refractory  clay,  free  from  metallic 
oxides  or  other  coloring  material.  It  is  used  with  kaolin  in  the  manu- 
facture of  white  ware,  and  often  incorrectly  called  kaolin;  its  dis- 
tinguishing characteristic  is  its  plasticity. 


ILL.  No.  SC.     ni(.lI-(iKAr)K  CALIFORNIA  CLAY  PRODUCT.    HAND-CARVED. 

(Covirtesy  of  Mrs.  I>.  V.  Iri'lan.) 

POTTER'S  CLAY. 
Potter's  clay  is  a  term  rather  loosely  used.     The  most  general  idea 
conveyed  by  the  term,  probably,  is  that  of  smooth,  plastic  clays,  too 
fusible  for  highly  refractory  purposes  and  containing  less  iron  than  the 


HIGH-GRADE  CLAYS. 


197 


ordinary  brick  clay.  Adapted  to  the  manufacture  of  stoneware,  earth- 
enware, terra  cotta,  and  sewer  pipe.  Wares  manufactured  from  potter's 
clay  are  usually  light  buff  in  color,  and  when  burned  to  incipient  vitri- 
fication are  strong  and  slightly  porous,  requiring  a  glaze  to  render  them 


ILL.  Xo.  87.     HIGH-GRADE  CALIFORNIA  CLAY  PRODUCT.     MUSHROOMS 
MODELED  BY  HAND.    (Courtesy  of  Mrs.  L.  V.  Irelan.) 

impervious  to  liquids.  The  stoneware  glazes  are  commonly  either  a 
salt  glaze  or  one  formed  by  slip  clay.  Much  stoneware  is  made  with  a 
brown  slip  glaze  on  the  inside,  and  a  blue-gray  salt  glaze  on  the  outside. 
The  requisites  of  a    good    stoneware  clay    are:  (1)  It   should  be  emi- 


198 


STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL    MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


nently  plastic,  so  that  it  may  easily  be  molded  and  turned  into  the  thin 
walls  of  the  vessels  rec^uired,  and  yet  retain  its  shape  without  injury. 
To  mold  readily,  it  should  be  high  in  clay  base,  that  is,  a  "fat"  clay. 

(2)  It  should  be  low  in  iron,  as  a  light-colored  ware  is  more  desirable. 

(3)  It  should  be  free  from  coarse  sand  or  other  coarse  material.  It  is 
frequently  necessary  to  remove  such  material  l)y  a  process  of  washing, 
in  which  the  coarse  materials  are  separated  by  gravity.  The  washing 
process  will  also  remove  the  iron  if  it  should  l)e  present  in  crystals  or 
lumps,  the  condition  in  which  it  causes  the  greatest  injury.     (4)   It 


ILL.  No.  SM.     HKill-ciKAliE  CALIFORNIA  (LAV   I'KdDrCTS.  ■•THltdWN"  ANH 
HAXD-MUDKLEl).    (Courtesy  of  Mrs.  L.  V.  Irelaii.) 

should  be  fusible  enough  to  vitrify  at  a  moderate  temperature,  less  than 
2000°  F.  If  the  vitrifying  point  should  be  too  high,  the  burning  would 
be  too  expensive.  (5)  The  clay  should  have  a  range  of  at  least  200°, 
and  better  300°,  between  incipient  and  complete  vitrification,  as  it  is 
not  easy  to  control  the  temperature  of  the  furnace  within  narrower 
limits,  and  all  the  ware  in  the  kiln  should  pass  the  stage  of  incipient 
vitrification,  but  should  stop  short  of  complete  vitrification.  If  it  has  not 
reached  the  first  stage  it  will  be  soft,  porous,  and  lacking  in  strength; 
and  if  completely  vitrified  it  would  be  glassy  and  brittle,  and  likely  be 
out  of  shape.  {('■>)  It  should  be  capable  of  drying  at  moderate  speed 
without  checking  or  cracking,  otherwise  there  will  be  increased  storage 
and   drying  room   reciuired,  increased   stock,  hence  more  capital   and 


(199) 


200  STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OP    CALIFORNIA. 

greater  expense.     (7)  It   should  be  free  from   salts  that  are  liable  to 
cause  blisters  in  burning. 

Yellow  or  Rockingham  Ware  is  a  class  of  pottery  that  differs  from 
stoneware  in  the  manner  in  which  it  is  burned.  In  stoneware,  the 
burning  is  complete  in  one  operation,  while  yellow  ware  is  first  burned 
in  the  biscuit  kiln  to  form  the  body,  and  then  burned  again  to  develop 
the  glaze.  A  less  refractory  clay  may  be  used  in  the  yellow  ware,  but 
since  the  glazes  fuse  at  lower  temperatures  the  same  clay  may  be  used 
for  either  stoneware  or  yellow  ware. 

Eapthenware  is  tlie  lowest  form  of  i)ottery,  and  can  be  made  with 
proper  precautions  from  almost  any  common  yellow  clay.  It  is  softer 
and  more  porous  than  stoneware  or  yellow  ware. 

SLIP  CLAY. 

Slip  clay  is  a  variety  that  runs  very  low  in  fusibility,  and  is  used  in 
forming  the  glaze  in  stoneware  and  earthenware.  The  following  copy 
of  an  analysis  of  a  slip  clay  shows  the  composition  of  one  of  the  best 
known  and  most  widely  used  clays  of  this  class  in  the  United  States: 

Analysis  of  Albany  Slip  Clay.  Per  Cent. 

Silica  (SiOa) 56.75 

Alumina  (AUO3) ---  15.47 

iron  (Fe.,03)"... 5.73 

Lime  (CaO) 5.78 

Magnesia  (MgO) 8.32 

Alkalies 3.25 

Water 8.87 

Much  of  the  slip  clay  used  in  California  is  obtained  from  Albany, 
New  York. 

FIRE  CLAY. 

Fire  clay  is,  as  the  name  signifies,  one  that  resists  high  temperatures, 
and  hence  is  more  refractory  than  the  common  clays.  It  has  a  lower 
percentage  of  the  fluxing  substances,  such  as  alkalies,  iron,  and  man- 
ganese. It  is  most  (commonly  associated  with  coal-beds  or  other  vege- 
table deposits,  and  it  is  thought,  in  some  instances  at  least,  to  owe  its 
existence  to  the  vegetable  matter  which  has  extracted  the  fluxing  con- 
stituents, such  as  the  alkalies  and  alkaline  earths,  from  the  clay. 
There  are  two  classes  of  fire  clays:  the  soft  or  plastic,  and  the  hard  or 
flint.  The  latter  occurs  in  hard  rock  masses,  which  do  not  slake  in 
water,  and  are  not  plastic  in  their  natural  condition.  They  are  fre- 
quently more  refractory  than  the  plastic  clays.  Fire  clays  are  used  for 
making  firebricks,  stove  and  furnace  linings,  gas  retorts,  glass  i>ots, 
and  for  other  refractory  purposes.  They  are  also  used  for  making 
high-grade  building  Ijricks,  and  some  low-grade  fire  clays  are  used  for 
making  paving  bricks. 


< 

o 


z 


Z 


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(201) 


202  STRUCTURAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL    MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


HIGH-GRADE  CLAYS  AND  CLAY  INDUSTRIES  IN 

CALIFORNIA. 


ALAMEDA  COUNTY. 

California  Pottery  and  Terra  Cotta  Company. — S.  W.  Winsor  is  pro- 
prietor of  these  works,  wliich  are  at  the  corner  of  East  Twelfth  street  and 
Park  avenue,  at  Twenty-third  street  station,  Oakland.  The  pottery  was 
opened  about  1876.  Sewer  and  chimney  pipes,  flue  linings,  flower-pots, 
bean-])ots,  and  fancy  vases  are  manufactured.  The  equipment  includes 
one  12-foot  and  three  20-foot  kilns,  one  wet  pan,  and  one  new  7-foot  dry 
pan.  The  clay  is  obtained  from  Carbondale,  Amador  County,  and  loam 
is  secured  locally.  The  market -is  mostly  local  and  central  California 
points.  The  annual  output  averages  about  $30,000.  Oil  fuel  is  used 
throughout  in  boilers  and  kilns.     About  10  men  are  employed. 

Carnegie  Brick  and  Pottery  Company's  Sewer-pipe  Factory. — It  is  1^ 
miles  down  Corral  Hollow,  east  of  Tesla,  in  S.  -k  of  Sec.  30,  T.  3  S., 
R.  4  W.  The  office  is  at  328  Montgomery  street,  and  the  city  yard  is  at 
Tenth  and  Channel  streets,  San  Francisco.  It  is  a  modern  and  com- 
plete plant  for  manufactviring  sewer  pipe.  The  equipment  includes  two 
wet  pans  and  two  sewer-pipe  presses,  one  capable  of  making  36-inch 
pipe.  Eight  30-foot  kilns  are  in  operation,  and  the  stack  is  built  to 
accommodate  eight  more  kilns.  Each  kiln  is  turned  over  once  every 
fourteen  days.     The  clay  is  obtained  from  the  mines  at  Tesla. 

N.  Clark  &  Sons'  Pottery;  Albert  V.  Clark,  president,  17-19  Spear 
street,  San  Francisco;  George  D.  Clark,  secretary  and  treasurer,  and 
superintendent  at  pottery,  Alameda.  The  works  are  located  in  the 
city  of  Alameda,  at  the  corner  of  Fourth  and  Pacific  streets.  It  is  a 
very  extensive  plant,  manufacturing  large  quantities  of  vitrified  sewer 
and  water  pipes,  chimney  pipes  and  tops,  fire-proofing  flues,  architec- 
tural terra  cotta  work,  faced  brick,  etc.  The  equipment  includes  eight 
20-foot,  one  14-foot,  and  two  16-foot  kilns,  and  one  22-foot  "brick"  kiln. 
The  main  building  is  300  by  130  feet,  four  stories,  of  brick.  The  terra 
cotta  building  is  a  two-story  brick  structure,  100  feet  square.  The  clay 
is  obtained  from  their  own  pits  at  Carbondale,  Amador  County.  (See 
})age  207.)  Oil  fuel  is  used  throughout  for  kilns  and  boilers.  From  80 
to  90  men  are  employed. 

East  Ninth  Street  Pottery,  C.  Anderson,  proprietor,  at  1333  East 
-Ninth  street,  Oakland,  manufactures  stoneware,  flower-pots,  fancy  pots, 


(208) 


204  STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

and  crocks.     There  is  one  12-foot  kiln,  nsing  oil  fuel.     The  clay  is  from 
Amador  County.     About  twelve  kilns  are  ])urned  a  year. 


Novelty  Pottery  Company;  N.  8.  Clark,  manager.  The  works  are 
on  Clay  street,  between  Second  and  Third,  Oakland.  The  pottery 
was  started  in  INIay,  1904.  At  present  the  company  manufactures  a 
patent  bread-toaster,  with  a  fire-clay  body,  the  rest  being  a  secret 
formula.  It  is  expected  to  make  other  clay  novelties.  One  9-foot  kiln 
is  in  use,  using  oil  fuel. 

Oakland  Art  Pottery,  James  Miller,  1125  East  Twelfth  street,  pro- 
prietor; on  East  Twelfth  street,  between  Twenty-second  and  Twenty- 
third  avenues,  Oakland.  Manufactures  various  sorts  of  ornamental 
vases,  flower-pots,  sewer  pipes,  chimney  pipes  and  tops,  tiling,  water- 
coolers,  and  general  terra  cotta  wares.  One  1 2-foot  and  two  20-foot 
kilns  are  operated,  using  oil  fuel.  The  clay  is  obtained  from  Carbon- 
dale,  Amador  County. 

Rose  FirebPiek  Company,  ofltice,  604  Merchants'  Exchange,  San  Fran- 
cisco. The  American  Magnesite  Company  plans  to  deliver  the  crude 
magnesite  to  the  above  company's  i)lant  in  Oakland,  on  the  old 
Session  Tract,  in  Oakland  Creek.  The  ore  is  to  be  calcined  in  three 
large  rotary  calciners  (each  100  feet  long  and  8  feet  in  diameter).  The 
magnesia  will  be  used  by  the  Rose  Firebrick  Company  in  the  manufacture 
of  firebrick,  and  the  carbonic  acid  gas  will  be  delivered  to  the  adjoining 
plant  of  the  Pacific  Carbonic  Gas  Company,  where  it  will  be  liquefied 
and  prepared  for  shipment  for  use  by  refrigerating  plants,  soda-water 
manufactories,  ice  factories,  breweries,  etc. 

San  Francisco  and  San  Joaquin  Coal  Company,  828  Montgomery  street, 
San  Francisco.  The  land  holdings  of  this  company  average  2  miles  in 
width  and  extend  for  about  7  miles  east  and  west  along  Corral  Hollow, 
partly  in  Alameda  County  and  partly  in  San  Joaquin  County.  Its 
plants  are  connected  with  Stockton  by  its  own  broad-gauge  railroad 
(Alameda  and  San  Joaquin  Railroad). 

The  hills  on  either  side  of  Corral  Hollow,  in  the  vicinity  of  Tesla,  are 
studded  with  prospect  tunnels,  ranging  from  50  to  800  feet  in  length. 
Some  of  them  were  put  in  as  early  as  1863  in  quest  of  coal.  Most  of 
them  are  caved  at  present. 

The  only  producing  mine  is  at  Tesla,  in  S.  E.  i  of  Sec.  26,  T.  3  S., 
R.  3  E.,  where,  in  opening  up  the  coal  deposits,  immense  beds  of  clay 
have  been  developed,  whi(^h  will  furnish  an  unlimited  supply  of  high- 


(205) 


206 


STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL    MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


grade  pottery  and  fire  clays.     The  accompanying  sketch  roughly  shows 
a  cross-section  of  the  beds,  whicli  dip  N.  70*^  \V.  at  an  angle  of  about  60°. 


These  clays  are  of  various  grades,  from  nearly  pure  kaolin  to  ordi- 
nary sewer-pipe  clay,  and  are  mined  from  the  different  tunnels  and 
stored  in  bins  above  the  railroad  siding  at  mine.  They  are  shipped 
down  the  oaiion  2  miles  to  the  Carnegie  Brick  and  Pottery  Company's 
sewer  pipe  factory  (see  page  202),  and  4  miles  to  brick  and  terra  cotta 
plant  (see  page  227),  as  is  needed. 

At  the  Tesla  Mine,  in  Corral  Hollow,  in  the  same  series  as  the  clav 
beds,  there  occurs  a  ledge  of  soft,  sandy  material,  which  is  used  as  a 
refractory  mortar  in  the  construction  of  the  many  kilns  at  the  potteries 
at  Carnegie.  The  ledge  is  from  12  to  15  feet  thick,  and  furnishes  an 
inexhaustible  supply.  It  is  developed  by  a  500-foot  shaft.  By  wash- 
ing this  material  and  freeing  it  from  the  sand,  a  very  high-grade  kaolin 
is  secured. 


AMADOR  COUNTY. 

Carbondale, — In  the  area  about  Carbondale,  and  between  Carbondale 
and  lone,  are  extensive  deposits  of  high-grade  clays.  Fine  plastic  potter's 
clay  and  fire  clays  occur  in  unlimited  quantities.  There  is  also  a  highly 
sandy  clay,  and  associated  with  these  are  plastic  variegated  clays  adapted 
to  terra  cotta,  sewer  pipe,  drain  tile,  and  similar  uses. 

A  large  part  of  the  extensive  clay  area  around  Carbondale  occurs  in 
an  old  Spanish  grant  of  34,000  acres,  which  is  now  controlled  by  the 
Pacific  Improvement  Company,  from  whom  the  clay  lands  are  leased. 

The  following  analyses  of  Carbondale  clays  were  made  in  the  labora- 
tory of  the  State  Mining  Bureau  a  number  of  years  ago.  No.  1  is  from 
the  pit  of  N.  Clark  tt^   Sons.     No.  2  was  made  in   1889,  and  is  marked 


HIGH-GRADE    CLAYS— AMADOR    COUNTY. 


207 


Carbondale,  but  the  pit  is  not  designated.     No.  3  is  marked  from  Car- 
bondale,  and  said  to  contain  quartz  grains: 

Chemical  Analyses  of  Carbondale  Clays. 

No.  1.  No.  2.  No.  3. 

Silica  (SiOj)    ---     60.00  57.02  48.90 

Alumina  (AUG.,) 30.29  31.06  38.18 

Iron  (Fe203)"--. 2.27  0.53  2.40 

Lime  (CaO) .28  trace  .50 

Magnesia  (MgO) trace  trace  .09 

Alkalies 1.02  2.32  1.85 

Water 8.05  8.95  8.65 


ILL.  No.  93.     CLAY  PIT  OF  N.  CLARK  i  SONS,  NEAR  lONE,  AMADOR  COUNTY. 


N.  Clapk  &  Sons,  17  Spear  street,  San  Francisco,  obtain  clay  for  their 
factory  in  Alameda  from  the  large  pit  on  the  lone-Sacramento  road, 
'2i  miles  north  of  lone;  AV.  R.  Bacon  is  their  superintendent  at  lone. 
The  clay  is  soft,  smooth,  plastic,  and  free  from  grit.  It  has  a  light 
blue  color  in  the  interior  of  the  bed,  but  changes  to  snow-white  when 
dried.  It  occurs  in  a  massive  bed,  from  18  to  20  feet  thick,  on  the  back 
wall  of  the  pit.  and  is  overlaid  by  from  3  to  10  feet  of  variegated 
yellowish,  red  and  white  sandy  clay  that  is  stripped  off  and  thrown  on 
the  waste.  Around  the  greater  part  of  the  pit  there  is  a  thin  layer,  one 
or  two  inches  thick,  of  red  hematite,  which  has  been  carried  down  the 
joint-planes  by  the  percolating  waters  and  forms  red  blotches  on  the 
clay  along  the  joints.     The  white  clay  can  be  quarried  here  in  large 


208  STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL    MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

quantities  at  very  little  expense.  During  the  summer  a  sufficient 
quantity  is  stored  in  the  large  shed  at  the  railroad  to  keep  up  the  ship- 
ments during  the  months  when  the  roads  are  impassable. 

N.  Clark  c*ir  iSons  also  obtain  a  gray  clay  from  a  pit  a  mile  north 
of  east  of  the  siding,  which  contains  eonsideral)le  sand  and  is  stained 
with  iron  oxide.  It  lies  near  the  surface,  with  from  2  to  10  inches 
of  reddish-brown  gravel  and  sand  overlying  it.  The  vegetation  growing 
over  the  surface  has  sent  many  fine  roots  down  into  the  clay,  some 
extending  to  the  bottom  of  the  clay  deposit.  These  decaying  roots, 
along  with  the  iron  that  has  been  carried  in  from  the  overlying  red 
gravel,  have  changed  in  places  the  original  white  color  to  gray  and 
brown,  and  where  the  roots  are  abundant  to  even  a  black  color.  This 
clay,  because  of  its  burden  of  sand,  is  used  in  mixing  with  other  clays 
for  certain  classes  of  work. 

N.  Clark  &  Sons  also  obtain  a  "fire  sand,"  a  white  clay  with  a  large 
percentage  of  sand,  from  a  pit  about  1  mile  north  of  Carbondale. 

Mr.  Fred  Hammer  operates  a  small  pottery  at  May  P.  0.,  a  half  mile 
north  of  Carbondale,  which  has  been  in  operation  since  1877.  From 
clay  obtained  about  a  half  mile  east  of  the  pottery,  Mr.  Hammer  makes 
sewer  pipe,  drain  tile,  chimney  tops,  jugs,  and  jars.  The  ware  is  turned 
by  hand,  and  burned  in  the  single  kiln  with  wood. 

King  &  Enos,  Carbondale,  work  one  clay  pit  about  200  yards  west  of 
Carbondale.  A  side  track  from  the  railroad  extends  alongside  the 
storage  shed  at  the  clay  pit.  An  inclined  track  runs  from  the  pit  to 
the  shed,  and  the  loaded  cars  are  hauled  into  the  shed  and  dumped  by 
a  steam-hoist.  They  have  a  large  storage  shed,  which  at  the  end  of  the 
dry  season  contains  about  5000  tons  of  clay  ready  for  shipment  during 
the  wet  season.  The  shipments  from  this  pit  average  about  15  car- 
loads per  month  during  the  year. 

The  pit  furnishes  a  soft,  plastic,  refractory  clay,  free  from  grit,  having 
a  light  blue  color  wdien  first  dug,  which  changes  to  white  when  dried. 
It  occurs  in  a  bed  from  6  to  14  feet  thick,  underlaid  by  quicksand  and 
overlaid  uncomformably  by  from  1  to  6  feet  of  yellow,  sandy  clay,  con- 
taining a  few  scattered  boulders.  This  overburden  is  stripped  off  and 
thrown  in  the  waste.     Only  the  white  clay  is  shipped. 

King-  &  Enos,  for  Steiger  Terra  Cotta  and  Pottery  Works,  room  45,  Mills 
Building,  San  Francisco,  work  a  large  clay  pit  on  Irish  Hill,  about  3 
miles  east  of  the  railroad.  The  clay  is  hauled  by  wagon  to  the  large 
storage  shed  located  at  the  coal  mine  at  the  Yarn  switch,  about  a  mile 
south  of  Carl)ondale. 

The  clay  on  Irish  Hill  is  white  plastic,  similar  to  that  in  the  pit  at 
Carbondale.     It  occurs  in  a  massive  bed  from  15  to  25  feet  thick,  and 


ILL.  No.  94.     CLAY  PIT,  IRISH  HILL,  NEAR  lOXE,  AMADOR  COUNTY. 


ILL.  No.  9.i.     CLAY  PIT  OF  THE  STEIGER  TERRA  COTTA  AND  POTTKKY  COMP.VXY, 
AT  CARBOXDALE,  AMADOR  COUNTY. 

14— BUL.    38  (209) 


210  STKUCTIKAL    AND    INDUSTRIAL    MATERIALS    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

is  or  was  overlaid  by  a  heavy  bed  of  auriferous  red  gravel,  which,  over 
a  large  area  along  the  l)row  of  the  hill,  was  removed  by  hydraulic 
mining  some  years  ago.  Clay  is  quarried  from  this  area  exposed  by 
the  hydraulic  washing  and  which  contains  thousands  of  tons,  as  the 
gravel-l)ed  liack  is  from  20  to  40  feet  thick — too  great  a  thickness  to 
remove  to  obtain  the  clay.  The  greatest  expense  in  handling  the  clay 
is  the  3-mile  haul  by  wagon  to  the  railroad.  ,The  purity  of  this  clay, 
together  with  the  great  thickness  of  the  bed  and  the  slight  stripping 
required,  are  points  which  make  the  deposit  a  valuable  one. 

King  &  Enos,  for  Steiger  Terra  Cotta  and  Pottery  Works,  room  45, 
Mills  Building,  San  Francisco,  also  operate  a  clay  bank  about  half  a 
mile  east  of  the  Yarn  switch,  to  which  the  clay  is  hauled  by  wagon. 
This  clay  is  quite  gritty,  and  contains  a  great  many  quartz  grains  scat- 
tered through  it.  It  is  used  for  mixing  with  other  clays,  and  is  said  to 
be  very  refractor}'.  It  occurs  in  a  bed  from  o  to  10  feet  thick,  and  has 
been  dug  over  an  area  about  a  quarter  of  an  acre  in  extent.  It  is 
overlaid  by  a  layer  of  reddish  gravel  from  6  inches  to  2  feet  in  thick- 
ness, which  is  stripped  off  as  the  clay  is  quarried. 

Lambert  &  Seams  operate  a  small  pottery  similar  to  Hammer's, 
located  about  2  miles  north  of  Carbondale.  They  make  similar  wares 
for  the  local  trade. 

J.  W.  Opp,  as  early  as  1859,  put  up  the  Michigan  Bar  pottery  at 
Michigan  Bar.  In  18B2  it  was  moved  out  3  miles  on  the  lone  road.  In 
1865  A.  M.  Addington,  now  postmaster  at  May  P.  0.,  purchased  this 
pottery  and  operated  it  until  1884,  when  he  sold  it  to  Mr.  Williams, 
who  owned  it  until  it  was  abandoned  in  1896.  Stoneware  and  sewer 
pipe  were  the  principal  products. 

A.  E.  Smith,  Carbondale,  quarries,  about  3  miles  north  of  Carbondale, 
white,  refractory,  plastic  clay,  similar  to  that  described,  which  he  hauls 
by  wagon  to  Carbondale,  and  ships  to  Sacramento,  where  it  is  made 
into  firebricks  by  tlie  Southern  Pacific  Company. 

Steiger  Tsppa  Cotta  and  Pottepy  Wopks,  at  South  San  Francisco,  office 
45  Mills  Building,  San  Francisco,  obtain  clay  from  three  pits  in  the 
vicinity  of  Carbondale,  all  of  which  are  operated  by  King  ct  Enos,  who 
also  run  the  coal  mine  near  Carbondale. 

There  were  other  small  potteries  scattered  over  the  area  years  ago, 
but  like  most  of  the  small  potteries  of  the  United  States  they  could  not 
compete  with  the  large  ones  where  the  ware  was  made  by  machinery, 
and  as  a  result  were  closed,  except  a  few  scattered  ones  more  or  less 
remote  from  the  railroad,  which  still  supply  the  local  trade. 


HIGH-GRADE   CLAYS— BUTTE,   CALAVERAS.  211 

BUTTE  COUNTY. 

In  Butte  County  are  many  clay  deposits  of  varied  character.  The 
principal  ones  are  in  T.  21  N.,  R.  3  and  4  E.;  T.  20  and  19  N.,  R.  4  E.; 
T.  18  N.,  R.  2  and  3  E. 

Bohannon  Ranch,  in  Sec.  4,  T.  21  N.,  R.  5  E.;  T.  Bohannon,  Yankee 
Hill,  owner.  A  considerable  body  of  a  plastic  yellow  clay  was  observed. 
It  is  tenacious,  plastic  and  refractory.  No  effort  has  been  made  to 
develop  it,  or  to  demonstrate  its  value. 

In  Sees.  19  and  30,  T.  18  N.,  R.  3  E.,  about  2  miles  southeast  of 
Biggs,  is  a  light  brown  or  white  brittle  clay-bed,  about  one-half  mile 
wide.     Max  Brooks  of  San  Francisco  and  Mr.  Reed  of  Biggs,  owners. 

Coal  Canon.— In  Sec.  12,  T.  20  N.,  R.  3  E.;  Charles  F.  Lott,  Oroville, 
owner.     A  stratum  of  clay  occurs  in  the  coal  mine. 

Dupbin  Ranch.— In  the  S.  W.  i  of  Sec.  13,  T.  21  N.,  R.  3  E.,  on  the 
Durbin  rancli  (A.  M.  Smith,  Oroville,  owner),  there  is  a  large  deposit 
of  clay  of  a  refractory  character  and  of  low  plasticity,  overlying  or 
making  into  a  more  plastic  material.  Both  contain  fine  grit,  and  taken 
together  were  traced  to  a  depth  of  about  100  feet. 

Clay  shale  occurs  in  vertical  ledge  form  about  half  a  mile  northeast 
from  the  lower  clay  exposure  just  mentioned.  It  is  of  low  plasticity, 
refractory,  and  may  be  employed  for  firebacks,  and  when  reduced  to 
liquid  form  applied  as  a  whitewash. 

In  the  N.  E.  i  of  Sec.  13,  T.  21  N.,  R.  3  E.,  there  is  another  exposure 
of  clay  west  of  a  heavy  slate  formation,  trending  north  and  south.  It 
is  of  a  lighter  color  than  that  in  the  southwest  quarter  of  the  section, 
and  of  higher  plasticity. 

Oroville. — In  Sec.  22,  T.  19  N.,  R.  4  E.,  about  3  miles  southeast  of 
Oroville,  clay  occurs  on  lands  owned  by  John  M.  Ward  and  James 
McPherson,  the  latter  known  as  the  Garden  ranch,  and  extends  into 
the  Richardson  ranch  in  Section  15.  There  has  been  no  effort  at  develop- 
ment, and  the  material  is  exposed  only  by  cuts  made  in  road  building. 

Snow  Ranch.— In  the  S.  W.  i  of  Sec.  31,  T.  24  N.,  R.  4  E.;  A.  Snow, 
Lovelocks  P.  0.,  owner.  Occasional  occurrences  of  light-colored  clays 
of  medium  plasticity  in  Section  31. 

CALAVERAS  COUNTY. 

Penn  Chemical  Works. — This  company  mines  about  100  tons  of  high- 
grade  fire  clay  each  year  for  its  own  use  at  the  smelter  at  Campo  Seco. 
The  pit  is  in  the  clay  beds  which  overlie  croppings  of  copper  ore. 


212  STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS    OP    CALIFORNIA. 

Valley  Springs  Clay  Pit. — It  is  located  about  one  fourth  of  a  mile 
northeast  of  N'allcy  Springs,  on  the  Mokelumne  Hill  road,  and  has  been 
idle  for  nine  years.  The  clay  was  formerly  used  by  a  Stockton  pottery. 
It  is  a  plastic  yellow  clay,  somewhat  stained  by  iron  in  the  open  pit, 
and  is  capped  by  a  gravel  deposit. 

CONTRA  COSTA  COUNTY. 

Mount  Diablo  Pottery  and  Paving  Brick  Company;  Hon.  C.  M.  Bel- 
shaw,  Antioch,  owner.  This  large  })ottery  is  located  one  mile  south  of 
Antioch,  on  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad.  The  plant  was  opened  about 
1896  and  operated  only  about  one  5^ear,  and  has  been  practically  aban- 


i 

V   ■ 

i 

\ 

--    ,  s. 

i 

- 

ILL.  No.  9i;.     E.  M.  HAMILTON'S  CLAY  DEPOSIT,  NEAR  ROS.\M()N  I),   KKKN  CorXTV. 

doned.  The  clay  was  obtained  from  the  various  tunnels  at  the  coal 
mines  at  Stewartsville,  which  were  connected  with  Antioch  by  a  narrow- 
gauge  railroad.  The  company  has  torn  up  the  rails  and  stopped  all 
work  at  the  mines. 

KERN  COUNTY. 
Los  Angeles  Pottery  Company,  625  (iriffin  avenue,  Los  Angeles,  owns  a 
large  deposit  of  pottery  clay  in  Sec.  11,  T.  9  N.,  R.  18  W.,  S.  R.  INI., 
alx)ut  4  miles  northwest  of  Rosamond  station.  Some  clay,  it  is  stated, 
has  been  shipped  during  the  past  fifteen  years  to  the  factory  in  Los 
Angeles. 


HIGH-GRADE  CLAYS  — LOS  ANGELES  COUNTY.  213 

The  clay  pit  lies  near  the  northeast  end  of  one  of  the  many  felsite 
porphyry  buttes  on  the  south  side  of  Antelope  Valley,  in  the  midst  of 
the  felsite  porphyry,  and  appears  to  be  a  local  decomposition  product  of 
the  same.  It  is  plastic,  has  a  smooth,  even  texture,  and  shows  no  evi- 
dence of  stratification.  It  contains  numerous  small  and  some  large 
boulders  of  partially  disintegrated  felsite  of  the  same  color  and  appear- 
ance as  the  inclosing  clay,  except  their  hardness,  and  apparently  are 
residual  boulders  of  disintegration.  At  one  point  there  is  a  disinte- 
grated granite  mass  with  many  quartz  grains.  For  the  most  part  the 
clay  is  quite  free  from  quartz  and  very  plastic.  There  is  a  slight  red 
coloring  near  the  surface,  probably  from  the  overlying  surface  frag- 
ments of  red  porphyry,  but  otherwise  the  clay  has  a  uniform  pale  blue- 
green  color. 

Most  of  the  clay  is  taken  from  an  open  pit  on  the  hillside,  in  the  face 
of  which  a  tunnel  has  been  run  about  200  feet  back  into  the  hill.  The 
tunnel  shows  the  greenish  clay  to  continue  about  25  feet  in  from  the 
face  of  the  pit,  where  it  is  followed  by  a  light  gray,  more  or  less  sandy 
clay,  with  many  rock  fragments,  and  stained  yellow-brown  along  the 
many  seams  wnth  iron  oxide. 

LOS  ANGELES  COUNTY. 

Anderson  &  Sandquist  East  Main  Street  Pottery  Company,  2009  East 
Main  street,  Los  Angeles.  Use  local  clay  from  Boyle  Heights;  manu- 
facture flower-pots  and  ollas. 

California  Clay  Manufacturing  Company,  235  South  Los  Angeles  street; 
works,  Central  avenue,  Los  Angeles.  Use  plastic  clay  from  Alberhill, 
and  fire  clay  from  Elsinore,  Riverside  County.  Manufacture  firebrick 
and  vitrified  pipe. 

The  works  are  equipped  with  a  Brewer  wet-mud  brick  machine,  and 
a  Berg  press  for  dry-pressed  brick,  each  with  a  daily  capacity  of  about 
20,000  bricks;  a  Barber  pipe  press;  and  8  downdraft  kilns,  varying 
from  30  to  16  feet  in  diameter,  using  oil  as  a  fuel.  Employ  about  30 
men. 

J.  Dodson,  San  Pedro.  In  Lot  M,  Los  Palos  Verdes  ranch,  Avest  of 
San  Pedro,  are  a  series  of  surface  exposures  running  northwesterly  in 
the  terrace  southeast  of  the  San  Pedro  Mountains,  noticeable  by  lack  of 
vegetation.  In  a  shallow  canon  the  formation  is  exposed  over  a  thick- 
ness of  about  25  feet,  showing  beds  of  a  light  gray  clay,  with  narrow 
streaks  of  brown,  probably  due  to  iron,  dipping  southeasterly.  The 
matei'ial  is  very  light,  and  has  the  appearance  of  diatomaceous  earth. 
It  is,  however,  unctuous  to  the  touch  and  plastic,  hardening  in  the  fire 
with  a  gray  color.  Conformable  with  these  beds  are  seams,  not  over  3 
inches  wide,  of  a  disintegrated  volcanic  ash. 


21-1  STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OF    aVLIFORNIA. 

Los  Angeles  Pottery  Company,  J.  M.  Matthews,  Los  Angeles,  uses  prin- 
cipally local  clays  from  Boyle  Heights  at  625  Griffin  avenue  and 
Alhambra  street,  Los  Angeles.     Principal  product,  tiower-pots. 

Los  Angeles  Pressed  Brick  Company,  105  South  Broadway,  w^orks  at 
Alhambra  avenue  and  Date  street,  and  at  Colorado  avenue,  Los  Angeles, 
has  a  large  and  well-equipped  factory  for  making  fine  pressed  building 
brick,  firebrick,  and  refractory  linings  of  different  kinds.  The  plant 
has  been  in  operation  for  several  years,  and  the  business  has  been  con- 
stantly increasing  from  the  start,  as  there  is  a  very  active  demand  for 
high-grade  brick.  The  company  is  also  trying  to  meet  the  demand  for 
refractory  furnace  linings,  which  is  caused  by  the  increase  in  manufac- 
turing industries  and  the  increased  use  of  oil  fuel.  For  the  refractory 
ware  this  company  uses  a  black  flint  fire  clay  from  Gypsum  sta- 
tion, near  Corona,  which  is  similar  to  that  at  McKnight's  clay  pit  (see 
page  224).  The  bricks  and  tiles  made  from  this  clay  are  said  to  give 
satisfaction.  The  building  bricks  are  made  of  w'hite  clays  from  their 
pits  near  Alberhill,  Riverside  County.  This  company  has  also  a  large 
plant  for  the  manufacture  of  red  l)rick  at  Colorado  avenue  and  Twenty- 
fifth  street.  The  combined  capacity  of  its  two  plants  is  20,000,000 
bricks  per  year. 

Los  Angeles  Stoneware  and  Sewer  Pipe  Company,  Arch.  Douglas, 
president;  423-527  North  Avenue  26,  Los  Angeles.  Manufactures  all 
kinds  of  stoneware,  earthenware,  firebrick;  vitrified,  salt-glazed  sewer 
and  water  pipe,  from  3  to  36  inches  in  diameter;  conduits  of  under- 
ground electric  wires,  terra  cotta  chinmey  pipes,  flue  linings,  etc. 

It  uses  the  following  materials:  For  stoneware:  clay  from  Alberhill 
Coal  and  Clay  Company,  Elsinore,  Riverside  Count}';  Rosamond, 
Antelope  Valley,  Kern  County  (kaolin).  For  sewer  pipe:  clay  from 
Alberhill  Coal  and  Clay  Company,  Elsinore,  Riverside  County;  local 
clay,  in  northeastern  part  of  Los  Angeles  city.  For  firebrick:  fire  clay 
from  Alberhill  Coal  and  Clay  Company,  Elsinore,  Riverside  County. 
For  flower-pots:  local  clay.  For  glazing  purposes:  clays  from  Albany, 
N.  Y.,  and  from  Michigan;  imported  feldspar,  flint,  china  clay,  and 
English  ball  clay. 

The  clay,  duly  mixed,  according  to  the  product  to  be  manufactured, 
is  passed  through  a  dry-pan  crusher,  then  washed,  blunged  and  passed 
through  a  press  filter.  The  firebrick  material  passes  through  a  pug- 
mill,  a  (iiant  auger,  12-brick  wire-cutter,  and  an  E^agle  represser.  The 
sewer-i)ipe  material  passes  througli  a  wet-pan  crusher,  and  two  presses, 
according  to  the  dimension  of  the  pipes,  one  making  those  from  3  to  16 
inches  in  diameter,  the  otiier  those  from  18  to  36  inches  in  diameter. 
The  pottery  material  goes  to  a  pottery  pugmill,  where  it  is  brought 
to    the    required    plasticity.     The   green   products    are   dried   in  large 


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216 


STRUCTUR.VL   AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


rooms,  slightly  heated  by  the  exhaust  from  the  kilns.  The  time  required 
for  drying  depends  on  the  weather;  in  summer  from  eight  to  ten  days 
are  sufficient. 

Tlie  i^lant  has  seven  downdraft  kilns,  using  oil  as  h\e\ — three  with  an 
inside  diameter  of  30  feet,  one  with  an  inside  diameter  of  25  feet,  two 
with  an  inside  diameter  of  20  feet,  and  one  with  an  inside  diameter  of 
12  feet. 

Power  is  furnished  by  a  250-horsepower  boiler,  using  oil  as  a  fuel, 
and  a  200-horsepower  engine. 


r"^ 

■v!!l 

ILL.  No.  9S.     SILICA  FROM  THIS  CROPPING  WAS    I'SED    BY  THE   TROl'lCO  WORKS,  LOS 

ANGELES  COUNTY,  FOR  (U.AZING  TU.ES. 

Southepn  California  Pottepy  Wopks,  Tomaseck  Sons,  828  East  Fourtli 
street,  Los  Angeles;  works,  448  East  Twenty-eigiith  street,  Los  Angeles. 
Use  clay  from  Corona  and  Elsinore,  Riverside  County,  but  principally 
local  clays  from  Boyle  Heights.  Manufacture  eartiienware,  stove  lin- 
ings, flue  thimbles,  assayers'  furnaces  and  mufiles. 

St.  Louis  FipebPiek  and  Clay  Company,  T.  C.  Mitchell,  123^  West 
Third  street,  Los  Angeles;  works,  24()4  East  Ninth  street,  Los  Angeles. 
Uses  clay  from  Corona  and  Elsinore,  Riverside  County.  IManufactures 
pressed  l)rick.  The  l)ricks  are  made  in  a  4-mold  Berg  brick  machine, 
and  l)uni(Ml  in  downdraft  kilns,  using  oil  as  fuel.     Idle  at  present. 

Standapd  Pottepy  Company,  F.  G.  Barnard,  111-415  North  Avenue  20, 
Los  Angeles.     Uses  clay  from  Corona,  Riverside  County,  and  local  clay 


HIGH-GRADE  CLAYS  — MERCED,  NEVADA.  217 

from  Boyle  Heights,  Los  Angeles.  Manufactures  flower-pots,  ollas,  stove 
thimbles,  etc.  The  clay  is  mixed  in  a  clay-grinder.  The  pots  are 
made  in  a  stamp  pot  machine,  of  a  capacity  of  2000  pots  per  day.  The 
plant  is  equipped  with  a  12-horsepower  gasoline  engine.  Employs  6 
men. 

Western  Art  Tile  Works,  successor  to  the  Pacific  Art  Tile  Company, 
has  a  commodious  and  well-equipped  factory  on  the  Southern  Pacific 
Railroad  at  Tropico,  6  miles  north  of  Los  Angeles,  and  has  been  in 
active  operation  since  August,  1904. 

They  manufacture  floor,  wall,  mantel,  and  art  tiles;  plain,  orna- 
mental, and  embossed  vitreous  china;  sanitary  ware,  plumbers'  earthen- 
ware, and  other  clay  goods. 

The  factory  started  about  two  years  ago  as  the  Pacific  Art  Tile 
Company.  The  works  were  closed  several  weeks  during  the  summer  of 
1904.  It  is  said  to  be  the  only  factory  of  its  kind  west  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  and  its  progress  will  be  watched  with  some  interest.  Many 
of  its  products  require  the  finest  quality  of  clays,  which  at  present  are 
imported  from  Europe.  The  ground  silica  and  feldspar  are  also  shipped 
from  the  Eastern  States.  These  materials  occur  in  California,  but  the 
known  deposits  are  so  remote  from  the  railway  that  it  is  found  to  be 
cheaper  to  import  them  than  to  mine  the  home  products. 


MERCED  COUNTY. 

Goldman  Deposit;  M.  Goldman,  Merced,  owner.  A  cla»y  which  the 
owner  claims  is  suitable  for  manufacturing  pottery  occurs  in  large  beds 
on  the  south  bank  of  the  Merced  River,  near  the  Mefced  Falls.  No 
practical  tests  have  been  undertaken  as  yet  to  determine  the  quality  of 
this  clay. 

NEVADA  COUNTY. 

Kaolin  has  been  uncovered  in  three  different  places  in  Nevada  County, 
but  has  been  persistently  prospected  in  only  one. 

De  Golia  Ranch,  Rev.  Dr.  Meyer,  Chicago  Park,  owner;  in  Sec.  3, 
T.  15  N.,  R.  9  E.,  6  miles  north  of  Colfax.  There  are  two  exposures  of  clays 
on  the  section.  A  bed  of  kaolin  or  clay  12  to  24  inches  thick  forms 
both  banks  of  a  small  stream,  underlying  a  capping  of  2  to  3  feet  of 
blue  shaly  clay,  plastic  and  gritty,  that  crumbles  on  exposure  to  the 
atmosphere.  These  clays  are  exposed  for  a  distance  north  and  south 
of  about  100  feet,  and  dip  to  the  east.  Three  hundred  feet  west  another 
deposit  of  clay,  which  is  capped  by  2  to  3  feet  of  red  soil,  is  exposed  by 
an  open  cut. 


218  STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

Last  Chance  Mine,  Andrew  Berg,  Nevada  City,  owner;  in  Sec.  29, 
T.  17  N.,  R.  y  E.,  5 miles  northeast  from  Nevada  City,  on  the  North  Bloom- 
field  road.  There  has  been  uncovered  in  two  tunnels  on  the  Last  Chance 
mine  a  considerable  deposit  of  fire  clay  and  kaolin  lying  alongside  of 
a  deposit  of  blue  lava  ash,  extending  east  and  west,  and  dipping  to  the 
south.     There  are  occasional  intrusions  of  iron. 

William  Walker,  of  Biggs,  Butte  County,  reports  kaolin  in  the  white 
clay  on  Union  Hill,  2^  miles  east  of  Grass  Valley,  He  states  that  in 
the  manufacture  of  bricks  on  Union  Hill  several  years  ago  he  found 
white  clay,  kaolin,  galena,  and  copper. 


ORANGE  COUNTY. 

Fire  clay  is  claimed  to  be  found  in  the  foothills  of  the  southwest  slope 
of  the  Santa  Ana  Mountains,  and  to  be  used  for  the  manufacture  of  fire- 
bricks in  the  plant  of  the  Orange  County  Tile  Works. 

It  is  also  claimed  to  be  found  in  Hicks  Canon,  in  the  S.  E.  ^  of  Sec.  2, 
T.  6  S.,  R.  7  W.,  S.  B.  M.;  G.  F.  Haven  of  Santa  Ana  and  A.  B.  Joplin 
of  Trabuco,  owners. 

Also  in  Bell  Canon,  in  the  northeastern  part  of  Sec.  24:,  T.  6  S.,  R.  7  W., 
S.  B.  M.;  J.  B.  Joplin,  Santa  Ana,  owner. 

On  the  ranch  of  Luis  Moulton,  south  of  El  Toro,  on  Aliso  Creek,  a 
good  grade  of  bluish  clay  is  found.     (See  Cement,  page  182.) 


PLACER  COUNTY. 

Clays  in  Placer  County,  besides  those  mined  and  worked  by  the 
Gladding  &  McBean  Pottery  at  Lincoln,  are  similar  to  those  in  other 
counties  where  hydraulic  mining  has  been  in  vogue. 

A  pronounced  occurrence  of  varied  clays  was  observed  along  the 
southernmost  tier  of  sections  of  T.  16  N.,  R.  10  and  11  E.,  from  Dutch 
Flat  to  Shady  Run,  lying  between  Bear  River  on  the  west  and  the 
north  fork  of  the  north  fork  of  the  American  River  on  the  east. 

At  Dutch  Flat,  in  Sec.  35,  T.  16  N.,  R.  10  E.,  there  occurs  a  tenacious 
yellow  clay,  plastic  and  containing  no  perceptible  grit,  that  is  unlike 
other  clays  found  in  Placer  County.  Its  value  for  pottery  uses  can  be 
determined  only  by  practical  test.  In  the  eastern  part  of  Sec.  35,  and 
the  western  half  of  Sec.  36,  T.  16  N.,  R.  10  E.,  the  clays  exposed  by  the 
railroad  cut  are  white,  soft,  and  plastic.  In  Sec.  31,  T.  16  N.,  R.  11  E., 
through  which  Canon  Creek  fiows  in  a  southwest  course,  there  is  a 
decided  change  to  a  chocolate  or  dull  white  clay  that  lies  between  two 
strata  of  l>lue  sand,  overcapped  by  some  10  feet  of  soil  and  coarse  brown 
sand.     These  chocolate  clays  extend  southwesterly  to  the  railroad  cut. 


HIGH-GRADE   CLAYS— PLACER   COUNTY. 


219 


Cedar  Creek  Mine;  A.  Roger,  Towles,  manager;  in  the  eastern  edge  of 
Sec.  32  and  the  western  edge  of  8ec.  33,  T.  16  N.,  R.  11  E.,  a  white  fire 
clay,  plastic  and  containing  an  ahiiost  imperceptible  grit,  is  exposed  in 
the  mine  workings.  The  clay  lies  under  a  capping  of  red  surface  soil 
containing  white  quartz  gravel;  it  occurs  in  the  east  side  of  the  channel, 
coursing  north  and  south  3500  feet.  On  the  west  side  of  the  channel 
the  clay  is  yellow  and  coarser,  but  possesses  similar  (qualities,  being 
locally  employed  for  firebricks.  No  effort  has  been  made  up  to  the 
present  time  to  work  the  fire  clay  to  commercial  advantage. 


f 


ILL.  No.  m.     (LAY  PIT  OF  GLADDING,  McBEAN  &  CO.,  AT  LINCOLN,  PLACER  COUNTY. 


Gladding-,  MeBean  &  Company's  Pottery;  located  at  Lincoln;  main 
offices,  in  the  Rialto  Building,  San  Francisco;  Gladding,  McBean  &  Co., 
owners.  This  large  plant  covers  about  27  acres,  and  includes  about  25 
kilns  of  various  types  and  ranging  from  18  to  30  feet  in  diameter. 
Everything  in  the  line  of  clay  products  is  manufactured,  including 
architectural  terra  cotta,  sewer  pipe,  water  and  drain  pipes,  tiles,  crocks, 
brick  (fire  and  enameled),  etc.  The  plant  uses  electricity,  steam,  and 
air  for  power,  and  oil  for  fuel.  The  clay  is  obtained  from  the  beds  about 
1  mile  north  of  Lincoln,  where  there  is  an  abundance  of  very  fine  clay 
occurring  in  the  lone  formation  and  overlying  a  vein  of  lignite.  The 
clay  has  been  excavated  by  a  series  of  benches  for  about  50  feet  in 
depth.     In  the  Xllth  Report  of  the   State  Mining  Bureau,  1896,  page 


220 


STRUCTURAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL    MATERLVLS   OF    CALIFORNLi. 


616,  mention  is  made  of  a  hole  being  bored  60  feet  deep  in  the  bottom 
of  the  pit  without  going  through  the  ehiy  bed.  (See  State  Mining  Bureau 
Reports  for  1889,  1892,  1894,  and  1896.) 


Rich  Flat.— In  Soc.  15,  T.  12  N.,  li.  M  M,  one  mile  south  of  Auburn, 
on  Kicli  Fhit,  in  an  open  cut  at  the  l)reast  of  an  old  drift,  there  is 
exposed  a  variety  of  clays  in  small  occurrences.     The  colors  are  white 


HIGH-GRADE  CLAYS  — RIVERSIDE  COimTY.  221 

and  light  brown,  some  containing  fine,  grit-like  volcanic  ash;  others, 
pure  clay  or  kaolin.  These  clays  occur  in  a  low  hill  extending  south 
and  rising  from  150  to  200  feet,  cropped  with  scattering  boulders  of 
lava. 

RIVERSIDE  COUNTY. 

Extending  in  a  general  west  of  north  and  east  of  south  direction 
from  Elsinore  on  the  south  to  Corona  on  the  north  is  a  great  belt  of 
clays  of  superior  quality.  In  many  places  these  clay  deposits  resemble 
the  famous  white,  gray,  black,  red,  and  parti-colored  clays  of  New 
Jersey  and  eastern  Pennsylvania.  Like  the  Eastern  deposits,  these 
California  clays  are  subject  to  great  local  variations  in  color,  thickness, 
and  other  properties.  A  score  or  more  of  openings  have  been  made 
at  different  points  in  these  beds,  from  which  clay  has  been  taken  for 
the  factories  at  Elsinore  and  Corona,  and  for  shipment  to  the  factories 
at  Los  Angeles. 

In  the  region  about  Alberhill  and  Elsinore  different  parts  of  the  clay 
area  are  overlaid  by  a  layer  of  disintegrated  granite,  which  varies  from 
a  few  inches  to  many  feet  in  thickness. 

South  of  Corona  the  exposures  indicate  that  the  clays  lie  along  a 
great  anticline,  the  top  of  which  has  been  removed  by  erosion,  exposing 
the  kaolin  on  each  side  of  the  axis.  Along  the  greater  part  of  this  area 
the  clays  are  concealed  by  a  layer  of  granitic  sand  and  boulders  similar 
to  that  occurring  at  Alberhill.  In  places  this  sand-covering  is  absent, 
leaving  the  clays  exposed  over  limited  areas.  The  Corona  clay  beds 
are  quite  variable  in  character,  at  different  points  containing  white 
plastic  clay,  red  and  mottled  plastic  clay,  and  gray  and  black  flint  fire 
clay. 

The  extent  of  these  Corona-Elsinore  clay  beds,  together  with  the 
great  thickness  and  great  plasticity  of  some  and  high  refractory  prop- 
erties of  others,  will  tend  to  increase  the  output  in  the  future.  The 
deposits  will  have  an  additional  importance  as  the  population  increases 
in  southern  California. 

Albephill  Coal  and  Clay  Company,  Elsinore,  is  (1904)  shipping  clay 
from  three  different  openings  at  Alberhill,  the  terminus  of  the  railway 
spur  from  Elsinore  Junction.  At  the  coal  tipple  of  the  coal  mine  is  a 
clay  pit  covering  an  area  of  about  100  feet  long  by  50  feet  wide,  with  a 
face  of  about  30  feet.  The  upper  portion  of  this  deposit  consists  of  10 
feet  of  red  and  gray  variegated  clay,  underlaid  by  from  6  to  8  feet  of  a 
mixed  fire  clay  and  granitic  sand,  underlaid  in  turn  by  a  gray  to  black 
clay  with  thin  streaks  of  coal,  and  at  the  base,  underlying  the  coal 
streaks,  is  a  bed  of  blue  plastic  fire  clay,  3  to  4  feet  exposed. 

About  half  a  mile  east  of  south  of  the  above  pit  and  about  200  feet 
higher  on  the  hill,  another  pit  has  been  opened,  from  which  the  clay  is 


909 


STRUCTURAL    AND    INDUSTRIAL    MATERIALS    OF    CALIFORNIA. 


hauled  by  wagon  to  the  railway.  In  this  opening  a  high-grade  plastic 
fire  clay  is  obtained.  The  deposit  is  from  4  to  5  feet  thick,  and  is  over- 
laid by  from  5  to  10  feet  of  a  greenish-colored  plastic  clay  that  is  not  used, 
but  whicii  must  be  removed  in  order  to  get  the  fire  clay.  Overlying 
the  green  clay  in  most  places  is  a  layer  of  sand  containing  polished 
granite  boulders.  Despite  the  considerable  expense  of  quarrying  the 
clay  at  this  pit,  it  has  been  removed  in  large  quantities.  The  present 
openings  cover  an  area  of  probably  four  or  five  acres. 

A  quarter  of  a  mile  south  of  the  above  pit  is  another  one  from  which 
red  and  white  mottled  plastic  clay  is  obtained.     The  bed  varies  from  25 


^p:*^4^f^^, 


ILL.  No.  Kil.     ILVIUilXCiTOX  (LAY  PIT,  10  MILKS  SOUTH  OF  COKOXA,  Kl  VKItSI  DK  CorXTV. 

to  40  feet  in  thickness  in  different  portions  of  the  pit,  which  extends 
over  an  area  of  about  half  an  acre.  This  clay  is  at  present  (June,  1904) 
being  shipped  in  larger  quantities  than  from  any  of  the  other  pits. 

Califopnia  Fire-Proof  Construction  Company  has  a  factory  8  miles 
north  of  Elsinore,  where  it  manufactures  sewer  pipe,  earthenware,  and 
hollow  ))ricks,  sewer  pipe  being  the  chief  product.  At  present  the  com- 
pany is  getting  its  clay  from  Alberhill  (described  above).  On  the 
hillside  at  the  factory  are  two  cla}^  pits  from  which  the  clay  was 
formerly  mined. 

Ch.  P.  Carter,  Elsinore,  owns  a  deposit  of  kaolin  about  2  miles  east  of 
W'ildomar,  said  to  be  of  considerable  extent  and  to  contain  some  material 
of  very  good  grade. 


HIGH-GRADE  CLAYS— RIVERSIDE  COUNTY.  223 

Copona  Pressed  Brick  and  Terra  Cotta  Company  operates  a  factory 
one  half  mile  west  of  Corona,  on  the  south  side  of  the  Santa  Fe  Railway. 
The  company  manufactures  white,  buff,  and  spotted  pressed  brick. 
Both  hand  and  steam-power  repressing  machines  are  used,  and  a  beau- 
tiful high-grade  building  brick  is  produced.  Los  Angeles  is  the  chief 
market. 

Harrington  Clay  Pit,  leased  for  ten  years  to  M.  W.  Finley,  Corona,  is 
about  10  miles  east  of  south  from  Corona.  It  lies  on  the  mountainside^ 
about  300  feet  above  the  valley  floor,  on  the  east  side  of  the  valley.  A 
section  of  the  face  of  the  pit  shows  several  grades  and  varieties  of  clay^ 
as  follows:  from  2  to  6  feet  of  sand  and  boulders  at  the  top,  underlaid 
by  from  10  to  20  feet  of  red  and  white  mottled  plastic  clay,  then  by 
from  4  to  10  feet  of  white  plastic  refractory  clay,  and  then  at  one  end 
of  the  quarry  by  a  red  clay  with  a  pisolitic  structure  and  resembling  a 
ferruginous  bauxite  in  appearance.  The  clay  from  this  pit  is  hauled 
in  wagons  to  Corona,  for  shipment  to  Los  Angeles. 

George  W.  Lord,  Corona.  In  Sec.  14,  T.  4  S.,  R.  7  W.,  S.  B.  M.,  is  a 
body  of  light  grayish,  fine-grained  fire  clay,  in  which  a  ledge  of  ochre 
is  found. 

Los  Angeles  Pressed  Briek  Company,  105  South  Broadway,  Los  Angeles, 
operates  a  large  clay  pit  about  one  mile  north  of  west  from  Alberhill, 
and  hauls  the  clay  in  w^agons  to  the  railway  at  Alberhill,  whence  it  is 
shipped  to  Los  Angeles.  The  claj^  deposit  at  this  point  is  quite  exten- 
sive, probably  not  less  than  60  feet  in  thickness,  but  varies  somewhat 
in  character.  The  beds  are  stratified  and  show  a  dip  of  30°  S.,  10°  W. 
The  bulk  of  the  deposit  exposed  in  the  pit  consists  of  white  and  gray 
plastic  fire  clay.  There  is  some  red  and  variegated  clay  at  the  top  of 
the  deposit,  and  in  several  places  the  clay  contains  some  coarse  sand, 
resembling  disintegrated  granite.  The  clay  pit  is  about  200  feet  long, 
60  feet  wide,  and  from  25  to  35  feet  deep.  A  shaft  sunk  in  the  floor  of 
the  pit  is  said  to  be  40  feet  deep  in  clays,  differing  somewhat  in  kind, 
but  all  high  grade.  These  clays  are  used  in  Los  Angeles  in  the  manu- 
facture of  terra  cotta  and  light-colored  building  bricks. 

MeViear  Pit;  W.  G.  McVicar,  Corona,  owner;  in  Sec.  4,  T.  4  S.,  R.  7  W., 
S.  B.  M.  An  extensive  deposit  of  clay,  covering  about  100  acres.  The 
clay  is  of  various  colors — light  brown,  dark  and  light  gray.  It  was 
formerly  shipped  to  the  California  Clay  Manufacturing  Company,. 
Los  Angeles.     Not  operated  in  1904. 

Pacifle  Clay  Manufacturing  Company,  235  South  Los  Angeles  street,. 
Los  Angeles,  owns  and  operates  a  large  clay  pit  in  the  valley  about  a 
mile  southwest  of  the  Harrington  pit.     The  clays  are  somewhat  similar 


224  STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL    MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

to  those  in  the  Harrington  pit,  but  are  arranged  in  a  little  different 
order.  There  is  a  thickness  of  from  5  to  25  feet  of  sand  and  l)oul(lers 
overlying  the  clays.  On  one  side  of  the  pit  the  sand  is  underlaid  by 
white  plastic  clay  from  15  to  25  feet  thick,  wliich  is  underlaid  by  red 
mottled  clay;  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  pit  the  sand  rests  on  red 
mottled  clay,  a  portion  of  which  has  a  pisolitic  texture.  Both  tlie  red  and 
white  clays  are  very  smooth  and  plastic,  but  in  places  contain  diffused 
sand  or  quartz  grains,  which  are  sufficient  to  prohibit  their  use  in  fine 
ware,  unless  carefully  selected  in  quarrying,  or  the  coarse  particles 
removed  by  some  system  of  washing. 

This  company  also  owns  the  quarry  8  miles  southwest  of  Corona, 
formerly  owned  and  operated  by  Mr.  McKnight.  It  produces  a  black  flint 
tire  clay  in  large  quantities,  besides  some  of  the  blue  refractory  clay. 
This  clay  lies  on  the  top  and  south  side  of  the  low  hill  in  a  bed  which 
dips  35  degrees  south.  The  clay  has  been  removed  by  tunneling  at  the 
base  of  the  hill.  The  black  flint  clay  shows  a  thickness  of  about  20  feet, 
and  is  overlaid  by  10  feet  of  blue  clay  and  about  20  feet  of  reddish- 
colored  plastic  clay,  which  is  followed  by  a  coarse,  granitic  quartzose 
sandstone.  Large  quantities  of  highly  refractory  clay  are  obtained  here 
for  use  in  the  works  at  Corona. 

This  company  also  owns  the  clay  pit  formerly  owned  by  \V.  G. 
McVicar,  near  Elsinore. 

The  works  of  this  company  are  situate  one  mile  west  of  Corona,  on 
the  north  side  of  the  Santa  Fe  Railway.  They  manufacture  sewer  pipe, 
water  pipe,  both  salt-glazed  and  unglazed  tiles,  flue  linings,  chimney 
pipes,  firebrick,  conduits  for  electric  wires,  and  terra  cotta.  The  fire- 
brick is  made  from  the  refractory  clay  of  the  McKnight  quarry,  previously 
described.  The  different  kinds  of  pipe,  etc.,  are  made  from  the  clay 
obtained  10  miles  south  of  Corona.  The  factory  is  well  equipped  with 
machinery.  There  are  eight  round,  downdraft  kilns  in  use,  in  which 
the  products  are  burned  with  oil  fuel. 

Thomas  Parks,  Corona,  has  a  clay  deposit  in  Temescal  Canon. 

Near  Perris,  14  miles  southeast,  is  a  large  deposit  of  clay  along  the 
San  Jacinto  River,  traversed  by  the  Santa  Fe  Railway.  It  was  for- 
merly used  by  the  Colton  Cement  Works.  Its  analysis  as  given  by  the 
chemist  of  those  works  is:  silica,  15.10  per  cent;  alumina  and  ferric 
oxide,  29.70  per  cent;  carbonate  of  lime,  4.14  per  cent;  carbonate  of 
magnesia,  8.02  per  cent;  water  and  organic  matter,  12.30  per  cent. 

Pipe  and  Tile  Works,  near  P^lsinore;  Dolbeer  estate,  San  Francisco, 
owner;  (I.  Ross,  superintendent.  Manufacture  principally  sewer  pipe. 
Use  clay  from  tbc  neighborhood  of  Alberhill. 


HIGH-GRADE    CLAYS  — SACRAMENTO    COUNTY.  225 

SACRAMENTO  COUNTY. 

Bundoek  Stoneware  Works,  Oak  Park  postoffice  station,  Sacramento; 
G.  F.  Bundoek,  owner.  The  works  are  located  in  the  eastern  suburb 
of  Sacramento.  The  products  are  butter-jars,  churns,  bean-pots,  jugs, 
milk-crocks,  poultry-fonts,  Avater-jars,  and  flower-pots.  Two  varieties 
of  pottery  clay  are  employed:  "fat"  clay  of  light  brown  color,  "lean" 
clav  of  white  or  cream  tint.  From  85  to  90  tons  of  the  clav  are  con- 
sumed  in  a  year.  The  clay  banks  (4  acres  in  area)  are  owned  by  the 
proprietor  of  the  works,  and  are  situate  in  the  N.  E.  i  of  the  S.  E.  ^  of 
Sec.  2,  T.  7  N.,  R.  8  E.,  on  the  north  side  of  the  Cosumnes  River,  2 
miles  east  of  Bridge  House.  The  clay  when  first  removed  from  the 
banks  weighs  170  pounds  to  the  cubic  foot  and  shrinks  to  87  pounds 
when  dried  by  exposure  to  the  atmosphere.  The  ware  is  liurned  in  an 
updraft  kiln,  having  a  capacity  of  2000  gallons. 

Capital  Sewep  Pipe  Works,  at  Thirtieth  and  L  streets,  Sacramento; 
Muddox  Brothers,  owners.  The  works  have  been  established  and  in 
operation  for  a  number  of  years.  Formerly  the  products  included 
stoneware  and  firebricks,  but  for  the  past  five  years  the  output  has  been 
restricted  to  sewer  pipe  and  terra  cotta  chimneyware.  The  material 
used  is  pottery  clay  obtained  in  Amador  County  near  lone,  and  loam. 
The  plant  consists  of  a  Vaughn  sewer-pipe  press  of  an  average  daily 
capacity  of  1200  pieces,  and  two  downdraft  kilns  18  to  20  feet  in 
diameter.     Ten  to  fifteen  men  are  employed. 

Southepn  Paeifle  FipebPiek  Wopks,  a  department  of  the  Southern 
Pacific  shops  system  at  Sacramento;  H.  S.  Becker,  manager.  This 
company  makes  no  commercial  bricks,  the  product  being  restricted  to 
its  own  requirements.  The  product  is  chiefly  of  three  classes  of  fire- 
bricks: keyed  bricks,  employed  in  the  construction  of  coal-burning 
locomotive  fireboxes;  small  plain  bricks  for  stationary  coal-burning 
furnaces;  and  special  sizes  and  shapes  for  rolling-mill  arches.  The 
clav  used  is  of  two  varieties,  white  and  blue,  obtained  from  the  Al  Smith 
clay  banks  near  lone,  in  Amador  County.  The  blue  clay  is  considered 
the  better  material,  owing  to  its  greater  plasticity.  The  process  adopted 
is  the  burning  in  a  kiln  of  a  quantity  of  the  clay  and  grinding  it  to  a 
powder.  This  is  mixed  with  an  equal  quantity  of  fresh  clay  and 
allowed  to  weather  in  the  open  during  the  winter  months.  Then  the 
mixture  is  ground  in  the  pugmill,  and  molded  by  hand  in  pattern 
molds  of  the  required  shapes  and  sizes;  then  the  bricks  are  burned  in 
open  updraft  kilns.  The  better  bricks  are  made  by  substitution  of 
ground  "grog"  for  the  ground  clay.  The  ground  substance  serves  the 
purpose  of  quartz  sand;  the  oftener  it  is  used  the  stronger  it  becomes. 
The  ground  clay  and  the  ground  grog — two  parts  grog  and  one  part 
15 — BUL.  38 


226  STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATEKL\.LS    OF    CALIPORNL\. 

clay — arc  iiiixrd  and  used  as  a  mortar  for  setting  the  firebrick  in  the 
oil-burning  fireboxes  and  rolling-mill  arches.  Tlic  i)lant  consists  of  a 
pugmill  and  two  u])draft  open  kilns,  using  wood  fuel.  The  time 
required  for  burning  the  bricks  is  1G8  hours.  The  aggregate  animal 
cajiacity  of  the  two  kilns  is  150,000  bricks. 

SAN  BENITO  COUNTY. 

The  large  valleys  of  the  San  Benito  and  its  tributaries  in  the  northern 
part  of  San  Benito  County,  and  their  surrounding  foothills,  undoubt- 
edly contain  extensive  deposits  of  clays,  of  which  some  might  prove 
valuable  upon  investigation.  Deposits  of  very  plastic  clay  are  found 
in  one  section  of  the  San  Juan  hills,  and  probably  over  a  much  larger 
area  in  those  hills  than  as  yet  ascertained. 

R.  W.  Chappell,  Hollister,  owns,  in  the  southern  part  of  the  San  Justo 
ranch,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  San  Juan  hills,  o  miles  south  of 
Hollister,  160  acres  of  tableland,  upon  which  is  a  bed  of  clay,  exposed 
to  a  considerable  depth  in  the  several  gulches.  A  well  was  sunk  80 
feet  without  reaching  the  underlying  rock.  The  clay  is  light  gray  in 
color,  very  plastic,  without  any  grit,  burns  to  a  cherry  red,  and  tests 
have  proven  it  suitable  for  potter's  ware. 

In  some  places  near  the  top  of  the  deposit  a  horizontal  bed  of  clay, 
about  one  foot  thick,  of  a  light  yellow  color,  due  to  iron  oxide,  more 
indurated,  somewhat  gritty  and  only  slightly  plastic,  crops  out  in  the 
slopes  of  the  gulches,  but  is  apparently  not  continuous  over  the  entire 
deposit. 

SAN  BERNARDINO  COUNTY. 

R.  H.  Atwood,  Oro  Grande,  owns  a  clay  deposit  in  T.  6  N.,  K.  4  W., 
S.  B.  M.,  aljout  4  miles  east  of  Oro  Grande.  It  consists  of  disconnected 
bodies  of  kaolin,  lying  in  a  decomposed  material.  Through  the  kaolin 
are  found  narrow  seams  of  selenite.  A  drift  of  about  100  feet  long  has 
been  run  in  this  de|)Osit,  known  as  the  Excello  mine. 

About  15  miles  north  of  Barstow  large  clay  deposits  are  reported;  the 
beds  are  said  to  contain  several  different  varieties  of  clays.  Have  not 
been  utilized  as  yet. 

C.  F.  Blackburn,  Victorville,  has  located  a  clay  deposit  of  a  character 
similar  to  that  of  the  Atwood  deposit,  and  about  2  miles  E.  N.  E.  there- 
from, one  mile  west  of  the  Snider  wells,  covering  about  five  acres,  and 
claimed  to  be  from  80  to  40  feet  thick. 

California  Portland  Cement  Company,  401  Trust  Building,  Los  Angeles, 
owns  an  extensive  clay  deposit  in  Heebie  Canon,  southeast  of  Colton, 
in  Sec.  35,  T.  1  N.,  R.  4  W.,  and  Sec.  2,  T.  1  S.,  R.  4  W.,  S.  B.  M.     This 


HIGH-GR^VDE   CLAYS  — SAN   DIEGO,   SAN   JOAQUIN.  227 

clay  bed  has  a  strike  about  N.  20°  W.,  and  dips  about  30°  northeasterly; 
is  exposed  along  the  canon  for  a  height  of  about  50  feet,  and  has  a 
width  of  about  100  feet.  It  is  a  rich  clay,  with  few  small  pebbles;  color 
light  gray,  showing  on  the  exposures  in  places  efflorescence  of  alkalies, 
and  on  the  fracture  planes  a  thin  brownish  coating  of  iron  oxide,  prob- 
ably due  to  percolation  from  the  surface  soil.  Intercalated  in  the  clay 
are  some  beds  of  a  sandy  material  not  over  a  couple  of  feet  wide.  The 
clay  was  formerly  used  by  the  California  Portland  Cement  Company  in 
the  manufacture  of  cement  at  the  Colton  Cement  Works,  but  is  now 
replaced  by  clay  from  Alberhill,  Riverside  County. 

Neap  Dag-gett  a  clay  deposit  is  mentioned  in  the  IXth  Report  of  the 
California  State  Mining  Bureau,  page  303.  The  material  is  described 
as  a  soft,  white,  very  plastic  clay,  containing  a  large  percentage  of 
alumina,  and  claimed  to  be  a  pure  kaolin,  combined  with  aluminum 
hydroxide. 

J.  B.  Friend,  Victorville,  has  covered  by  location  a  cla}^  deposit  of  180 
acres  in  T.  6  X.,  R.  3  W.,  S.  B.  M.,  10  miles  easterly  of  Victorville. 
The  clay  is  from  1  to  5  feet  thick,  partly  of  a  bluish  tint,  partly  white. 
When  burned  it  has  a  brownish  tint.  This  clay  is  stated  to  have  been 
tested  for  the  manufacture  of  firebrick,  pressed  brick,  and  tiles.  Some 
was  shipped  to  Tropico,  Los  Angeles  County,  in  former  years.  None 
was  shipped  in  1904. 

Near  The  Needles  clay  deposits  are  reported,  but  as  yet  have  not  been 
developed. 

SAN  DIEGO  COUNTY. 

Very  near  the  summit  of  El  Cajon  Mountains,  about  25  miles  east  of 
San  Diego,  there  is  a  deposit  of  kaolin,  claimed  to  be  about  75  feet  wide. 
A  shaft  has  been  sunk  through  apparently  pure  kaolin. 

Three  miles  northeast  of  Otay  there  is  a  deposit  of  montmorillonite 
(mineral  soap),  a  massive,  clay-like  variety  of  kaolin,  containing  a 
great  amount  of  combined  water.  (See  IXth  Report  of  the  California 
State  Mining  Bureau,  p.  139.) 

East  of  Warner  there  is  a  deposit  of  ochre,  which  as  3"et  has  only 
been  slightly  prospected.  F.  L.  Hahn,  1650  North  Main  street,  Los 
Angeles,  owner. 

SAN  JOAQUIN   COUNTY. 

Carnegie  Brick  and  Terra  Cotta  Pottery;  Carnegie  Brick  and  Pottery 
Company,  328  Montgomer}'  street,  San  Francisco,  owner.  This  plant  is 
situated  at  Carnegie,  in  Corral  Hollow,  4  miles  below  Tesla.  In  Novem- 
ber, 1904,  twelve  32-foot  kilns  were  already  completed  in  the  brick 
department,  each  kiln  with  a  capacity  of  110,000  bricks.     The  output  of 


228 


STRICTLKAL    AND    INDUSTRIAL    MATERIALS    OF    CALIFORNIA. 


the  plant  is  100,000  bricks  jxr  day.  Inside  drying  tunnels  use  the  waste 
heat  fi'oiu  burned  kilns,  and  season  100,000  bricks  in  ten  hours.  At 
present  the  i»hint  makes  everything  in  tlie  line  of  Itrieks  exee])t  common 
brick,  inchulin*:-  faced,  fire,  paving,  glazed,  etc.;  also  lire  blocks  for 
locoiuotives,  etc.     The  terra   cotta  works  are  in  course  of  construction. 

Carnegie  Shale  Pit;  Caruegii'  Hrick  and  Pottery  ('onii)any,  328  Mont- 
gomer}'  street,  San  Francisco,  owner.  Shale  (juarried  one  half  mile 
from  Carnegie,  in  a  small  canon  on  the  east  side  of  Corral  Hollow,  is 
mixed  with  clay  from  the  Tesla  mine,  and  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
the  Carnegie  paving  brick.     These  hard  clay  shales  are  ])ermeated  witli 


ILL.  No.  102.     STKIi;E1{    TKUKA    COTT.V    AM)    rolTKIiV    COMI'A.XY'S  I'LA.NT   AT   SOITU 

SAN    KKAXCISCO,  SAX  >L\Ti:o  CorNTV. 

manganese  stains,  and  extend  for  over  200  yards  into  the  hill,  as  is 
shown  by  a  development  tunnel.  It  is  claimed  that  these  "pavers" 
were  subjected  to  a  rattling  test  of  2000  revolutions  with  a  loss  of  only 
6.7  per  cent,  and  a  ci-ushing  test  of  8000  pounds  per  square  inch.  They 
are  to  Ije  used  in  paving  San  Pablo  avenue,  in  front  of  the  City  Hall, 
in  Oakland. 

SAN  MATEO  COUNTY. 

Steiger  Terra  Cotta  and  Pottery  Works;  ofhees,  45  Mills  Building, 
San  Francisco.  Works  are  at  South  San  Francisco,  San  Mateo  County, 
located  on  the  bay  sho)-e,  so  that  shipments  may  l)e  made  l)y  water  as 
well  as  by  rail.  This  extensive  plant,  including  yardage,  covers  eight 
acres  of  gromid,  and  includes  thi-ec  l()-foot  luullle  kilns  and  seven  brick 
and   sewer-))ipe   kilns,  ranging  fi-oni    '2')  to  •">()  fec^t  (inside   diameters): 


liKili-CiKAOE   CLAYS  — SAN   :MATK0,   SANTA   CLARA. 


229 


three  dry  jiaiis;  tliree  wet 
pans;  two  sewer-})ipe  presses 
(capable  of  making  oO-ineh 
l)il)e) ;  two  brick  presses ;  and 
all  the  necessary  machinery 
for  a  complete  plant.  Steam 
is  used  for  power  and  oil  for 
fuel.  The  clay  is  mined  in 
their  own  pits  in  Amador 
County  (see  page  210).  The 
comp any  m  a  n  u  f  a  c  t  n  r  e  s 
everything  in  the  line  of 
pottery  and  terra  cotta  wares. 
Illustration  No.  103  repre- 
sents a  two-thirds  life  size 
terra  cotta  figure,  entitled 
"The  California  Poppy," 
now  in  the  National  Mu- 
seum at  Washington,  D.  C. 


SANTA  CLARA  COUNTY. 

Garden  City  Pottepy;  T.  C. 
Barnett,  South  First  street, 
San  Jose.  At  present  (De- 
cember, 1904)  it  is  located 
at  the  corner  of  Park  avenue 
and  East  streets,  San  Jose, 
Init  new  Imildings  and  ma- 
chinery are  being  erected 
at  the  corner  of  Sixth  and 
Jackson  streets.  The  pres- 
ent small  experimental  plant 
was  installed  merely  to 
prove  up  the  clays  to  war- 
rant further  Imildings.  The 
clavs,  from  the  l)anks  of 
Coyote  Creek,  have  proven 
suitable  for  the  work  desired, 
and  the  larger  ]>lant  has  been 
started.  Flower-pots,  sewer 
pipe,  water-jars,  etc.,  are 
manufactured. 


ILL.  No.  l(i;i.  TKKKA  COTTA  W.\UK,  BY  STKKiKR 
TKKKA  COTTA  AND  I'OTTKKY  WORKS,  OK  SAN 
FRANCISCO. 


230  STRUCTURAL   AND    INDUSTUM  Al ;    .M  ATKIU  Al  .S    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

SHASTA    COUNTY. 

Holt  &  Gregg,  Redding,  have,  in  ISec.  34,  T.  34  N.,  R.  5  W.,  INI.  D.  :\r.. 
on  the  road  from  the  old  limestone  quarry  to  the  old  kilns  on  Backbone 
Creek,  a  bank  of  clay  used  for  fire-clay  lining  in  the  limekilns.  It  is 
claimed  to  be  equal  to  fire  clay  shipped  in  from  other  points. 


SISKIYOU  COUNTY. 

A.  H.  Denny,  Etna,  owns  the  coal  mine  in  Sec.  26,  T.  46  N.,  R.  6  W., 
M.  D.  M.  Fire  clay  is  found  in  the  roof  and  on  the  floor.  The  clay  in 
the  roof  is  generally  about  5  feet  thick.  The  thickness  of  that  on  the 
floor  is  not  known.  This  clay  has  been  used  in  the  boiler  furnace  at 
the  mine  and  has  given  good  satisfaction.  In  the  coal  are  two  partings  of 
clay,  from  1  to  4  inches  thick.  This  clay  has  been  used  and  found  to 
be  good  fire  clay.  The  mine  is  at  present  idle,  and  the  workings  are 
inaccessible. 

Melvin  Hovey,  Gazelle,  owner,  in  Sec.  8,  T.  43  N.,  R.  6  W.,  has  found  a 
body  of  yellowish  clay  about  16  feet  wide,  and  traced  for  over  half  a 
mile,  which  has  been  used  as  refractory  material.  Molded  forms,  baked 
in  fire,  make  very  compact  and  consistent  articles. 


YUBA  COUNTY. 

Dupst  Ranch  Loam  Deposit;  D.  P.  Durst  and  R.  H.  Durst,  Wheatland, 
Yuba  County,  owners;  in  Sees.  10,  12,  and  18,  T.  14  X.,  R.  5  E.,  on 
Bear  River,  half  mile  east  of  Wheatland.  There  are  400  acres  of  land 
in  the  holding,  75  acres  of  which  contain  loam.  Four  acres  have  been 
worked  off  since  the  beginning  of  the  present  production  in  1896.  The 
material  is  a  black  clay  loam,  occupying  a  depth  of  6  feet,  overlaid  by  18 
inches  of  soil.  The  product  shipped  is  the  subsoil,  which  has  a  depth 
of  3^  feet.  The  output  is  375  tons  annually,  disposed  of  at  $2  per  ton, 
and  used  for  tempering  various  pottery  clays  at  the  Gladding-lNIcBean 
pottery  works,  Lincoln,  Placer  County,  a  distance  of  10  miles  by  rail. 


BRICK  AND  TILE   CLAYS.   ETC. 


231 


LOW-GRADE  CLAYS. 


The  low-grade  clays  include  the  adobe  clays  and  the  common  red 
brick  and  tile  clays  and  shales. 


ADOBE  CLAYS. 


Adobe  clays  of  California  are  similar  in  many  respects  to  the  gumbo 
clays  of  the  Mississippi  Valley.     They  are  extremely  strong,  plastic  clays 


ILL.  Xo.  104.     ADOBE  HOUSE,  SHOWING  USE  OF  ADOBE  BRICKS. 
SAX  BKRXARDIXO  COUXTY. 

that  slake  readily  when  wet,  to  a  very  sticky,  pasty  mass  and  become 
very  hard  on  drying.  They  are  used  in  the  manufacture  of  sun-dried 
bricks  which  were,  in  former  times,  generally  used  in  the  construction 
of  the  pioneer  homes.  The  bricks  are  made  from  18  to  24  inches  wide 
and  from  5  to  6  inches  thick,  but  shrink  on  drying.  Then,  after  the 
walls  are  constructed,  they  are  plastered  over  with  clay.*  Adobe  bricks 
form  cool  and  comfortable  l)uildings  in  warm  climates,  but  can  not 
resist  heavy  rainfall  or  constant  moisture. 

*Geology  and  Industrial  Resources  of  California,  by  Phil  T.  Tyson,  Baltimore,  1851, 
p.  41. 


232  STRUCTURAL    AND    INDUSTKIAU    MATKKIALS    OP    CALIFORNIA. 

RED  BRICK  AND  TILE  CLAYS  AND  INDUSTRY. 

Tlie  low-grade  clays  used  in  the  manufacture  of  red  brick  and  red 
tile  are  .so  abundant,  and  hence  so  cheap,  that  they  can  not  profitably 
be  transported  far,  so  that  the  brick  and  tile  factories  are  located  at  the 
clay  deposits,  and  the  two  are  considered  together. 

in  the  value  per  ton  the  l)rick  clays  rank  among  the  lowest;  in  the 
total  or  aggregate  value  they  probably  stand  at  the  head  of  all  the  clay 
industries.  The  statistics  for  the  United  States,  as  given  by  the  U.  S. 
Geological  Survey  for  the  year  1902,  show  that  of  the  $122,169,531,  the 
value  of  all  the  clay  products,  $24,127,453  represents  the  value  of  the 
varied  pottery  industries,  and  $98,042,078  the  value  of  the  brick  and 
tile  industries,  of  which  $48,885,869,  or  40  per  cent  of  the  total,  rep- 
resents the  red  brick  and  tile. 

In  the  list  of  states  California  ranks  eleventh  in  the  value  of  its  clay 
products,  with  89  firms  operating  and  $2,253,096  the  value  oi  the  prod- 
uct for  1902;  and  sixteenth  in  the  value  of  the  common  brick  and  tile, 
valued  at  $1,291,941.  Thus  the  red-brick  product  in  California  has  a 
greater  aggregate  value  than  that  of  all  the  other  clay  products.  It  is 
likewise  more  widely  distributed  over  the  State.  The  pottery  industry 
is  limited  to  a  very  few  counties,  while  the  common-brick  industry  is 
represented  in  nearly  every  county  of  the  State. 

The  clays  or  materials  used  in  making  common  red  bricks  consist  of 
a  clay  base,  with  a  mixture  of  sand  and  other  materials.  There  are  so 
many  and  such  varied  mixtures  used  for  the  manufacture  of  brick  that 
the  impression  is  often  gained  that  "anything  will  do  to  make  brick." 
But  such  is  not  the  case.  There  is  a  wide  range  in  the  composition  of 
the  materials  from  which  good  bricks  may  be  manufactured,  but  there 
is  a  limit  beyond  which  the  quality  of  the  bricks  rapidly  deteriorates. 
The  following  analyses  show  the  average  and  the  maximum  and  mini- 
mum of  the  ingredients  connnonly  occurring  in  brick  clays.  A  clay  in 
which  the  percentage  of  any  one  or  more  of  the  ingredients  mentioned 
is  mu(!h  above  the  maximum  given  or  below  the  minimum  will  prove 
an  inferior,  if  not  worthless,  clay  for  even  common  brick. 

Chemical    Analyses  of  Common-Brick  Clays. 

Average.  .Miiiiinuin.  Miixiininii. 

Silica  (Si02),coml)ined--. 15.0%            V2A>/„  30.Uy„ 

Silica  sand 5.5.0               20.0  (iO.O 

AluiniiuMAUO;,) 14.11                11. ti  2.">.0 

Water  (If oO),  coiiibined. .- 4.0                .'^.n  it.O 

Water  nioi.st lire 2.0                 d.n  (i.d 

Iron  o.xide  (Fc2*>;)) --- 4.0  2.5  s.o 

Linu'(CaO) 1.5  0.r>  7.(i 

Magnesia  (MgO) 1.5  ti.;5  7.0 

Alkalies  (KoO,  NaaO) :5.5  L'.d  7.0 

Increase  of  sand  decreases  the  shrinkage  and  facilitates  the  drying. 


MANUFACTURE  OF   BUILDING  BRICK.  233 

Decrease  of  sand,  with  increase  of  alumina  and  water,  increases  the 
shrinkage  and  generally  increases  the  plasticity  of  the  clay.  The 
iron  gives  the  red  color  to  the  brick.  The  original  clay  before  burning 
may  be  blue,  black,  yellow,  or  gray,  but  in  the  burning  the  iron  is 
turned  to  the  red  or  anhydrous  oxide,  one  of  the  most  durable  forms  of 
iron  to  resist  the  action  of  the  atmosphere.  Lime  and  magnesia,  in 
large  amounts,  tend  to  form  buff  and  cream  colors  with  the  iron. 

As  might  be  expected  from  the  great  range  in  composition,  there  is  a. 
wide  range  in  plasticity  and  other  properties.  Those  with  a  high  per- 
centage of  coarse  sand  are  very  lean  and  difHcult  to  mold.  Those  with 
less  sand,  or  very  fine  sand,  are  generally  highly  plastic.  The  hydrous- 
silicate  of  alumina  is  assumed  to  be  the  base  in  all  cases. 

The  brick  clays  of  California  are  the  residual,  alluvial,  lacustrine,  and 
marine  clays,  with  the  second  class  greatly  in  excess. 

An  abundant  supply  of  fairly  good  clay  for  red  brick  is  found  in  all 
parts  of  the  State  where  it  is  needed.  The  two  chief  centers  of  the 
industry  are  San  Francisco  and  Los  Angeles.  Several  varieties  of  clay 
and  shale  are  used  at  both  places,  as  described  later. 

THE  MANUFACTURE  OF  BUILDING  BRICK. 

Weathering  the  Clay. — When,  as  is  often  the  case,  the  clay  coming 
directl}'  from  the  bank  slakes  ver}-  slowly  upon  being  immersed  in  water^ 
time  is  saved  and  better  bricks  are  manufactured  if  the  clay  is  allowed 
to  weather  before  being  used.  Often,  however,  this  is  neglected,  and  the 
clay  is  removed  directly  from  the  bank  to  the  pugmill. 

Soaking"  and  Mixing  the  Clay. — Tlie  proportions  of  clay  and  water 
required  in  the  manufacture  of  brick  vary  with  the  different  clays  and 
processes  used.  Clay  soaked  from  twelve  to  forty-eight  hours  in  a  vat 
should  absorb  sufficient  water  ^-o  that  no  additions  will  l)e  necessary 
during  pugging.  This  soaking  before  mixing  is  very  beneficial  and  fre- 
quently necessary,  as  there  are  very  few  clays  that  can  absorb  water 
with  such  rapidity  that  it  will  be  equally  distributed  throughout  the 
clay  in  the  time  that  it  passes  from  one  end  of  the  pugmill  to  the  other. 

Cla}--  is  mixed  by  using  a  tempering  wheel.  After  the  clay  has  soaked 
over  night,  a  Avrought-iron  wheel,  consisting  of  one  or  two  rims,  turning 
on  a  horizontal  shaft,  is  revolved  througli  the  mud,  changing  its  position 
every  revolution.  This  mixing  continues  for  al)i)at  six  hours,  the  time 
re(iuired  depending  on  the  character  of  the  clay.  Sometimes  the  tem- 
pering is  done  in  upright  pugmills. 

Grinding  the  Clay.  Shales  are  sometimes  so  hard  that  tliey  have  to- 
be  reduced  in  a  reducer,  crusher,  disintegrator,  pulverizer,  dry  pan  or 
wet  pan,  before  they  can  Ije  suitably  tempered  or  soaked  with  water. 


234 


STRUCTIKAL    AND    1XL)L'«TKIAL    MATERIALS    OF    CALIFORNIA. 


In  some  instances  clay  contains  gravel  or  other  nodular  substances 
that  nuist  !»(>  rciuoviMl  or  ])ulverized  before  the  clay  is  in  condition  for 
manufacturing  purposes. 

Hand-made  Brick  is  a  liand-iuolded  ))rick,  generally  sun-dried  and 
burned  in  open  kilns.  This  primitive  metliod  of  manufacture  is  now 
only  used  in  ])hices  where  a  very  limited  and  intermittent  output  can 
]u'  marketed. 

Machine-molded  Brick. — Nearly  all  tlie  l)ricks  now  made  in  California 
are  machine-molded;    the  common  red  brick  either  by  the  soft-mud  or 


ILL.  No.  105.     POTTS  I)ISIXTK( ;  i;.\T(  )i:. 

1)V  the  stiff-mud  ])rocess;    and   the  hiuh-^rade  front   l)rick  bv  the  drv- 
process  or  the  semi-dry  process. 

The  soft-mud  process  is  adapted  to  tiie  highly  siliceous  clays  that 
can  not  be  worked  satisfactorily  by  the  other  methods,  as  well  as  to  any 
plastic  clays  that  can  be  dried  without  cracking.  The  machines  which 
are  commonly  used  in  the  soft-mud  process  have  a  capacity  of  from 
15,000  to  40,000  bricks  per  d.iy.  Tlie  clay  is  ground  and  tempered  in  a 
vertical  pugmill,  from  which  it  is  forced  by  a  plunger  into  the  molds. 
The  molds  are  taken  away,  emptied,  and  returned  to  the  machine. 
Tlic  drying  is  usually  started  on  a  sand  lloor  in  the  ojicn  air,  when, 
after  partial  drying,  they  aic  removed  to  drying  racks  under  cover,  and 
further  dried  by  the  aii-,  or  they  are  sometimes  dried  in  artificially 
heated  drying-eliambers  before  being  put  in  the  kiln.  Bricks  made  by 
the  soft-mud  process,  unless  repressed,  are  a})t  to  be  imperfect  in  shape 
and  irregular  in  size.  Sometimes  when  drying  in  the  yard  they  are 
exposed  to  the  action  of  a  rainstorm  and  tlu'  edges  and  corners  washed 
off  and   tlie   bricks  destroyed.     If,  liowever,  the  corners  are  uninjured 


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236 


STRUCTL  KAL    AND    IXDUttTKlAL    MATERIALS    UF    CAl.lKOKMA, 


and  tlie  surface  merely  si)otted  with  the  rain,  they  lind  a  ready  market 
in  some  localities  as  "washed"  or  ''rain-marked"  hrick,  wiiich  were 
so  iM)i)ular   at  times  that   they  were   prodneefl   artificially  liy  sjjrinkling 

the   green    1> ricks 
with  water  from  a 
^    hose. 

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p  hriek  is  desired, the 
>  molded  hrieks  ai'e 
r;  alio  w  e  d  to  par- 
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^  and  sharj)  corners. 
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'£  capable  of  drying 
^  in  a  reasonable 
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S  ing.  In  this  process 
£  the  cla}'  is  tem- 
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<  chine    the    clav    is 

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^  ta])le  in    a   contin- 

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^'    uous    bar    (see    111. 

£    !()()).  which  is  cut 

into  brick  size    by 

wires    operated 

either  l)y  hand  or  automatically.     The  wires  are  so  arranged  as  to  cut 

any  numl>ei'  of  bricks  from   two  to  twenty-four  or  more  at  once.     By 

using  different  dies  the  same  machines  can  be  so  set  as  to  eut  the  bricks 


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238 


STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


at  the  end,  the  side,  or  tlie  edge.  By  ehanging  the  die,  hollow  bricks 
may  be  made  on  the  stift-miid  machine.  Sometimes  two  or  more  bars 
of  clay  are  delivered  from  the  machine  at  the  same  time,  and  the 
capacity  thus  doubled.  In  one  type  of  the  machine  the  bricks  are 
delivered  on  a  board  after  cutting.  In  another,  the  bricks  are  delivered 
on  a  moving  belt,  which  carries  the  bricks  from  the  machine.  From 
the  belt  they  are  removed  by  hand  and  then  transferred  to  the  driers, 
either  in  the  open  air  or  in  drying  tunnels.  The  plunger  machine  differs 
from  the  auger  machine  in  forcing  the  clay  through  the  die  l)y  a  plunger 
or  piston,  and  hence  the  stream  or  bar  of  clay  is  not  continuous.     This 


ILL.  No.  109.      SIX-MOLD  BRICK  PRESS.     M.VDK  HY  THK  CHISHOLM.  BOYD  c^-  WHITE  CO. 

type  of  machine  is  passing  out  of  use  and  giving  way  to  the  auger 
machine.  Bricks  made  by  the  stiff-mud  process  are  liable  to  more  or 
less  injury  in  the  handling,  so  that  when  a  better  grade  of  brick  is 
desired  they  are  repressed,  as  in  the  other  processes. 

The  dry-press  method  can  be  used  for  quite  a  variety  of  clays,  from 
very  fat,  aluminous  clays  to  very  siliceous  ones,  if  they  are  not  too 
coarsely  sandy.  In  this  method  the  clay,  instead  of  being  mixed  into  a 
plastic  mass  with  water,  is  molded  dry,  or  with  only  suilicient  moisture 
to  permit  it  to  cohere  when  pressed  together.  The  clay  should  be  stored 
several  weeks  or  months  before  using.  When  ready  for  use  it  is  pulver- 
ized in  a  disintegrator,  and  screened  to  secure  uniformity.  It  is  tlien 
pressed  into  molds  and  put  in  the  kilns  and  burned  witliout  tlie  prelim- 


MANUFACTURE   OP   BUILDING  BRICK. 


239 


inar}'  drying  necessary  in  the  otlier  method.  It  must  be  water-smoked 
or  heated  at  a  low  temperature  for  several  days  before  burning  at  high 
temperature.  A  special  and  valuable  variety  of  the  dry-press  brick  is 
the  hydraulic  pressed  brick,  in  which  the  pressure  is  applied  by  a  pair 
of  hydraulic  rams,  which  first  give  a  pressure  of  240  pounds  to  the  square 
inch,  followed  directly  by  a  pressure  of  3700  pounds,  or  about  forty 
tons  to  the  brick.  The  enormous  pressure  greatly  increases  the  hard- 
ness and  density.  The  hydraulic  pressed  brick  is  a  patented  product,  and 
the  output  in  the  United  States  is  controlled  by  a  single  great  corpora- 
tion, with  plants  in  different  cities.     The  ordinary  dry -press  brick  is 


ILL.  No.  110.     FIELD  BRICK  KILN,  SHOWING  METHOD  OF  BURNING  WITH  OIL. 

made  in  many  localities.  The  advantages  claimed  for  the  dry-press  brick 
are  smooth  face,  sharp  edges,  and  freedom  from  defects.  They  generally 
command  a  nuich  better  price  than  the  common  brick. 

Drying. — The  bricks  molded  by  hand  and  by  the  soft-mud  process 
are  commonly  dried  in  the  sun  in  open  yards  or  in  the  pallet-driers, 
which  consist  of  covered  frames  for  holding  pallets  or  boards  on  which 
the  bricks  are  carried  from  the  machine.  Both  these  methods  are 
common  in  California. 

The  bricks  from  the  stiff-mud  machine  are  commonly  dried  in  the 
drying  tunnel  with  artificial  heat.  The  bricks  are  piled  on  iron  or 
steel  cars,  which  are  pushed  slowly  through  the  drying  tunnel  and 
emerge  at  the  opposite  end.     The  tunnels  are  heated   sometimes  by 


l'4() 


STRUCTURAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL    MATERL\LS    OF    CALIFORNL\. 


steam  and  sometimes  by  hot-air  flues.     The  cars  from  the  drying  tun- 
nels are  run  into  the  kilns,  where  the  liricks  are  staeked  for  ])nrning. 

Burning. — There  are  several  types  of  kilns  in  which  bricks  are  burned. 

Updraft  Kilns. — The  bricks  at  the  small  yards  are  almost  invariably 
burned  in  \ipdraft  kilns  of  the  stove  tyi)e,  connnonly  called  the  open 
kiln  or  field  kiln.  The  bricks  are  set  in  rectangular  masses,  from  36  to 
o4  bricks  high,  and  l)uilt  with  a  series  of  arches  running  through  the 
mass.  After  the  bricks  are  set,  they  are  surrounded  l)y  a  wall  of  old 
l)ricks,  which  is  daubed  with  mud  on  the  outside.     After  the  burning 


ILL.  .\o.  111.     INTKUIOK   oK  A   ((iXTINnHS   HKKK    KILN     (HOFIOLVX  TVl'K). 

tlie  walls  are  torn  down  and  the  bricks  removed  from  any  part  of  the 
kiln. 

The  permanent  updraft  kiln,  or  Dutch  kiln,  differs  from  the  above  in 
having  permanent  side  and  l)ack  walls;  it  is  far  more  preferable  and 
l)roduces  a  better  and  more  uniformly  burned  brick. 

Doiondraft  kilns. — In  the  downdraft  kilns  the  heat  enters  through 
openings  in  the  walls  near  the  top,  and  is  carried  down  through  the 
bricks  stacked  in  the  kiln  and  out  through  one  or  more  Hues  at  the 
bottom,  which  arc  connected  with  a  chimney  or  chimneys  on  the  ex- 
terior. A  much  more  uniform  heat  can  be  maintained  in  a  downdraft 
kiln  than  in  an  updraft  kiln.  There  arc  two  common  types  of  down- 
draft  kilns:  the  round  and  the  square.  In  California  the  former  type 
is  more  generally  in  use. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF   BRICK.  241 

Cnntiiiiiniis  /vV/z/n. — There  are  several  kinds  of  continuous  kilns,  of 
-which  the  most  common  is  the  Hoffman  kiln  (see  111.  Ill),  which  con- 
sists of  an  oval  ring,  surrounding  a  central  space,  the  chimney.  The 
oval  ring  is  divided  into  a  series  of  chambers,  with  either  permanent  or 
temporary  walls.  The  bricks  are  stacked  in  some  of  these  chambers 
and  the  heat  is  led  through  several  ahead  before  it  reaches  the  chimney; 
the  fuel  is  fed  through  small  apertures  at  the  top,  and  the  fire  pro- 
gresses from  one  part  of  the  kiln  to  the  other,  creeping  gradually  ahead 
as  the  fuel  is  fed  farther  and  farther  in  front.  The  fire  is  never 
allowed  to  go  out,  and  there  are  sufficient  chambers  so  that  tlie  brick 
may  lie  ])urning  in  one,  drying  in  another,  and  being  taken  out  of  a 
third  at  the  same  time.  There  are  a  large  number  of  these  kilns  in 
California. 

The  face-l)rick  and  all  the  other  high-grade  bricks  are  Inirned  in 
either  a  downdraft  kiln  or  in  a  muffie  kiln. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  BRICK. 

In  the  market  the  bricks  are  commonly  classified  as  follows: 
(1)  Common  In-icks  are  those  used  for  all  building  purposes,  except  fine 
fronts  or  facings.  They  are  graded,  mainly  on  the  basis  of  the  hardness 
of  V)urning,  into  salmon  l)rick,  which  are  the  underlmrned  ones  from 
the.  top  of  an  updraft  or  the  bottom  of  a  downdraft  kiln,  and  are  the 
lowest  grade  of  brick,  being  used  for  liacking  or  inside  work,  where  not 
exposed  to  the  weather.  Light  red,  medium  red,  dark  red,  hard  red, 
straight  hard,  and  rough  hard  are  the  other  grades. 

(2)  Stock  hricki<  are  those  more  carefully  made,  having  perfect 
shapes  and  edges,  and  selected.  They  command  a  price  two  or  three 
times  that  of  common  bricks. 

(8)  Pressed  hrirls,  or  face  hricks,  are  a  finer  grade  and  command 
higher  prices. 

(4)  Roman  hrich  is  the  name  of  a  special  size  now  used  extensively 
all  over  the  United  States  for  front  and  face  brick;  12  by  4  by  1\\ 
inches  is  a  standard  size  for  the  roman  brick.  They  are  most  com- 
monly buff,  gray,  or  spotted;  rarely  are  they  made  of  red  color. 

(o)  Ornamental  hrich  is  the  name  given  to  many  shapes,  colors,  and 
sizes  that  are  used  for  decorative  purposes. 

(6)  Enameled  or  glazed  hricks  are  used  largely  in  hallways,  bath- 
rooms, and  subways,  where  a  light-reflecting  or  sanitary  lining  is 
needed. 

(7)  Huff  and  spotted  hrirh:-i  are  used  in  large  quantities.  A  clay  that 
will  burn  to  a  light  color  is  used  for  the  buff  and  light-colored  bricks. 
The  colored  and  spotted  bricks  are  produced   by  the  use  of  pigment, 

16-BUL.  38. 


242  STRUCTURAL    AND    INDUSTRIAL    MATERL^LS    OF    CALIFORNLV. 

such  as  iron  ore  and  manganese  oxide.     These  bricks  are  made  by  at 
least  eight  firms  in  California  almost  entirely  by  the  dry-press  process. 

(8)   Fire  hricls.     See  chapter  on  high-grade  clays. 

(1>)    ]'ifrifi('(J  hrirks.     See  chapter  on  high-grade  clays. 

ALAMEDA  COUNTY. 

Remillard  Brick  Company;  E.  U.  Sinard,  Pleasanton,  vice-president 
and  superintendent;  J.  P.  (lelinas,  Second  and  Clay  streets,  Oakland, 
secretary.  The  plant  of  this  company  is  located  in  Livermore  Valley, 
on  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad,  1^  miles  northeast  of  Pleasanton;  it 
includes  two  16-compartment  Hoffman  kilns  of  20,000  daily  capacity 
each.  Coal  is  used  as  fuel.  Only  common  bricks  are  made.  They  are 
manufactured  from  a  superficial  deposit  of  sandy  loam,  25  feet  thick, 
which  is  near  the  kilns.  The  company  employs  100  men  during  the 
summer,  and  50  in  winter. 

BUTTE  COUNTY. 

T.  Bordenheim,  Doons.  In  Sec.  32,  T.  24  N.,  K.  4  E.  Burned  170,000 
bricks  in  1904. 

Ophir  Hardware  Company,  Oroville.     Burned  500,000  bricks  in  1904. 

William  Walker,  Biggs.     In  Sec.  30,  T.  18  N.,  R.  3  E.     Idle  since  1903. 

COLUSA  COUNTY. 

George  Smith,  Colusa.  The  yards  have  been  in  operation  since  1892, 
producing  1,800,000  bricks,  the  most  of  which  were  used  by  the  maker 
in  construction  work.  The  clay  employed  at  present  is  from  a  tract  of 
thirteen  lots  containing  a  sandy  soil  about  4  feet  in  deptli.  The  Quaker 
brick  machine  and  the  common  kilns  are  used. 

CONTRA  COSTA  COUNTY. 

Richmond  Brick  Company,  olfice  126  Davis  street,  San  Francisco. 
The  i)hint  is  located  one  mile  west  of  the  town  of  Riclimond.  The 
company  has  a  patent  kiln  of  its  own  design,  with  a  capacity  of  800,000 
bricks.  It  averages  about  30,000  bricks  a  day.  Shipments  are  made 
by  rail. 

FRESNO   COUNTY. 

C.  J.  Crayeroft  &  Son  Brick  Company.  One  plant  is  located  al)out  one 
mile  south  of  Fresno,  where  bricks  were  formerly  burned  in  a  16- 
compartment  Hoffman  kiln,  but  this  yard  was  not  worked  during 
1904.  A  second  plant  is  located  one  quarter  mile  south,  where  the 
In'icks  are  made  in  soft-mud  machines,  sun-dried,  and  burned  in  open 
kilns,  using  oil  as  fuel.  The  j)lant  is  operated  during  the  summer 
months.     lioth  connnon  and  pressed  In'icks  are  made. 


BRICK   CLAYS  — GLENN,    KINGS,   LOS   ANGELES.  243 

Fresno  Brick  and  Tile  Company,  Fred  Prescott,  manager,  corner  of  H 
and  Mono  streets,  Fresno.  This^  plant  is  located  about  3  miles  north 
of  the  city.  Both  common  and  pressed  bricks  are  manufactured  and 
burned  in  open  kilns,  using  oil  as  fuel. 

GLENN  COUNTY. 

Brick  clays  are  abundant  in  Glenn  County  in  T.  19  and  22,  N.,  R.  3  W. 
These  clays  are  chiefly  sandy  loam.  No  bricks  have  been  made  in  the 
county  in  the  past  nine  years.  Previous  to  that  time  the  local  demand 
required  the  operation  of  several  yards. 

HUMBOLDT  COUNTY. 

(See  Supplement.) 

KERN  COUNTY. 
(See  Supplement.) 

KINGS  COUNTY. 

W.  D.  Trewhitt  Brickyard,  S.  P.  Brownlee,  manager,  Hanford.  This 
plant  is  located  one  half  mile  west  of  Hanford,  on  the  Southern  Pacific 
Railroad.  The  bricks  are  made  in  a  stiff-mud  machine,  sun-dried,  and 
burned  in  open  kilns,  using  oil  as  fuel. 

LOS  ANGELES  COUNTY. 

The  clay  deposits  within  the  limits  of  Los  Angeles  consist  principally 
of  loam  (clay  in  which  there  is  a  considerable  proportion  of  sand) 
which  contains  numerous  inclusions  of  pebbles.  In  Chavez  Cafion,  in 
the  northern  part  of  the  city,  a  bank  of  shale  over  100  feet  high  is  used. 
These  shales  occur  in  narrow  beds  dipping  into  the  hill,  some  of  which 
are  highly  plastic,  separated  by  narrow  beds  of  sand,  and  make  a  very 
workable  material.  In  the  northeastern  part  of  the  city  the  clays  are 
underlaid  by  sand.  In  the  eastern  part,  on  Boyle  Heights,  the  clay 
forms  the  upper  stratum,  from  5  to  10  feet  thick,  containing,  however, 
numerous  inelosures  of  sandy  material.  It  is  underlaid  by  sand  and 
gravel.  In  the  southeastern  part,  a  bank  of  clay  from  25  to  50  feet  high, 
running  a  little  north  of  west,  and  inclosed  on  both  sides  by  arkose 
beds,  is  worked  by  the  Southern  California  Brick  Company.  Near 
Inglewood,  southwest  of  the  city,  the  clay  is  intermingled  with  lenses  of 
sand  and  some  fine  gravel,  and  is  underlaid  by  coarse  gravel.  West 
of  Los  Angeles,  near  Santa  Monica,  is  found  the  best  clay  in  this 
vicinity.     It  is  presumably  underlaid  by  gravel. 

Berg- &  Oxby,  615  Lankershim  Building,  Los  Angeles.  Clay  bank 
covering  6  acres,  at  College  and  New  Depot  streets,  Los  Angeles.  The 
bricks  are  made  in  a  stiff-mud,  wire-cutting  l)rick  machine,  dried  in 


244  STRUCTURAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OP    CALIFORNIA. 

steaiii-licntrd  driers,  imd  Imi'iicd  in  (tjx'ii  kilns,  usiiii;-  oil  as  fiud.  The 
yard  is  e(|uip}»(Ml  with  a  GO-horsepowci'  Ijoiler,  a  40-liorsepo\ver  engine, 
and  a  hlowci'.      JMiiploys  .''O  men. 

Hubbard  &  Chamberlain,  I!.  M.  Iluhhard,  West  Pico  street,  Los  Ange- 
les. Chiy  liaid<  cdveriiig  7  acres  on  Pico  Heights,  Los  Angeles.  The 
clay  is  ground  l>y  a  disintegrator.  The  hricks  are  made  in  a  Potts  soft- 
mud  brick  machine,  air-dried,  and  hurncil  in  open  kilns,  using  oil  as 
fuel.  The  yard  is  equipi)ed  with  a  50-horsepower  boiler  and  a30-horse- 
]Miwor  (Migin(\     ("a])acity,  40,000  l)ricks  ])er  day.      Em]>loys  ')0  men. 

Independent  Brick  Company,  "SI.  Flint,  })resident,  607^  South  Broad- 
way, Los  Angeles.  Clay  bank  at  Inglewood,  12  miles  southwest  of  Los 
Angeles,  on  the  Santa  Fe  Railway.  The  clay  is  from  10  to  ID  feet 
deej),  intermingled  with  bodies  of  sandy  and  sometimes  gravelly  mate- 
rial. The  clay  is  ground  in  a  Raymond  roller-crusher,  and  the  bricks 
are  made  in  a  Freese  stiff-mud,  wire-cutting  l)rick  machine,  having  a 
capacity  of  50,000  bricks  per  day.  They  are  dried  in  a  steam-heated 
tunnel  drier,  with  a  capacity  of  250,000  l)ricks,  and  are  l)urned  partly 
in  open  kilns  and  })artly  in  dowmdraft  kilns,  having  a  diameter  of  25 
feet,  with  ten  lieating  Hues,  using  oil  as  fuel,  and  two  sets,  of  two 
flues  each,  under  the  floor,  running  to  two  outside  stacks.  The  cai)acity 
of  each  kiln  is  al)out  60,000  bricks.     Employs  about  30  men. 

J.  Jenson,  Los  Angeles.  Clay  l)ank  covering  8  acres  on  Pico  street, 
Pico  Heights,  Los  Angeles.  The  clay  is  ground  in  a  disintegrator. 
The  bricks  are  made  in  a  Potts  soft-mud  brick  machine,  air-dried,  and 
burned  in  open  kilns,  using  oil  as  fuel.  The  yard  is  equipped  with  a 
15-horsepower  gasoline  engine.  Capacity,  40,000  bricks  per  daj'.  Em- 
ploj'S  20  men. 

K.  &  K.  Company — Keller  <.*c  Kubach,  409  Stimson  Rlock,  Los  Angeles. 
Clay  bank  covering  38  acres  on  Bishop  street,  Boyle  Heights,  Los 
Angeles.  Tlie  l)ricks  are  made  in  a  Raymond  l)rick  machine  and  Tate 
W'ire-cutter,  dried  in  a  steam-heated  drier,  and  burned  in  open  kilns, 
using  oil  as  fuel.  The  yard  is  equipped  with  a  250-horse})ower  boiler 
and  200-horsepower  engine.  Capacity,  75,000  l)ricks  per  day.  Em- 
})loys  .'M  men. 

Lordsburg  Brick  and  Construction  Company,  .L  D.   McCoy,  Lordsburg. 

Los  Angeles  Brick  Company,  W.  F.  Botst\)rd,  president,  301  Trust 
Building,  Los  Angeles.  This  company  lias  five  brickyards.  One  brick- 
yard is  on  Mission  avenue,  near  the  County  Hospital.  The  clay  bank 
is  from  25  to  30  feet  thick,  underlaid  by  5  or  6  feet  of  sand.  The  clay 
is  ground  in  a  i)n:j,inill,  and  then  passes  through  a  roller-crusher.     The 


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246  STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

bricks  are  made  in  a  Potts  soft-mud  brick  machine,  driven  liy  electric 
power;  air-dried,  and  ])urned  in  a  continnoiiH  kiln — an  ellipse,  175  feet 
lonsf  and  52  feet  wide;  the  outside  ring,  12  feet  wide,  and  the  chambers 
(distance  between  the  flues  near  the  bottom  to  the  smoke-room)  12  feet 
long;  the  firing  flues,  4  by  4  inches,  are  placed  in  rows  8^  feet  interdis- 
tant,  five  in  a  row.  The  fuel  used  is  fine  coal.  The  bricks  can  be 
burned  in  from  fifteen  to  seventeen  days.  Capacity,  25,000  to  30,000 
bricks  per  day. 

Three  brickyards  are  in  Chavez  Canon.  The  clay  used  is  the  shale 
forming  the  southwest  bank  of  the  canon,  as  above  described  (see  page 
243).  This  material  is  ground  in  a  dry-pan  grinder  of  special  construc- 
tion. The  ground  clay  falls  on  a  belt,  which  passes  under  the  center  of 
the  grinder  and  delivers  it  to  another  belt,  which  conveys  it  to  the 
brick  machines.  In  this  way  the  scrapers  ordinarily  used  under  the 
grinder  are  omitted,  reducing  the  amount  of  power  required  and  the 
cost  of  repairs  in  handling  this  rather  stiff  material.  In  one  yard  the 
])ricks  are  made  in  a  combined  stiff-mud  brick  machine,  having  a  12- 
foot  pug  and  a  22-brick  wire-cutter.  In  the  other  two  yards  the  bricks 
are  made  in  Potts  soft-mud  brick  machines.  The  bricks  are  dried  in 
steam-heated  driers,  and  burned  in  three  continuous  kilns  and  in  open 
kilns.  The  motive  power  is  furnished  by  steam.  The  coml)ined  capa- 
city of  the  three  yards  is  147,000  bricks  per  day.  Tliey  employ  about 
90  men. 

The  fifth  yard  is  on  Seventh  street,  near  Boyle  avenue.  The  clay  is 
obtained  from  the  upper  part  of  the  Boyle  Heights  terrace  formation. 
(See  general  description,  page  243.)  Tlie  bricks  are  made  in  a  Potts 
soft-mud  In'ick  machine,  air-dried,  and  burned  partly  in  a  150  by  50 
feet  continuous  kiln  and  partly  in  open  kilns,  using  oil  as  fuel. 

Los  Angeles  Pressed  Brick  Company,  C.  Frost,  105  South  Broadway, 
Los  Angeles.  The  works  at  the  brickyard  at  Santa  JNIonica  have  been 
recently  erected,  and  are  yet  in  course  of  completion.  The  territory 
covers  about  60  acres,  of  which  about  one  acre  has  been  excavated. 
The  clay  bank  is  from  10  to  85  feet  thick,  dipping  northwest,  and 
increasing  in  dc]ith  in  that  direction,  presumably  underlaid  by  gravel. 
The  clay  is  of  l)etter  quality  than  most  of  the  deposits  in  the  vicinity 
of  Los  Angeles;  it  makes  a  good,  hard  brick,  being  mixed  in  dry-pan 
crusliers  and  a  ll-foot  pugmill.  The  bricks  are  made  in  a  special  (liant, 
stiff-mud,  18-brick,  wire-cutting  brick  machine.  They  are  dried  in 
tunnel  driers,  heated  by  tlie  exhaust  heat  from  the  downdraft  kilns. 
The  blower  is  so  located  that  in  case  this  source  be  insullicient.  steam 
heat  can  l)e  provided.  The  I)rifks  are  ))ui'iic(l  in  eight  downdraft  kilns, 
of  30  feet  diameter,  with  I'ight  oi-  ten  liring  flues,  using  oil  as  fuel; 
also  in  open  kilns.     The  downdraft  kibis  will   burn   eonimon  bricks  in 


ILL.  Xo.  lU.     PLANT   OF   THE   LOS  ANGELES   PRESSED   BRICK   COMPANY   AT   SANTA 

MONICA,   LOS   ANGELES  COUNTY. 


ILL.  No.  11.").     WIRK-Cl'TTINti  AND  PRESSED  BRICK  .MACinNl<:,  LOS  ANGELES 

PRESSED  BRICK  COMPANY. 

(247) 


248 


STRUCTURAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL    MATKRL\LS    OF    CALIFORNIA. 


six  (lays,  liard  ln-id^s  in  seven  to  ei<i']it  days.  Tli(>  works  manufacture 
building  l)rick.  Iiard  hriek  ( viti'ilied),  repressed  l)rick,  })aving  bricks, 
and  ])aving  l)locks.  The  yard  is  c(|uipped  with  oO()-horsc]»o\vcr  boiler 
and  a  •2oU-liorscpo\ver  engine.     Its  (hiily  capacity  is  90,000  biieks. 

R.  Loynes,  Long  Beach.  Clay  bank  east  of  the  Anaheim  road,  north- 
east (if  the  city  limits,  covering  10  acres.  The  l)rieks  are  Imi'iieil  in 
open  kilns,  using  oil  as  fu(d. 

Pomona  Brick  Company,  McMullin  it  Gamble,  West  Ninth  street, 
Pomona. 


n>L.  No.  llfi.     SIMON'S  liKK'K   (  ( iM  I'A  .\  Y.   I.os  A  N( .  Kl.l'.S. 

Simons  Brick  Company,  K.  ^^imons,  123  West  Third  street.  Los  Angeles. 
This  company  jnannfactnres  common  building  brick  and  jiressed  brick, 
and  is  operating  three  brickyai'ds,  tlie  combined  eai)aeity  of  wliieh  is 
145,000  bricks  jiei'  day.      l''i-om  175  to  200  men  are  emplDyed. 

One  yard  is  located  at  28  South  Boyle  avenue,  Los  Angeles.  The 
clay  bank  forms  the  upper  portion  of  the  Boyle  Heights  terrace  forma- 
tion. (8ee  general  desciiption,  page  24)>.)  It  is  excavate(l  by  a  steam 
shovel.  The  bricks  are  made  in  stiff-mud  and  soft-mud  Iti-iek  machines, 
air-dried,  and  burned  in  ojjcn  kilns,  using  oil  as  fuel. 

Another  yard  is  on  South  Franklin  avenue.  Pasadena.  'I'he  clay 
bjiidc  covers  an  area  of  22  acri'S,  of  wliicb  12  ai'e  \\tii'l<e(l  out,  .and  is 
from   10  to    lo   feet    thick      18  feet  at   the   deepest    point      undei'laid    by 


BRICK  CLAYS— LOS  ANGELES,  MADERA,  MARIN.  249 

from  12  to  14  feet  of  sand  nnd  gravel;  then  come  from  20  to  30  feet  of 
good  elay,  Init  containing  a  great  amount  of  iron,  which  causes  con- 
siderable shrinkage  in  the  bricks  when  burned;  this  clay  stratum  is 
underlaid  by  coarse  gravel.  The  In-icks  are  made  in  a  Potts  soft-mud 
brick  machine,  air-dried,  and  burned  in  open  kilns,  using  oil  as  fuel. 
The  yaril  is  equipped  with  a.  36-horsepower  electrical  engine.  Capacity, 
36,000  bricks  per  day.     From  35  to  40  men  are  employed. 

The  third  yard  is  near  Inglewood,  where  the  l)ricks  are  burned  in  a 
continuous  kiln. 

The  company  is  opening  a  new  brick  yard  near  Santa  Monica. 

Southern  California  Brick  Company,  J.  H.  Marks,  304  Hellman  Build- 
ing, Los  Angeles.  The  clay  bank  covers  12  acres,  on  Stephenson  avenue, 
Boyle  Heights,  Los  Angeles.  The  bricks  are  made  in  a  soft-mud  brick 
machine,  air-dried,  and  burned  in  open  kilns,  using  oil  as  fuel,  and  in 
a  continuous  kiln. 

Standard  Brick  Company,  U.  G.  Simons,  101  and  102  Stimson  Block, 
Los  Angeles.  The  yard  is  on  Seventh  street,  Boyle  Heights,  Los 
Angeles.  The  company  manufactures  common  brick  and  repressed 
brick.  The  clay  is  ground  in  a  dry-pan  crusher.  The  bricks  are  made 
in  a  Potts  soft-mud  brick  machine,  air-dried,  and  burned  in  open  kilns, 
using  oil  as  fuel.  The  yard  is  equipped  with  a  30-horsepower  engine 
and  boiler.     Capacity,  36,000  l)ricks  per  day.     Employs  35  men. 

MADERA  COUNTY. 
J.  Dyer  Brick  Company  (formerly  the  Dyer  &  Cray  croft  Company), 
J.  Dyer,  Madera,  owner.  This  plant  is  located  half  a  mile  south  of  the 
depot  at  Madera.  The  bricks  are  made  in  molds  by  hand  and  burned 
in  open  kilns,  using  oil  as  fuel.  They  are  made  for  the  local  trade, 
only  a  small  number  being  shipped. 

MARIN  COUNTY. 

McNear  Brickyard,  The  McNear  Brick  Company,  Builders'  Exchange, 
San  Francisco,  owner.  This  plant  is  situated  on  the  bay  shore  at 
McNear's  Point,  3^  miles  southeast  of  San  Rafael.  Both  common  and 
pressed  brick  are  made;  the  former  are  used  locally  as  firebrick  for 
lining  oil-burning  fireboxes. 

The  clay  banks  are  composed  of  a  mixture  of  sandy  shale,  plastic 
clay,  and  streaks  of  sandstone,  and  furnish  an  unlimited  supply  of  brick- 
making  material.  The  plant  includes  two  dry-pans,  one  stiff-mud 
machine  (capacity  100  bricks  a  minute),  one  20-compartment  Hoffman 
kiln,  burning  coal  screenings,  and  two  5-compartment  downdraft 
kilns,  Ijurning  oil.  Power  is  furnished  by  a  100-horsepower  motor. 
The  output  of  the  plant  is  10,000,000  bricks  a  year. 


250  STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OP    CALIFORNIA. 

Patent  Brick  Company,  328  Montgomery  street,  San  Francisco.  The 
plant  is  located  -ii  miles  north  of  San  Rafael,  on  the  road  to  Petaluma. 
It  includes  two  soft-mud  brick  machines  (capacity  40,000  bricks  i)er 
day  each);  a  tunnel  drier  (capacity  100,000  bricks  per  day);  three 
16-compartment  Hoffman  kilns,  with  burning  capacity  of  25,000  Ijricks 
])cr  day  each.  At  the  present  time  (November,  1904),  the  company  is 
erecting  a  new  jdant  with  a  stiff-mud  machine  capable  of  making 
100,000  bricks  per  day.  Only  common  bricks  are  made.  The  material 
used  is  a  mixture  of  loam,  clay,  and  disintegrated  shales  and  sandstone, 
and  is  obtained  from  the  low  hills  in  rear  of  plant.  The  output  aver- 
ages about  50,000  bricks  per  day,  the  bulk  of  it  being  shipped  on 
schooners  loaded  at  the  side  of  the  kilns.  The  comi)any  has  operated 
for  thirty  years. 

Remillapd  Brick  Company,  corner  of  Second  and  Clay  streets,  Oakland. 
This  company  has  a  plant  at  (Treenbrae,  on  the  California  Northwest- 
ern Railway,  2  miles  south  of  San  Rafael,  on  the  San  Quentin  road. 
Only  common  bricks  are  manufactured  in  soft-mud  brick  machines. 
They  are  burned  in  a  16-compartment  Hoffman  kiln.  The  clay  is 
obtained  from  pits  in  rear  of  plant.  The  deposit  of  disintegrated  shale 
and  sandstone  is  practically  inexhaustible.  The  plant  was  idle  during 
1904,  merely  shipping  In'ick  from  reserve.  The  schooners  are  loaded 
directly  in  front  of  plant  on  the  Corte  Madera  canal. 

MERCED  COUNTY. 

Merced  Brickyards,  ^^^  H.  McElroy,  Merced,  owner.  This  plant  is 
located  about  one  quarter  of  a  mile  west  of  the  Southern  Pacitic  Com- 
pany's depot  at  Merced.  The  bricks  are  molded  in  a  soft-mud  brick 
machine,  sun-dried,  and  burned  in  open  kilns,  using  oil  fuel.  The 
plant  is  operated  intermittently  as  bricks  are  needed. 

MONTEREY  COUNTY. 

S.  Pierce,  Main  street,  Salinas,  owns  a  l)rickyard  at  the  southern  end 
of  Abbott  Creek,  near  the  cemetery.  The  l)ank  shows  10  feet  of  clay, 
of  which  the  lower  4  feet  is  a  rich  plastic  material.  Tlie  clay  is  mixed 
in  upright  i)Ugmills,  movcil  by  horse-power;  the  bricks  are  hand-made, 
air-dried,  and  Imrned  in  open  kilns,  and  are  of  good  ([uality. 

NEVADA  COUNTY. 

Brick  clays  are  abundant  in  Nevada  County.  Two  and  a  half  miles 
east  of  Grass  Valley,  on  Union  Hill,  tliei-e  is  a  l)rick  clay  from  whii'li 
William  Walker  of  P.iggs,  Butte  County,  made  S(une  2,000,000  l)ricks 
in  the  time  of  his  ()]terations  at  (Irass  N'alley.  l>ut  none  have  been 
made  in  the  past   four  vi'ars. 


BRICK   CIAYS  — ORANGE  COUNTY. 


251 


An  ap})ar(.'iitly  good  ({uality  of  cltiy  is  uncovered  by  the  Cement  Hill 
ditch,  in  Sec.  6,  T.  16  N.,  R.  9  E.,  near  the  Reddik  and  Odin  mines, 
long  ago  al)andoned.  It  is  yellowish  white,  plastic,  and  contains  fine 
grit.  The  locations  and  sections  here  named,  and  those  under  the 
heading  of  "Kaolin,"  are  worthy  of  the  attention  of  prospectors  for  clays. 


ORANGE  COUNTY. 

Near  Capistrano  brick  was  burned  in  former  years. 

On  the  ridge  west  of  the  Santa  Ana  River,  south  of  Wintersburg,  is 
found  a  deposit  of 
good  clay,  which  is 
used  for  the  manu- 
facture of  tiles,  etc.; 
this  ridge  is  about 
30  feet  above  the 
lowlands,  to  the  east 
thereof,  \vhich  are 
partly  peat  land, 
partly  a  clay  soil, 
but  principally  a 
sandy  loam  soil.  The 
clay  in  this  ridge 
has  been  opened  up 
in  Sec.  35,  T.  5  S., 
R.  11  W.,  S.  B.  M., 
on  both  sides  of  the 
branch  line  of  the 
Southern  Pacific 
Railroad  from  New- 
port to  Smeltzer. 
The  clay  is  very 
compact,  of  a  dark 
gray  color,  in  places 
tinted  slightly  red 
l)y  iron  oxide.  While 
good  for  tiles,  it  re- 
quires an  admixture 
of  more  sandy  material  to  make  l^rick.  Two  plants  are  working  on 
this  material. 

La  Bolsa  Tile  Company,  II.  S.  Hazeltine,  president;  E.  R.  Bradbury, 
general  manager,  Santa  Ana.  The  plant  is  in  Sec.  35,  T.  5  S.,  R.  11  W., 
west  of  the  above-mentioned  l)rancli  line  of  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad 
to  Smeltzer.     This  coni])aiiy  iiiauufactures  tiles  from  3  to  16  inches  in 


^£ach  s^ack  proy/ded   tvifh  a 
damper  to  regulate   fhe  heat 


€/?0(//VO  PLAN    S/VOW/NG  rii/£S 

DO\A^/VD/?AFr  KILN 
ORANGE  COUNTY  TILE  ^VORffS 
^l^£l  TZ£R,  Of^mO£  CO. 
ILL.  No.  117. 


252  STRUCTlKAl,    AM)    IXDISTKIAL    .MATERIALS    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

(liaiiictcr,  liollow  biiildinti'  l)I(>cks,  and  Itricks.     The  capacity  of  its  })]ant 
is  al»out  2"), ()()()  linear  fci't  of  tiles  \)vr  niDntli.      Kini)loys  S  men. 

The  jtlant  is  (M[uiiii)<'(l  with  a  (lO-horscpowi'i'  cniiinc  and  a  TOdinvse- 
power  l)oiler.  The  ehiy  is  ground  in  a  di'3--i)an  crusher;  it  is  then  eon- 
veved  by  a  vertical  (devator  into  a  liopper,  which  discharues  it  into  a 
sluni  ]iua;nnlh  froui  winch  it  jiasscs  into  a  lower  pnuinill  ])rovided  with 
an  auu'er  wldeli  forces  the  (day  1  hroui^h  tlic  die  upt)n  the  wire-cuttin<!; 
table.  The  tiles  uj)  to  S  inches  in  diameter  are  cut  to  the  length  of  l;> 
inches;  those  of  larger  diainetei'  to  tliat  of  '27]  inches.  The  drying 
sheds  are  heated  l)y  hot  air  forced  l)y  a  l)lower  through  Hues  under  the 
floor.  This  hot  air  is  obtained  eitliei'  from  tlie  exhaust  of  the  kilns  or 
by  forcing  air  through  a  coil  stove  heate(|  by  the  exlnmst  steam  from 
the  boiler.  These  works  are  located  a  short  distance  from  tlie  ocean, 
where  drying  without  heat  would  re(|nire  too  long  a  time  and  s})oi!  the 
paste,  while  sun-drying  would  in  sunnnei'  l)e  too  sudden  and  crack  the 
tile.  Till'  smaller-sized  tiles  are  dried  in  twenty-four  hours  or  more: 
the  larger  tiles  require  sixty  hours.  The  ])lant  is  ef|ui})})ed  witli  two 
downdraft  kilns  of  24  feet  diameter,  with  six  tires,  using  oil  as  fuel, 
luiving  one  main  Hut'  and  one  stack. 

Orange  County  Tile  Works,  J.  B.  Rain  and  A.  Bailey,  Post  Route 
No.  5,  Santa  Ana.  in  Sec.  35,  T.  5  S.,  W.  11  W.,  8.  B.  M.,  to  the  east  of 
the  branch  road  of  the  Southern  Pacific^  Railroad  from  Xewi)ort  to 
Smeltzer.  The  clay  has  l)een  described  above.  These  works  make  tiles, 
hollow  building  Idocks,  and  bricks  from  this  elay,  and  firebricks  from 
the  clay  ol)tained  from  tlie  Tralnico  hills,  in  Orange  County.  Tlie  clay- 
working  machinery  is  very  small  and  okl,  but  the  installation  of  larger 
and  better  machinery  is  under  way.  Theri'  are  two  downdraft  kilns, 
one  of  which,  of  a  new  design,  is  under  construction.  (See  111.  No.  117, 
page  251.) 

Santa  Ana  Brickyard,  on  Hickey  street;  V.  (irouard,  6P2  Olive  street, 
Santa  Ana,  owner.  The  clay  deposit  covers  about  11  acres,  of  which 
3  to  4  acres  are  worked  out.  The  clay  is  from  8  to  10  feet  deep,  and  is 
underlaid  l)y  gravel.  It  is  used  as  excavated.  The  bricks  are  made  in 
a  Quaker  l)rick  machine  moved  l)y  horsepower,  sun-dried,  and  burned 
in  open  kilns,  using  oil  as  fuel.  The  yard  is  working  about  six  months 
of  the  year. 

RIVERSIDE  COUNTY. 

Hancock  Brickyard,  ('.  P.  Hancock.  North  Market  street,  Iviversidc. 
owner.  The  clay  deposit  covers  an  area  of  (1  acres;  thickness,  about 
5  feet.  The  ehi}'  may  be  (dassed  as  loam.  The  l)ricks  are  made  in  a 
Potts  soft-nnid  liricl<  machine,  air-dried,  and  burned  in  oi)en  kilns,  using 
oil  as  fuel,  'idle  yard  is  eiiuipped  with  an  .SO-horsei)ower  boiler  and  a 
35-h()rsei>ower  engine.  Capacity,  36,500  l)rieks  per  day.  Employs  ."H) 
men. 


BRICK   CliAYS  — SACRAMENTO.   SAN    BERNARDINO.  253 

Lewis  Bpiekyapd,  E.  X.  Lewis,  Corona,  owner.  The  elay  deposit  lies 
in  tlie  northwestern  part  of  Corona,  and  covers  an  area  of  5  acres; 
tliiekncss,  about  8  feet.  The  niati'rial  is  a  ricli  clay,  wliicli  is  mixed  in 
a  Qnaker  pugniill.  The  liricks  ai-e  hand-made,  air-dried,  and  Inirned 
in  open  kilns,  using  wood  as  fuel.  Capacity,  about  15,000  l)ricks  per 
day. 

SACRAMENTO  COUNTY. 

Sacramento  Transpoptation  Company,  h^acramento  County;  princi])al 
place  of  business,  »^acramento;  James  O'Neil,  superintendent  of  the 
brickmaking  department.  This  company  is  the  sole  maker  of  build- 
ing bricks  in  the  county  and  has  been  making  bricks  for  twenty-two 
years,  other  makers  having  abandoned  the  production  a  few  years 
ago.  The  present  operations  of  this  company  are  confined  to  one  yard 
6  miles  south  of  Sacramento,  on  the  east  side  of  the  Sacramento  River. 
In  ordinary  years  the  production  of  bricks  by  this  company  averages 
16,000,000  per  amium.  In  1904  the  output  was  reduced  to  5,000,000, 
owing  to  the  Hooding  of  the  yards  by  the  heavy  rains  and  overtlo^v  of 
the  river  in  the  early  part  of  the  year.  The  yard,  including  material 
and  i)lant,  has  an  area  of  182  acres;  material  from  10  acres  has  been 
consumed  in  the  manufacture  of  bricks.  It  is  composed  of  three 
strata:  a  dark  soil  overlying  a  strong  giant  clay,  beneath  which  is  a 
deep  bed  of  sharp  river  sand.  The  plant  consists  of  a  steam  shovel  for 
cutting  out  the  material;  a  railway  train  and  locomotive  for  conveying 
the  material  one  fourth  of  a  mile  to  the  operating  yards  at  the  edge  of  the 
river;  pugmills;  five  soft-mud  ^lonarch  brickmaking  machines;  and 
two  continuous  downdraft  kilns.  The  material  is  cut  out  in  the  winter 
and  used  in  the  following  spring.  The  capacity  of  the  plant  is  equal 
to  18.000,000  bricks  per  annum.  In  the  making  season  the  machines 
turn  out  70,000  bricks  per  day,  each  kiln  discharging  and  receiving 
35,000  each  day.  The  finished  bricks  are  wheeled  from  the  kilns  to 
the  company's  barges  on  the  river,  ready  for  direct  transportation  to 
the  principal  market  at  San  Francisco.  Sacramento  and  other  valley 
towns  also  offer  a  market  for  bricks  made  1)y  this  company.  An  average 
of  lOO  men  are  employed. 

SAN  BERNARDINO  COUNTY. 
Taylor  Brothers  Brick  Company,  J.  Taylor,  president,  Room  12, 
National  Bank  Kuilding,  Redhmds.  Owns  two  clay  deposits.  One  is 
in  Redlands,  on  West  Olive  avenue,  about  one  mile  Avest  of  the 
center  of  the  town,  and  covers  al)out  5  acres,  of  which  about  one  acre 
is  worked  out.  Tiie  clay  has  a  depth  of  from  3  to  5  feet  and  is  under- 
laid by  sand.  Tlie  material  is  a  sandy  loam.  The  bricks  are  made  in 
a  Potts  soft-mud  brick   machine,  air-dried,  and  l)urned  in  open  kilns, 


254  STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL    MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

using  oil  as  fiu'l.  The  yard  is  eqiui)])i'(l  with  an  80-horsepower  boiler 
and  a  35-horsepower  engine.  The  capacity  of  the  yard  is  42,000  bricks 
per  day,  employing  23  men. 

The  other  deposit  is  in  San  Bernardino,  (in  (J  street,  south  of  the 
Highlands  branch  of  the  Santa  Fe  Railway,  and  covers  al)Out  30  acres. 
The  material  is  a  sandy  loam.  The  method  of  manufacturing  the  brick, 
the  equipment,  and  the  capacity  of  the  yard  are  similar  to  those  of  the 
Redlands  brickyard. 


SAN  DIEGO  COUNTY. 
Hapbour  &  Peterson  operate  a  brickyard  at  Imperial. 

Hubbard  Brickyard,  B.  M.  Hubbard,  1048  Fourth  street,  San  Diego, 
manufactures  common  red  brick.  The  plant  is  equipped  with  a  gaso- 
line engine;  crude  oil  is  used  as  fuel  for  burning  the  bricks.  Capacity, 
20,000  bricks  per  day. 

Rose  Canon  Brick  Company,  J.  S.  Ackerman,  1311  E  street,  San  Diego. 


SAN  FRANCISCO  COUNTY. 

Bay  City  Briek  Company  owns  a  yard  on  the  Corbett  road,  opposite 
the  end  of  Tw^enty-fourth  street.  The  clay  is  obtained  at  side  of  its 
12-compartment  kiln.  Oil  was  used  as  fuel.  The  bricks  were  seasoned 
in  a  5-compartment  drier.     The  plant  is  idle. 

San  Francisco  Brick  Company,  Wells-Fargo  Building,  San  Francisco. 
This  large  plant  is  on  State  street,  near  Douglass.  The  bricks  are  made 
in  a  stiff-mud  machine,  seasoned  in  steam-heated  driers,  and  burned  in 
a  28-compartment  Hoffman  kiln. 

Simons-Fout  Briek  Company,  ])ox  153  Builders'  Exchange,  San  Fran- 
cisco. This  i)lant  is  on  the  Corbett  road,  opposite  the  end  of  Twentieth 
street.  The  bricks  are  made  in  a  stiff-mud  machine,  which  averages 
30,000  per  day.  They  are  dried  by  live  steam  and  burned  in  a  20-com- 
partment  Hoffman  kiln,  using  coal  as  fuel.  Only  comnion  l>ricks  are 
made. 

SAN  JOAQUIN  COUNTY. 

Roberts  Island  Brick  Company,  A.  Kunz,  manager,  Stockton.  The 
plant  is  l)eing  erected  about  (>  miles  southwest  of  Stockton,  on 
Roberts  Island,  one  fourth  of  a  mile  inhiiid  from  the  Stockton  iirick 
Company's  kiln.  The  clay  will  l»e  haiidl.Ml  by  a  steam  shovel.  The 
bricks  will  be  made  in  a  soft-mud  machine,  sun-dried,  and  liurned  in 
a  16-compartment  Hoffman  kiln. 


BRICK   CLAYS  — SAN  JOAQUIN,   SAN   LUIS  OBISPO.  255 

San  Joaquin  Brick  Company,  I.  F.  Stein,  secretary,  corner  of  Chan- 
nel street  and  Weber  Point,  Stoclvton.  The  plant  is  located  about  5^ 
miles  west  of  south  of  Stockton,  on  the  San  Joaquin  River,  on  the 
east  side  of  Roberts  Island.  The  clay,  is  dug  by  means  of  a  steam 
shovel,  and  the  bricks  are  made  in  a  soft-mud  machine  with  a 
capacity  of  40,000  per  day.  They  are  sun-dried  and  burned  in  a  16- 
compartnuMit  Hoffman  kiln.  The  plant  is  operated  five  months  during 
the  year,  and  the  bricks  are  shipped  on  barges,  which  are  loaded  at  side 
of  kiln. 

Stockton  Brick  Company,  E.  Lanzoni,  Stockton.  The  plant  is  located 
about  6  miles  west  of  south  of  Stockton,  on  the  San  Joaquin  River,  on 
the  east  side  of  Roberts  Island.  The  clay  is  a  sort  of  sandy  loam,  a 
bottom  land  deposit,  and  is  kept  dry  enough  to  work  by  taking  it  from 
the  pits  in  a  series  of  benches,  and  draining  the  water  from  the  lowest 
bench.  A  cable  tramway  takes  the  clay  from  the  pits  to  the  plant, 
which  includes  one  stiff-mud  machine  (a  continuous  cutter),  with  a 
capacity  of  40,000  bricks  per  day;  two  driers,  with  a  capacity  of  90,000 
bricks  per  day  each,  using  both  live  and  exhaust  steam;  and  one  16- 
compartment  Hoffman  kiln.  The  plant  is  operated  the  year  round,  and 
employs  26  men.  The  bricks  are  shipped  on  barges,  which  load  at 
side  of  plant. 

SAN  LUIS  OBISPO  COUNTY. 

Ah  Louis,  San  Luis  Obispo,  northwest  of  the  city,  on  the  road  to 
Bishop's  Peak  quarry.  The  clay  is  of  good  quality.  The  bricks  are 
hand-made,  air-dried,  and  burned  in  open  kilns,  with  wood  as  fuel. 

P.  Olohan,  Arroyo  Grande.  Clay  bank  6  to  7  feet  thick,  one  mile 
east  of  the  town,  underlaid  by  gravel.  The  bricks  were  hand-made, 
air-dried,  and  burned  in  open  kilns,  with  wood  as  fuel.  Idle  for  the 
last  four  years. 

P.  S.  Pickering,  Paso  Robles.  A  clay  bank  in  Wells  Addition,  north- 
ern part  of  Paso  Robles,  in  the  Salinas  River  bottom;  about  6  feet  of 
fairly  good  clay,  underlaid  by  sand  and  gravel.  The  bricks  were  hand- 
made, air-dried,  and  burned  in  open  kilns,  with  wood  as  fuel.  Idle 
since  1900. 

SAN  MATEO  COUNTY. 

Baden  Brick  Company,  Mr.  Weaver,  superintendent ;  ofhces,  106  Jessie 
street  and  927  Market  street,  San  Francisco.  The  plant  is  located  about 
1^  miles  east  of  South  San  Francisco,  on  the  bay  shore,  in  a  little  inlet 
known  as  "Snug  Harl>or."  The  l)ricks  are  made  from  a  light  yellow 
clay  whicli  has  consideral)le  grit.  It  is  elevated  Ijv  a  tramway  from 
the  clay  pit  to  the  bins.  The  bricks  are  made  in  a  stiff-nnid  machine 
(continuous  cutter),  with  a  capacity  of  75,000  bricks  per  day.     W^aste 


256  STRUCTURAL    AND    INDUSTRIAL    ALXTKKIALS    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

and  live  steam  ar<'  usc(l  in  tlic  driers,  wliidi  average  al)out  25,000  In-icks 
per  day.  lioth  connnon  and  repressed  l)rieks  are  made,  and  oeeasion- 
ally  some  liollow  1)riek.  At  present  one  ir)-e(impartnient  Hoffman  kiln 
is  used,  and  another  is  being  erected.  Tlie  bricks  are  shi})i)ed  on 
schooners,  which  load  almost  at  side  of  kiln. 

SANTA  BARBARA  COUNTY. 

The  valley  of  the  lower  })art  of  the  Santa  Ynez  River,  in  the  neigli- 
borhood  of  Lompoc,  is  covered  with  a  bed  of  clay  about  12  feet  tlnck, 
underlaid  by  (|uieksand.  This  clay  is  used,  where  needed,  for  l)urning 
brick,  produeing  a  very  fair  quality,  it  is  claimed  tliat  ]»otter's  clay 
has  been  found  here. 

T.  Connor,  Santa  Maria,  is  making  i>rt'parations  to  again  start  up 
the  brick  kilns  at  Santa  Maria. 

Grant  Brothers,  Santa  Barbara,  operate  a  brickyard  on  land  belong- 
ing to  J.  C.  Mahon,  at  the  west  end  of  Montecito  street.  The  (day  is 
excavated  to  a  depth  of  5  feet,  over  an  area  of  about  one  acre.  It  is  of 
fairly  good  quality.  The  bricks  are  hand-made,  air-dried,  and  burned 
in  open  kilns,  using  oil  as  fuel. 

Martin  Kelseh,  Santa  Barbara,  has  a  briekyard  at  Haley  and  Miljjitas 
streets,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  town.  The  clay  bank  varies  from 
4  to  10  feet  in  thickness,  in  places  containing  considerable  gravel,  under- 
laid by  sand.  The  bricks  are  made  in  a  horse-power  Damon  macliine, 
air-dried,  and  burned  in  open  kilns,  using  oil  as  fuel. 

SANTA  CLARA  COUNTY. 

(See  Supplement.) 

SHASTA   COUNTY. 

The  Sacramento  River  Valley  bottom  l)elo\v  the  mountains  contains 
extensive  clay  banks,  and  on  the  higher  tablelands  debris  accumulation 
has  in  places  formed  clay  deposits. 

In  the  southern  ])art  of  the  county,  in  the  Sacramento  \'alley,  a  niunber 
of  deposits  of  siliceous  white  clay  are  found;  apparently  a  pottery  clay, 
but  nnxed  with  too  much  silica  to  allow  its  use  in  the  manufacturi'  of 
pottery.  (See  IXth  Annual  Report  of  California  State  Mining  Bureau, 
pp.  287  et  seq.) 

Alta  Lime  and  Brick  Company,  Redding,  owns  the  elay  bank  in  Uloek 
29,  Redding  (Jrant,  about  U  miles  south  of  Redding,  in  the  Sacramento 
River  bottom,  formerly  known  as  the  (\>lcmaii  i^'  Hill  Brickyard.  The 
clay  is  tawny-colored,  and  from  a  to  6  feet  thick.  The  ui)per  4  feet  is  a 
plastic  clay,  which  grades  into  and  rests  \\\h)\)  a  \)cd  of  sand,  underlaid 
in  tin-n  by  gravel.  In  former  years  a  great  many  l)ricks  of  fairly  good 
quality  were  l>urned  in  this  yard. 


BRICK    CLAYS  — SHASTA,    SISKIYOU.  257 

In  Sec.  24.  T.  34  N.,  R.  5  W.,  the  same  company  has  superficially 
opened  a  clay  l>ank  just  al)ove  its  limekiln,  but  has  not  performed 
enough  work  to  prove  its  extent.  This  clay  is  of  a  bright  red  color, 
and  most  probably  is  a  remnant  of  an  old  deposit  in  the  Sacramento 
River  Canon. 

Holt  &  Gregg",  Redding,  own  a  brickyard  about  a  mile  south  of  Red- 
ding, on  both  sides  of  the  railroad,  containing  similar  clay  to  that  in 
the  old  Coleman  i.^'  Hill  pit.  Several  years  ago  they  abandoned  this 
vard,  and  concentrated  all  their  brick  kilns  near  Anderson. 

The  same  company  owns  an  extensive  clay  bank  2  miles  north  of 
Anderson,  very  near  the  railroad,  also  in  the  Sacramento  River  bottom, 
on  which  two  pits  are  worked  in  proximity  to  each  other.  The 
clay  bed  in  the  northern  pit  is  from  12  to  15  feet  thick,  and  of  slightly 
different  quality  from  that  of  the  southern  pit,  where  the  bank  is  8  feet 
high  and  contains  a  little  more  sand.  The  clay  is  brought  in  carts 
from  the  pit  to  the  dump,  and  thence  conveyed  on  a  belt  to  the  crusher, 
which  feeds  the  Potts  soft-mud  brick  machine.  The  bricks  are  sun- 
dried  in  about  four  days,  and  burned  in  open  kilns.  The  plant  employs 
about  40  men,  and  has  a  capacity  of  36,400  bricks  per  twenty-four  hours. 

In  Sec.  19,  T.  32  N.,  R.  4  W.,  owned  by  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad 
Company,  is  a  bed  of  clay  outcropping  on  both  sides  of  a  low  hill 
topped  with  gravel.  This  clay  bed  probably  underlies  the  entire  knoll, 
covering  a  surface  of  about  40  acres. 

In  the  Reading  Homestead,  owned  by  R.  L.  Reading,  directly  east  of 
Cottonwood,  on  the  Sacramento  River,  is  an  extensive  clay  deposit, 
about  one  mile  long  and  one-quarter  mile  wide.  The  clay  is  about  30 
feet  thick,  and  is  capped  l.)y  from  5  to  15  feet  of  gravel.  It  has  not 
been  developed. 

SISKIYOU  COUNTY. 

T.  T.  Gapvey,  Yreka.  In  Sec.  27,  T.  45  N.,  R.  7  W.,  M.  D.  M.,  are 
large  banks  of  clay  of  a  reddish  color,  containing  some  minute  quartz 
pebbles.     A  good  quality  of  brick,  used  in  Yreka,  is  manufactured. 

T.  Hamilton,  Fort  Jones.  In  Sec.  2,  T.  43  N.,  R.  9  W.,  M.  D.  M. 
Formerly  brick  was  burned  here  from  the  surface  clay. 

T.  A.  Reynolds,  Fort  Jones.     In  Sec.  11,   T.  43  N.,  R.  9  W.,  M.  D.  M. 

An  old  liriek  kiln,  wliich  used  surface  clay. 

Peter  Smith,  Etna.     In  Sec.  21,  T.  42  N.,  R.  9  W.,  M.  D.  M.,  is  a  bank 
of  clay  of  good  quality,  apparently  4  feet  thick,  from  which  bricks  were 
burned  and  used  in  buildings  at  Etna. 
17— BUL.  38 


258  STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

J.  Walker,  Greenview.  In  Sec.  32,  T.  43  N.,  R.  9  W.,  M.  D.  M.,  is  a 
deposit  of  grayish-colored  clay  of  good  quality,  from  which  formerly  a 
good  grade  of  brick  was  burned. 

SOLANO  COUNTY. 

Clav  shales  occur  in  Solano  County  along  the  San  Pablo  Bay  shore 
at  Vallejo  and  Benicia,  and  between  those  points.  This  material  was 
seyeral  years  ago  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  bricks;  it  was  also 
used,  in  connection  with  other  purer  clays,  in  the  manufacture  of  terra 
cotta  ware  and  pottery.  No  bricks  or  other  clay  goods  have  been 
made  at  Vallejo  or  Benicia  for  several  years,  owing  to  the  competition 
of  large  operators  in  other  counties. 

SONOMA  COUNTY. 

Callfopnia  Pottepy  and  Brick  Company;  T.  T.  Mangle,  manager,  Glen 
Ellen.  The  plant  is  located  in  the  northern  portion  of  Glen  Ellen,  on 
Sonoma  Creek.  A  soft,  white,  plastic  clay  occurs  in  a  bed  about  8  feet 
thick  and  overlies  a  bed  of  sandy  clay,  with  which  it  is  mixed  by  load- 
ing onto  a  belt  conveyor  in  proper  proportions.  A  200-foot  belt  con- 
veyor takes  the  clay  from  the  pit  direct  to  the  bins.  The  bricks  are 
made  in  a  four-cut,  stiff-mud  machine  and  seasoned  in  a  drier,  with  a 
capacity  of  20,000  bricks  per  day.  They  are  bvirned  in  field  kilns,  using 
oil  as  fuel.  At  present  only  common  bricks  are  manufactured  for 
the  trade. 

Healdsbupg  Bpiek  Company;  W.  Burgett,  Healdsburg,  owner.  This 
plant  is  situated  in  the  northern  portion  of  Healdsburg.  The  bricks 
are  made  in  hand  molds  and  burned  in  a  Stewart  kiln,  with  wood  as 
fuel.  The  kiln  capacity  is  30,000  bricks.  The  output  of  the  plant  is 
about  175,000  bricks  a  year.  The  clay  is  obtained  from  an  8  to  9  foot 
bank  of  sandy  loam  and  clay  mixture. 

Hilton  Bpiekyapd;  T.  P.  Brown,  Hilton,  owner.  This  yard  is  located 
at  Hilton  station,  19  miles  northwest  from  Santa  Rosa.  Mr.  Brown 
manufactures  both  common  and  pressed  brick,  and  burns  them  in  a 
kiln  of  liis  own  design. 

Sonoma  Bpiek  Company.— This  company's  plant  is  located  on  the  east 
bank  of  the  Sonoma  Creek,  at  Glen  Ellen.  The  bricks  are  molded  in  a 
Martin  soft-mud  machine,  and  burned  in  field  kilns,  using  wood  as  fuel. 

TEHAMA  COUNTY. 

There  are  undoubtedly  several  clay  deposits  in  the  Sacramento  River 
bottom  lands  of  Tehama  County,  l)ut  very  few  have  been  used  for  the 
manufacture  of  brick. 


BRICK   CLAYS  — TULARE,  VENTURA,   YOLO,  YUBA.  259 

O'Connor  Bpotheps,  Red  Bluff,  own  a  clay  deposit  in  the  Reed  tract  in 
See.  29,  T.  27  N.,  R.  3  W.  The  deposit  covers  an  area  of  over  19  acres. 
About  a  couple  of  acres  have  been  worked  by  pits,  showing  a  good 
quality  of  brick  clay  for  a  depth  of  from  8  to  11  feet,  underlaid  by 
gravel.  The  bricks  are  made  in  a  soft-mud  machine  worked  bv  horse- 
power.  They  are  sun-dried,  and  burned  in  open  kilns.  When  running 
full  capacity  the  brickyard  can  produce  about  16,000  bricks  per  day, 
employing  14  men.     The  bricks  are  mostly  used  locally. 

TULARE  COUNTY. 

Pioneep  Brick  Company;  B.  Heberling,  secretary,  Heberling  Planing 
Mill,  Visalia.  The  plant  is  located  on  Center  street,  Visalia,  near  the 
eastern  city  limits.  The  bricks  are  made  in  a  soft-mud  machine,  sea- 
soned in  racks,  and  burned  in  field  kilns,  using  oil  as  fuel.  Most  of 
the  output  consists  of  the  common  red  brick,  but  a  few  pressed  bricks 
are  made  each  year. 

VENTURA  COUNTY. 

Bpunson  &  Carter,  Santa  Paula.  Hand-made  bricks,  burned  in  open 
kilns. 

F.  Joehueh,  Montalvo.     Hand-made  bricks,  burned  in  open  kilns. 

People's  Lumbep  Company;  D.  T.  Perkins,  president,  Ventura.  Hand- 
made bricks,  burned  in  open  kilns,  using  oil  as  fuel. 

Ventupa  Mill  and  Lumbep  Company;  H.  A.  Giddings,  president,  Ven- 
tura. Bricks  are  made  in  a  Damon  soft-mud  brick  machine  moved  by 
horse-power,  and  are  burned  in  open  kilns,  using  oil  as  fuel. 

YOLO  COUNTY. 

Bricks  have  been  made  in  Yolo  County,  chiefly  at  Woodland  and 
Winters  (as  recorded  in  Xth  Report  of  California  State  Mining  Bureau, 
1890,  p.  791),  of  good  quality  of  clay  and  clayey  loam,  principally  by 
hand  methods  and  open  kilns;  but  the  demand  was  limited. 

YUBA  COUNTY. 

Bricks  are  made  in  Yuba  County  only  at  Marysville.  The  supply  of 
brick  clays  is  not  limited  nor  confined  to  the  Marysville  district,  but 
the  small  demand  does  not  justify  their  exploitation.  Until  a  few  years 
ago  the  manufacture  of  bricks  had  been  a  thriving  industry  at  Marys- 
ville for  nearly  fifty  years,  being  conducted  by  J.  B.  McDonald,  a 
pioneer  brickmaker.  Since  the  introduction  of  wooden  houses  and 
concrete  sidewalk  paving,  the  industry  has  declined  from  an  output  of 
from  1,000,000  to  2,000,000  per  year  \o  a  demand  for  about  400,000 
bricks  annuallv. 


PART  IV. 

MISCELLANEOUS  INDUSTRIAL  PRODUCTS. 


Antimony.  Macadam,  Rihhle,  i:t<  . 

A.sBESTOS.  Magnesitk. 

Bakytes.  Manganese. 

Bai'xite.  Mica. 

Calcareot's  Tufa.  Minerai,  Paint. 

Chromite.  Onyx. 

Concrete  Rock  (see  ^racaduiu).  Paving  15i,ni  ks. 

Fuller's  Earth.  Platinum. 

Glass-Making  Materials.  Pyrites. 

Graphite.  Rubble  (see  Macadam). 

Gypsum.  Quartz-Crystals. 
Infusorial  or  Diatomaceois  Earth.  Soapstone — Talc. 

Iron  Ore.  Sulphur. 

Jasper.  Tungsten. 

LiTHiA.  Zinc 


ANTIMONY. 


Inyo,  Kern,  and  Ivivorside  comities,  see  Supplement. 

SAN  BENITO  COUNTY. 

The  antimony  deposits  are  situated  on  the  main  ridge  of  the  Mount 
Dial)Io  range,  in  the  extreme  northeastern  corner  of  tlie  county,  slightly 
extending  into  Merced  County.  The  mineral-bearing  zone  is  about  8 
miles  long  north  and  south,  and  from  2  to  3  miles  wide,  containing  princi- 
pally antimony  and  quicksilver.  Tlie  developed  deposits  of  antimony 
cover,  however,  an  area  not  over  3  miles  long  and  1  mile  wide. 

Tlie  dei)Osits  are  in  altered  slate,  and  they  have  a  quartzose  gangue. 
(Jn  the  west  slope  stibnite  (sulphide  of  antimony)  prevails,  while  on 
the  east  slope  cinnabar  is  the  predominant  mineral,  with  stibnite  as  an 
accessory. 

In  former  years  these  antimony  mines  were  worked,  and  a  furnace 
was  erected  in  Sec.  8,  T.  12  8.,  R.  7  E.,  M.  1).  M.  This  furnace  is  now 
abandoned,  and  the  Avorkings  are  all  caved  in.  The  ])rineii)al  mines 
were  the  Ambrose  and  the  A]>peal,in  Sec.  30,  T.  11  S.,  R.  7  E.,  M.  1).  M.; 
tlie  Gleason,  in  Sec.  (i,  T.  12  S.,  R.  7  E.;  the  Schriver,  in  Sec.  31,  T.  11  S., 
R.  7  E.;  and  the  Eureka  and  the  Star,  one  fourth  mile  from  the  Schriver. 
The  territory  covered  })y  these  mines  is  now  owned  by  T.  H.  French,  in 
Sec.  ;U,  T  11  S.,  1{.  7  E.;  J.  C41eason,  in  See.  (1,  T.  12  S..  R.  7  E.;  and 
the  Stayton  Mining  Conii)aiiy,  all  of  Lone  Tree  1*.  ().  {f>vr  also\'lIIth 
Rei)ort  of  California  State  Mining  Bureau,  ]».  48-");  Xth  ihid.,  p.  .")1."):  and 
Xlth  ihhl.,  p.  371.) 

(JCd) 


ASBESTOS— AMADOR,  BUTTE.  261 


^1 

"'    ASBESTOS 


Two  distinct  niinerals  are  known  in  the  markets  as  asbestos.  One  is 
a  variety  of  aetintilite.  or  treniolite,  which  are  varieties  of  liornl>lende. 
It  is  a  silicate  oi  linie,  magnesia,  and  iron  [Ca(MgFe)3,  (Si04)3],and 
has  fine,  soft,  flexiljle  libers  like  cotton.  Most  of  the  commercial  asl:)estos, 
liowever,  is  a  variety  of  serpentine,  called  chrysotile  or  amianthus,  a 
hydrous  silicate  of  magnesia  (3  MgO,  2  SiOg,  2  HgO),  and  contains  about 
14  per  cent  of  water.  Although  in  many  respects  the  two  varieties  are 
similar  in  physical  properties,  the  chrysotile  variety  is  superior  in  l)oth 
strength  and  elasticity  to  any  amphibole  asbestos,  while  the  heat-resisting 
properties  of  both  varieties  are  about  equal.  Consequently,  for  all  pur- 
poses in  which  non-conductivity  of  heat  and  not  strength  of  fiber  is  the 
important  factor,  as  in  fireproof  paint,  wall  plaster,  boiler  covering,  fire- 
proof packing  of  safes,  etc.,  both  varieties  can  be  used.  Infusorial 
earth,  talc,  and  mica  are,  however,  strong  competitors  of  asbestos  in 
these  lines  of  manufacture. 

Where  strength  of  fiber  is  essential,  as  well  as  non-conductivity,  as  in 
the  manufacture  of  cloth,  rope,  felt  boards,  tubes,  washers,  and  blocks 
of  various  shapes,  only  the  chrysotile  variety  can  be  used.  The  fibers 
of  chrysotile  are  seldom  over  2^  inches  long,  and  usually  from  ^  to  H 
inches  in  length. 

The  mill  fiber,  a  paper  stock,  is  the  minute  tillers  of  asbestos  which 
have  become  broken  and  are  not  capable  of  being  used  for  weaving. 

Asbestic  is  the  final  waste  material,  which  contains  a  small  amount 
of  minute  fibers  and  a  considerable  amount  of  the  crushed  serpentine 
rock.     (See  Bureau  of  Census,  Mines  and  Quarries,  1902,  p.  973.) 

Nearly  all  the  high-grade  asbestos  used  in  the  United  States  is 
imported,  most  of  it  from  Canada. 

AMADOR  COUNTY. 

F.  Mace,  2^  miles  east  of  lone,  on  Sutter  Creek.  Some  veins  and 
stringers  of  the  chrysotile  asbestos  in  a  dark  green  serpentine  along  the 
contact  with  l)lack  slates.  Formerly  several  small  openings  were  made 
on  this  asbestos,  ])ut  tliey  are  all  caved  in. 

BUTTE  COUNTY. 

A  wide  belt  of  serpentine  runs  from  the  southwestern  corner  of  Sier^-a 
County,  through  Yuba,  into  Butte.  A  number  of  surface  expo- 
sures of  asbestos  are  found  in  this  belt,  but  no  asbestos  of  commercial 


262   ■        STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

value  has,  as  yet,  been  developed  in  this  region.  The  most  prominent 
surface  indications  are  located  in: 

.Sec.  14,  T.  19  N.,  R.  5  E.     Mrs.  L.  M.  Power,  Oroville. 

Sec.  7,  T.  21  N.,  R.  6  E.     Edw.  Martin,  Brush  Creek. 

Sec.  3,  T.  21  N.,  R.  5  E.     John  A.  Clark,  Berry  Creek. 

Sec.  34,  T.  21  N.,  R.  4  E.     United  Gold  and  Copper  Company,  Cherokee. 

Sec.  7,  T.  21  N.,  R.  4  E. 

The  south  half  of  T.  23  N.,  R.  4  E. 

In  the  Mining  Bureau  Museum  are  specimens  of  asbestos  from 
Forbestown,  Oroville,  and  Red  Hill. 


EL  DORADO  COUNTY. 

El  Dopado  Coppep  Mining  Company;  W.  E.  Everson,  manager,  F.  W. 
Blodgett,  secretary,  204  Bacon  Block,  Oakland.  Mine  near  Georgetown. 
Shipped  10  tons  of  asbestos  in  1904. 

FRESNO  COUNTY. 

Hogue  &  Phillips  Claim,  R.  L.  Hogue  of  Fresno  and  Mr.  Phillips  of 
Letcher,  owners.  This  deposit  lies  about  12  miles  north  of  Sanger,  in 
T.  13  S.,  R.  23  E.  They  are  sinking  on  a  small  ledge,  and  find  that  the 
asbestos  becomes  less  siliceous  and  of  longer  fiber  as  they  get  farther 
down.     It  is  merely  a  prospect. 

In  the  Mining  Bureau  Museum  is  a  specimen  of  asbestos  from  near 
Coalinga. 

In  the  Mining  Bureau  Museum  are  specimens  of  asbestos  from 
Inyo  County;  Madera  County,  from  Fine  Gold  Gulch  and  from  near 
Fresno  Flats;  and  Mariposa  County,  from  two  localities  near  Bear 
Valley. 

PLACER  COUNTY. 

Washington  Consolidated  Mine,  S.  M.  Sprague  &  Co.,  Newcastle,  own- 
ers; in  Sec.  33,  T.  15  N.,  R.  10  E.,  Iowa  Hill  district.  Ten  carloads  of 
asbestos  were  shipped  to  San  Francisco  from  this  mine,  at  $35  per  ton, 
delivered  at  the  railway  at  Colfax,  9  miles  west.  The  mine  has  been 
idle  for  three  years,  but  the  company  contemplates  resuming  operations. 
The  asl)estos  was  quarried  out  with  soapstone,  which  lies  east  of  a 
quartz  ledge  that  has  serpentine  for  the  west  wall. 

Surface  indications  are  found  in: 
.  Sec.  36,  T.  14  N.,  R.  10  E.,  near  Forest  Hill. 

Sec.  29,  T.  14  N.,  \{.  11  K.,  in  Lady's  Canon. 

Sec.  13,  T.  13  N.,  II.  9  Iv,  in  Gas  Canon. 


ASBESTOS— RIVERSIDE,   SAN   BERNARDINO,  ETC.  "    263 

RIVERSIDE  COUNTY.. 

Asbestos  is  reported  from: 

East  of  Indio.  (See  Xlth  Report  of  the  California  State  Mining 
Bureau,  p.  383.) 

Near  Palm  Springs,  in  the  San  Jacinto  Mountains.  (See  Xlth 
Report  of  the  California  State  Mining  Bureau,  p.  383.) 

F.  A.  Stephens,  3  miles  south  of  Winchester.  (See  Xlllth  Report  of 
the  California  State  Mining  Bureau,  p.  642.) 

Up  to  the  present  time  none  of  these  deposits  have,  however,  pro- 
duced a  material  of  commercial  value. 

SAN  BERNARDINO  COUNTY. 

Fire-Proof  Mine,  J.  B.  Friend,  Victorville,  locator.  This  mine  is  situ- 
ated about  4  miles  west  of  Cottonwood,  a  station  on  the  Santa  Fe  Rail- 
way, probably  in  the  southern  part  of  T.  9  N.,  R.  4  W.,  S.  B.  M.  The 
asbestos  is  stated  to  occur  in  a  seam  in  a  shale  country  rock,  from  5  to 
6  feet  wide.  A  small  portion  of  the  asbestos  is  claimed  to  be  of  rather 
good  quality.  None  has  been  shipped.  This  is  probably  the  same 
mine  as  mentioned  under  the  name  of  Scorpion  in  the  IXth  Report  of 
the  California  State  Mining  Bureau,  p.  236. 

In  the  Mining  Bureau  Museum  is  a  specimen  of  asbestos  from  near 
Barstow. 

SAN  DIEGO  COUNTY. 

Within  3  miles  of  the  Hot  Sulphur  Springs,  in  the  northeastern  part 
of  Warner's  Valley,  some  asbestos  has  been  found.  (See  IXth  Report 
of  the  California  State  Mining  Bureau,  p.  148.) 

In  the  Mining  Bureau  Museum  are  specimens  of  asbestos  from  near 
Elsinore  and  from  the  San  .Jacinto  Mountains. 

In  the  Mining  Bureau  Museum  is  a  specimen  of  asbestos  from  Hazel 
Creek,  Shasta  County. 

SIERRA   COUNTY. 

Casserly  Mine,  Lee  Craft,  Forest  City,  owner;  in  Sec.  32,  T.  20  N., 
R.  10  E.,  on  west  bank  of  Goodyear  Creek,  1^  miles  north  of  Goodyear 
Bar.  Asbestos,  in  serpentine,  from  6  to  10  inches  wide,  was  encoun- 
tered by  a  mine  tunnel  128  feet  long,  about  25  feet  below  the  surface. 
The  asbestos  follows  the  course  of  the  serpentine  north  and  south,  near 
its  contact  with  slate. 

America  Excelsior  Cons.  Mine,  Goodyear  Bar.  In  the  Mining  Bureau 
Museum  is  a  specimen  from  the  above  mine,  donated  by  Mr.  Robert 
Stuart.  The  vein  is  said  to  be  2  feet  wide  at  a  depth  of  20  feet,  where 
the  sample  was  taken. 


264  STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

SISKIYOU  COUNTY. 

While  many  prospects  of  asl)estos  are  reported,  none  of  commercial 
quality  has  as  yet  been  found.  In  the  Mining  Bureau  Museum  is  a 
sample  from  near  Sisson. 

TRINITY  COUNTY. 

It  is  claimed  that  near  the  head  of  the  Blythe  ditch,  in  Sec.  28, 
T.  88  N.,  R.  ()  W.,  M.  D.  M.,  when  it  was  excavated  over  twenty  years 
ago,  a  promising  deposit  of  asbestos  was  uncovered,  but  at  pres- 
ent only  very  insigniticant  indications  of  it  can  l)e  found.  Tlie  ditch 
has  lieen  largely  filled  up  with  de1)ris. 

YOLO  COUNTY. 

In  the  Mining  Bureau  Museum  are  specimens  of  asbestos  from  tlie 
Keys  tunnel  in  the  California  mine. 

YUBA  COUNTY. 

There  are  some  surface  exposures  of  asbestos  in  the  belt  of  serpentine, 
already  mentioned  (see  Asbestos,  Butte  County,  page  261).  but  no 
asbestos  of  commercial  value  has,  as  yet,  been  developed  in  this  region. 
The  most  prominent  surface  indications  are  located  in: 

Sec.  35,  T.  19  N.,  R.  8  E.     W.  S.  Godfrey,  Camptonville. 

Sec.  32,  T.  19  N.,  R.  7  E. 

Sec.  8,  T.  19  N.,  R.  7  E.     Mount  Hope  mine;  Mrs.  Blake,  Woodleaf. 

Sec.  29,  T.  20  N.,  R.  8  E. 


BARYTES. 


Barytes  are  used  in  the  paint  industry;  in  the  manufacture  of  paper 
and  rope;  as  barium  hydroxide  in  the  sugar  industry,  and  in  tanneries. 
The  vahie  of  crude  barytes  at  the  mines  vai'ies  from  .$.">  to  -$•")  per  ton. 

BUTTE  COUNTY. 

Pinkston  Mine,  William  Pinkston  of  Yankee  Hill,  and  J.  Eiclu-r  of 
Oroville,  owners;  in  Sec.  8,  T.  21  N.,  R.  4  E.  Heavy  spar  was  found 
in  ])unches  and  boulders,  accompanied  by  (lays  and  sonu'  talc,  of  the 
mineral  paint  varieties,  and  small  bunches  of  fuller's  earth,  in  this 
mine,  when  it  was  worked  for  its  gold  values. 

SAN  BERNARDINO  COUNTY. 

Barytes  occur,  in  conjunction  with  co})per  and  lead  ore,  on  the  prop- 
erty of  George  Shephard,  8  miles  northwest  of  Barstow. 


BAUXITE;  CALCAREOUS  TUFA.  265 


BAUXITE. 


Four  principal  substances  are  prepared  from  bauxite,  viz:  (1)  Alumi- 
num sulphate,  oominonly  known  as  ''concentrated  alum,"  extensively 
used  in  dyeing,  paper  industry,  etc.;  (2)  Alum,  also  used  in  dyeing,. 
paper-making,  etc.;  (3)  Artificial  emery;  (4)  Aluminum  hydroxide^ 
from  which  the  metal  aluminum  is  manufactured.  Value  of  bauxite, 
alunit  $;>  })er  ton. 

YUBA  COUNTY. 

Dempsey  Ranch  Mine,  .J.  M.  Dempsey,  Mooney  Flat,  owner;  in  Sec.  3, 
T.  15  X..  R.  6  E.,  M.  D.  M.,  2  miles  southeast' of  Smartsville.  Three 
occurrences  of  white  bauxite,  indicating  a  considerable  quantity,  were 
encountered  at  respective  distances  of  120,  180,  and  210  feet  by  a  mine 
tunnel  driven  200  feet  below  the  surface.  The  bauxite  occurs  within  a 
casing  of  clay  gouge  overhanging  the  ledge  matter  carrying  copper. 
Neither  the  ledge  matter  nor  the  bauxite  has  been  further  developed. 
Red  bauxite  occurs  in  association  with  ochre  about  1000  feet  distant 
from  the  above  described  workings. 


CALCAREOUS  TUFA. 


SAN  LUIS  OBISPO  COUNTY. 

Mrs.  O'Leapy,  Creston.  In  Sec.  20,  T.  28  S.,  R.  14  E.,  M.  D.  M.,  east 
of  south  of  Creston,  a  considerable  area  of  calcareous  tufa,  having  a 
great  thickness,  has  been  exposed  by  several  gulches  cutting  through 
the  tableland.  In  the  w'estern  part  the  beds  lie  nearly  horizontal  with 
vertical  joint  planes,  so  the  material  can  be  excavated  in  nearly  square 
blocks.  The  tufa  is  massive,  white  and  light.  The  deposit  can  be 
traced  for  a  considerable  distance  in  a  north  and  south  direction. 
About  200  yards  east  of  its  prominent  western  rim  a  dike  of  silicitied 
shales,  al)out  10  feet  wide,  crops  out,  running  in  a  northwesterly  direc- 
tion, dipping  northeasterly  about  30  degrees,  which  can  be  readily 
traced  for  over  a  mile.  East  of  this  dike  comes  again  the  tufa;  but  a& 
its  surface  has  not  been  carved  out  by  gulches,  as  is  the  case  on  the 
western  rim,  little  can  be  said  regarding  its  extension.  This  calcareous- 
tufa  is  very  refractory.  It  has  been  used  in  fireplaces,  etc.;  also  in 
dental  furnaces,  where  it  withstands  perfectly  a  heat  of  over  2000°  F. 
It  is  also  a  very  strong  non-conductor  of  heat. 


266  STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OP    CALIFORNIA. 

CHROMITE. 


Chroinite  is  a  bhu'k  ore  with  a  subnietallic  luster,  and  in  a}»pearaiice 
resembles  some  of  the  iron  ores.  It  occurs  in  small  octahedral  crystals 
and  granular  masses  in  serpentine  rock,  and  consists,  when  pure,  of  68 
per  cent  of  chromium  oxide  (CraOg)  and  32  per  cent  of  iron  oxide  (Fe-iOs) ; 
frequently  ferric  oxide  or  alumina  replaces  part  of  the  chromium.  Tlie 
■commercial  ores  commonly  run  about  50  per  cent  of  chromium  oxide,  and 
are  generally  so\d  on  a  50  per  cent  basis. 

Chromite  is  the  source  of  the  chromium  salts  of  commerce,  Avhich  are 
used  extensively  in  several  different  industries.  It  likewise  enters  into 
the  manufacture  of  chrome  steel,  now  used  largely  in  making  armor 
plate  and  heavy  projectiles.  Another  important  use  of  chromium  is  in 
the  basic  bricks  for  lining  furnace-hearths,  in  steel-making,  and  in 
copper-smelting.  Both  of  the  last  two  uses  require  large  quantities  of 
ore,  and  probably  will  require  still  larger  quantities  in  the  future,  thus 
giving  interest  to  the  California  deposits,  wdiich  are  the  most  extensive 
in  the  United  States. 

Chromite  occurs  in  several  of  the  Eastern  States,  and  was  formerly 
mined  in  Pennsylvania  and  Maryland,  but  in  later  years,  according  to 
the  Government  statistics,  the  total  domestic  production  comes  from 
California.  The  greater  part  of  the  ore  used  in  the  eastern  United 
States  since  1895  is  imported,  as  by  the  removal  of  the  tariff  chromite 
■can  be  imported  from  Europe  cheaper  than  it  can  be  shipped  from  Cali- 
fornia. Hence  the  chromite  industry  in  this  State  has  been  materially 
lessened  during  the  last  ten  years,  but  it  only  awaits  favorable  trade 
conditions  to  be  revived,  as  the  ore  deposits  have  not  been  exhausted. 

Chromite  occurs  in  California  in  several  counties,  which  have  nearly 
all  been  producers  of  ore  in  the  past. 

The  following  figures,  taken  from  the  rt'cords  of  the  California  State 
Mining  Bureau,  show  the  fluctuations  of  the  industry: 

Year.  Tons.  Value. 

1887 ....3,00(J  .i;4(),(HHl 

1888 ...1,500  120,000 

1889 2,000  30,000 

1890 3,599  53,985 

1891 1,372  20,580 

1892 1,500  22,500' 

1893 3,319  49,785 

1894 3,680  39,980 

1895 1,740  16,795 

ALAMEDA   COUNTY. 
Douglas  Mine,  Douglas  Mendenhall,  Livermore,  owner;  in  N.  E.  i  of 
Sec.  26,  T.  4  S.,  R.  '.]  E.,  ll  miles  southeast  of  Livermore.     About  fifty 
tons  of  chromic  iron  ore  arc  on  tlic  (lunij).     Have  only  done  assessment 
work  since  1903. 


Year. 

Tans. 

Value. 

1896 

78G 

.$7,775 

1897-9.. 

None. 

1900 

140 

1.400 

1901 

130 

1,950 

1902.... 

315 

4,725 

1903.... 

.1.50 

2,2.50 

1904 

123 

since  1887... 

1,845 

Total, 

1313,570 

CHROMITE  — BUTTE,    CAIAV'ERAS,   DEL   NORTE.  267 

The  Jones  Chrome  Outcrop,  in  Sec.  6,  T.  5  S.,  R.  4  E.,  20  miles  south- 
east of  Livernioro,  on  the  Arroyo  Mocho  road.  Three  and  one-half  foot 
outcrop  of  chroniite  in  serpentine.  About  twenty  tons  of  ore  have  been 
taken  from  a  10-foot  development  shaft.  No  shipments  have  been  made, 
and  no  development  work  has  been  done,  since  1900. 

Mendenhall  Mine,  A.  Mendenhall,  Livermore,  owner;  in  Sec.  26, 
T.  4  S.,  R.  3  E.,  15  miles  southeast  of  Livermore.  There  are  several 
tons  of  ore  on  the  dump  which  averages  about  55  per  cent  without  con- 
centrating other  than  sledging  and  hand-picking.  Nothing  more  than 
assessment  work  has  been  done  of  late  years.  The  ore  deposits  are 
variable  in  thickness  and  dip,  and  occur  apparently  in  crushed  and 
broken  portions  of  the  serpentine.  Previous  to  1894,  about  $20,000 
Avorth  of  ore  was  shipped  to  Philadelphia,  where  it  was  used  for  color- 
ing pigments  in  woolen  mills. 

BUTTE  COUNTY. 

M.  E.  Strauss,  Forbestown,  in  Sec.  7,  T.  19  N.,  R.  7  E.,  owns  a  deposit 
of  chromic  iron,  occurring  in  the  form  of  a  large  kidney,  from  10  to  100 
feet  wide,  in  serpentine.  The  claim  has  been  prospected,  but  no  ship- 
ments were  made,  owing  to  the  distance  (26  miles)  from  the  railway  at 
Oroville. 

CALAVERAS  COUNTY. 

Chromic  iron  occurs  10  miles  northeast  of  Milton,  on  the  ranch  of 
Capt.  John  Wright,  in  Salt  Spring  Valley,  in  the  serpentine  belt  which 
skirts  the  western  base  of  Bear  Mountains.  A  similar  deposit  is  found 
on  the  Tower  ranch,  near  the  Angels  stage  road,  9  miles  east  of  Milton. 
Very  little  work  has  been  done  on  either  of  these  deposits.  (Xlllth 
Report  of  the  California  State  Mining  Bureau,  p.  48.) 

Big  Pine  Chrome  Mine,  Penn  Chemical  Works  of  Campo  Seco,  owner; 
in  Sec.  20,  T.  4  N.,  R.  11  E.  The  entire  output  of  this  mine  is  used 
by  the  owners  in  lining  the  reverberatory  furnaces  at  their  smelter 
at  Campo  Seco. 

Big  Trees  Mining  Company,  Murphy.  In  Sec.  2,  T.  3  N.,  R.  14  E.  A 
block  of  hematite  and  chromic  iron.     Idle. 

DEL  NORTE  COUNTY. 

Large  deposits  of  chromite  are  found  in  Rattlesnake  Mountains,  from 
Bald  Hill  to  the  Klamath  River,  embedded  in  the  serpentine  country 
rock.  They  are  not  located,  as  the  cost  of  transportation  is  too  gi-eat 
to  make  their  working  profitable  at  present. 


2(38  STRUCTURAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OP    CALIFORNIA. 

French  Hill  (Tyson)  Mines,  Tyson  Mining  Company,  Baltimore,  owner; 
in  Sees.  5  and  (1,  T.  16  N.,  R.  1  K.,  II.  >[.,  3  miles  south  of  Gasquet. 
Kidneys  of  ohromite  embedded  in  serpentine.     Idle. 

Low  Divide  (Tyson)  Mine,  same  owner;  in  Sees.  33,  34,  and  35,  T.  IS  N., 
R.  2  Iv,  II.  M.,  8  miles  east  of  Smith  River  P.  0.     Idle. 

FRESNO  COUNTY, 

Toll  House. — Chromite  oceurs  in  a  ser})entine  belt  6  miles  southwest 
of  Toll  House,  near  Sentinel,  in  T.  11  S..  R.  23  E.  Some  prospecting 
and  developing  were  done,  but  the  ore  })roved  to  be  low  grade.  Con- 
siderable ore  was  shipped  from  this  vicinity  by  the  Copper  King  Mines 
Company  for  its  own  use. 

GLENN  COUNTY. 

Black  Diamond  Mine,  in  Sec.  25,  T.  22  N.,  R.  7  W.;  Guy  M.  and  .John 
Luce,  Newville  P.  0.,  owners.  Chrome  ore  has  been  prolitably  mined. 
Up  to  1893,  there  were  3319  tons  nuned  and  shipped  20  miles  l)y  wagon 
road  to  the  railroad  station  at  Fruto.  The  property  has  been  idle  for 
several  years.  At  the  time  of  the  active  work  on  this  property,  a  nund)er 
of  other  deposits  Avere  discovered  in  the  vicinity.  These  deposits  of 
chrome  ore  occur  in  the  serpentine  belt  following  the  eastern  slope  of 
the  Coast  Range.  The  Black  Diamond  mine  was  worked  by  an  open 
cut  and  tunnel.  The  workings  have  the  form  of  an  irregular-sha})ed 
quarry,  exposing  a  face  from  25  to  35  feet  high,  from  30  to  40  feet  wide. 
and  a  tloor  depth  of  about  70  feet.  The  highest  line  of  the  ore  exposure 
is  about  10  feet  l^elow  the  apex  of  the  serpentine. 

MENDOCINO  COUNTY. 

Chromite  of  good  (juality  is  foun<l  in  si'veral  places  in  tlic  liills  west 
of  Russian  River  \'alley.  The  individual  deposits  are  not  large,  but 
there  are  (juite  a  nunilx'r  of  tlieni.  In  1895  efforts  were  made  to 
develop  the  mines.  (Xllltli  Iveport  of  the  California  State  Mining 
Bureau,  ]).  49.) 

PLACER  COUNTY. 

Some  surface  deposits  of  chrome  ore  were  worked  in  1890  and  1891, 
and  the  i)roduet  shipped  to  the  Eastern  market.  These  surface  deposits 
were  found  in  a  belt  running  nearly  north  from  Lady's  Canon,  in  Sec. 
29,  T.  14  N.,  R.  11  E.,  M.  I).  M.,  to  Rattlesnake  Den,  near  Dutch  Flat, 
on  Little  Bear  River,  in  the  southeastern  part  of  T.  16  N..  R.  1*>  E., 
M.  1).  M. 

Some  detached  surface  dejmsits  are  found  near  Cape  Horn,  in  Sees. 
35  and  .".C,  T.  15  X.,  i{.  10  Iv.  M.  D.  M..  and  near  Weimar,  in  S.'c.  21. 
T.  14  X.,  i;.  9  E.,  M.  I).  M. 


CIIROMITE  — SAN  BENITO,  SAN   LUIS  OBISPO.  269 

SAN  BENITO  COUNTY. 

Tom  Ingalls,  Eniniett  P.  O.,  about  fifteen  yeai's  ago  perfonned  some 
development  work  on  a  dcjjosit  of  chromite,  in  Bee.  36,  T.  14  S.,  R.  7  E., 
and  it  is  claimed  found  a  (^[uantity  of  good  ore.  Since  that  time  no 
further  work  has  been  done. 

Near  New  Idria,  on  the  divide  between  San  Carlos  Creek  and  Clear 
Creek,  surface  boulders  of  chromite  were  found  in  the  early  fifties,  and 
in  fact  were  the  cause  of  prospecting  which  resulted  in  the  discovery  of 
the  New  Idria  quicksilver  mines.  The  chromite  contains  narrow  green 
seams  of  rodochrome. 

SAN  LUIS  OBISPO  COUNTY. 

Years  ago  large  quantities  of  chromite  were  shipped  from  San  Luis 
Obispo  to  Baltimore  and  Philadelphia.  The  Goldtree  Brothers  were 
the  principal  shippers,  and  most  of  the  ore  passed  through  their  hands. 
The  shipments  were  greatest,  it  is  said,  from  twenty  to  twenty-five  years' 
ago,  and  continued  up  to  about  seven  years  ago,  when  they  ceased, 
owing  to  removal  of  the  tariff.  A  concentrating  mill  was  erected  in 
San  Luis  Obispo  about  the  time  the  industry  ceased,  which  now  stands 
idle. 

The  ore  occurs  in  irregular  pockets  and  stringers  in  serpentine,  which 
is  deeply  disintegrated  in  most  places.  Much  of  the  ore  was  obtained 
from  the  disintegrated  material. 

Owing  to  the  mode  of  occurrence  of  the  ore,  the  mining  w^as  mostly 
surface  work,  and  there  were  a  great  number  of  pits  scattered  over  the 
area.  The  principal  mines  are  about  8  or  9  miles  north  of  the  town  of 
San  Luis  Obispo,  in  the  serpentine  hills  of  the  Santa  Lucia  Mountains, 
but  there  are  other  mines  west  and  southwest  of  the  city  in  the  Los 
Osos  Mountains.  In  the  northwestern  part  of  the  county,  on  the  west 
slope  of  Pine  Mountain,  chromite  occurs  under  similar  conditions. 

The  ore  being  found  in  relatively  small  pockets  disseminated  through 
the  serpentine,  the  cost  of  mining  was  rather  high — about  $5.50  per 
ton,  laid  down  at  San  Luis. 

In  1890,  Myron  Angel,  field  assistant  of  the  California  State  Mining 
Bureau,  estimated  that  over  11,000  tons  of  chromite  had  been  shipped 
from  San  Luis  Obispo.  (See  Xth  Report  of  the  California  State  Min- 
ing Bureau,  p.  582.) 

J.  A.  Chanslop,  San  Luis  Obispo.  The  Castor  mine,  in  Sec.  29,  T.  29  S., 
R.  12  E..  M.  I).  :\[. 

Charles  Goetz,  735  Ellis  street,  San  Francisco.  The  El  Devisadero, 
El  Salto,  Priniera,  and  La  Trinidad  mines,  in  Sec.  33,  T.  29  S.,  R.  12  E., 
M.  I).  M. 


270 


STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OP    CALIFORNIA. 


Goldtree  Brothers,  124  Sansonie  street,  San  Francisco.  The  London, 
and  Pick  and  Shovel  mines,  in  Sec.  33,  T.  29  S.,  K.  12  E.,  M.  D.  M. 

C.  T.  Greenfield,  San  Luis  Obispo.  A  mine  in  Sec.  3,  T.  31  S.,  R.  12  E., 
M.  D.  M.,  very  near  the  city  limits. 

T.  Steele,  Arroyo  Grande.  On  the  Rancho  Santa  Manuela,  about  6 
miles  up  the  Arroyo  Grande  Creek  from  Arroyo  Grande,  some  work  has 
been  done,  showing  some  chromite  ore  of  a  good  quality.  A  small 
amount  was  shipped  from  this  point  about  fifteen  years  ago. 

G.  Urben,  San  Luis  Obispo.  The  Jasper  mine,  in  the  southwestern 
part  of  the  Rancho  Laguna,  in  the  Los  Osos  Mountains,  about  3  miles 
southwest  of  San  Luis  Obispo. 

Several  small  outcrops  have  been  found  in  the  Los  Osos  Mountains 
on  lands  belonging  to  several  parties. 

On  the  west  side  of  Pine  Mountain  lies  a  wide  belt  of  serpentine, 
wherein  are  found  boulders  of  chromite,  which  were  mined  in  former 
years  and  shipped  via  San  Simeon.  These  mines  are  located  in  Sees.  3 
and  10,  T.  26  S.,  R.  8  E.,  M.  D.  M. 


^  Fork 


14: 


Chromite  Mine 
Pnmd  Dougherty 


23 


7:3Z/V./^.6l^. 


ILL.  No.  US.     SKETCH  A,  SHASTA  COUNTY. 

SHASTA  COUNTY. 

F.  P.  Prim,  Redding,  and  C.  Dougherty,  Hazel  Creek,  own  three 
chromite  claims  in  Sees.  13  and  24,  T.  37  N.,  R.  5  W.,  near  Sims.  A 
belt  of  chromite  of  very  good  quality  has  been  opened  up  over  a  length 
of  about  1000  feet.  Tiie  country  rock  is  serpentine.  The  ore  is  lustrous 
black,  carries  higli  in  chromic  oxide  and  relatively  low  in  iron  oxide. 
Seams  of  a  talcose  serpentine  cut  through  the  ore  bodies.  At  the  sur- 
face the  ore  has  the  tawny,  earthy  appearance  of  the  streak  of  chromite. 
The  ore  generally  lies  against  more  or  less  polished  surfaces  of  the 
serpentine.     No  gangue  or  clay  seam  occurs  on  the  contact.     So  far  as 


CHROMITE  — SHASTA,   SIERRA.  271 

developed,  the  chroniite  occurs  in  lenses,  connected  by  narrow  seams, 
with  dips  reversing  occasionally  within  a  fcAV  feet.  All  the  present 
workings  are  very  near  the  surface. 

The  chromite  is  shipped  as  far  as  Arizona,  Colorado,  and  Montana, 
and  is  used  for  furnace  bottoms  at  the  Bully  Hill  and  Keswick  copper 
furnaces. 

The  workings  as  indicated  in  Sketch  A  are:  (a)  Lens  about  25  feet 
diameter  and  15  feet  deep,  out  of  which  600  tons  were  taken.  Ore  has 
been  left  in  the  bottom,  to  be  reached 
by  tunnel  c.  Shaft  30^ J^ 

{}))  A  similar,  but  smaller  lens,  out 
of  which  300  tons  were  taken.  Here 
the  dip  of  the  ore  body  is  northwest, 
while  in  r,  not  50  feet  distant,  the  dip  is 
southeast. 

(c)  The    original    discovery— a   large   "^-^^i^  ^\^fhm  ore  S^cfn 
lens    on   the    north    side    of   the    creek, 
out  of  which  1500  tons  were  taken,  con- 

..1  -.i  ,1  ILL.  No.  119.     Detail  of  e  and  r/,  Sketch 

nectmg  by  a  narrow  seam  with  another  ^_  gj^^^^^^  county. 

but  smaller  body  lying  to  the  southeast 

and  lower.     (See  section  over  XY  in  sketch  A.)     The  latter  body  dips 

under  tunnel  d. 

[d)  A  tunnel  run  to  cut  the  ore  below  c,  h,  and  a.  About  50  feet 
from  the  entrance,  a  vertical  shaft  about  30  feet  deep  was  sunk,  cutting 
the  ore  coming  from  c.  It  is  claimed  that  there  are  8  feet  of  ore  in  the 
bottom  of  the  shaft.     The  tunnel  has  not  yet  reached  either  c  or  a. 

{e)  To  the  south  of  Shotgun  Creek,  a  short  tunnel  has  developed  a 
small  body  of  ore,  having  the  form  of  a  half-moon,  out  of  which  were 
taken  200  tons  of  very  good  ore.  This  opening  lies  apparently  a  little 
west  of  the  belt  in  which  the  preceding  works  are  located. 

(/)  An  ore  body  in  the  line  of  this  belt,  higher  up  the  hillside  than 
e,  from  which  200  tons  of  ore  were  taken. 

Messrs.  Prim  and  Doug-herty  own  another  claim,  in  Sec.  22,  T.  37  N., 
R.  5  \V.,  on  which  very  little  develojiinent  work  has  been  done  and  from 
which  no  ore  has  been  shipped. 

E.  Holden,  J.  Gibson,  and  others,  of  Lamoine,  own  eight  claims  in 
Sec.  22,  T.  37  X.,  R.  5  W.,  l)ut  sufticient  Avork  has  not  been  done  to 
judge  about  their  prospective  value. 

SIERRA  COUNTY. 

Brandy  City.— Sec.  1,  T.  19  N.,  R.  8  E.     A  deposit  of  chromic  iron. 

Luse  &  Co.'s  Mine,  in  Sec.  1,  T.  19  N.,  R.  8  E.;  D.  E.  Luse  &  Co., 
Camptonville,  Yuba  County,  owners.  A  deposit  of  magno  chromite  (a 
magnesia  variety  of  chromite),  from  which  a  considerable  tonnage  has 


272  STRUCTURAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OP    CALIFORNIA. 

been  shipped  by  wugoii  to  tlic  raih'oacl  at  Nevada  City.  This  material 
is  used  more  especially  for  furnace  lining.  There  is  a  large  body  of  ore 
in  siy;ht. 


'!r' 


SISKIYOU  COUNTY. 

Considerable  float  of  chromite  is  found  near  the  top  of  the  Forest 
Mountains,  in  the  eastern  part  of  Sec.  13,  T.  44  N.,  R.  8  W.,  Southern 
Pacific  Railroad  Company,  owner;  and  in  the  western  part  of  Sec.  18, 
T.  44  N.,  R.  7  W.,  Wm."  Ramus  and  Carl  Hill,  Yreka,  owners.  The 
country  rock  is  serpentine;  the  chromite  is  found  in  relatively  small 
pieces.     No  development  work  has  been  done. 

Float  of  chromite  is  reported  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Dewey  mine,  about 
10  miles  southwest  of  Gazelle. 

TEHAMA  COUNTY. 

A  belt  of  serpentine  having  a  general  nortii  and  south  trend  runs 
through  the  southwestern  part  of  Tehama  County  and  the  northwestern 
part  of  Glenn  County.  This  belt  is  on  the  lower  eastern  slope  of  the 
Coast  Range,  called  the  Yallo  Balloo  Mountains.  In  this  serpentine 
float  of  chromite  is  found  in  a  great  number  of  places.  In  Tehama 
County  mining  operations  have,  however,  only  been  conducted  on  the 
north  fork  of  Elder  Creek. 

J.  A.  Heslewood,  469  East  Eleventh  street,  Oakland,  and  P.  C.  Cpumbo, 
Red  Bluff,  own  deposits  of  chromite  in  Sec.  16,  T.  24  N.,  R.  7  W.  Tliey 
were  formerly  w^orked  by  the  Tehama  Consolidated  Chrome  Company 
of  Red  Bluff.  (See  Xth  Report  of  the  California  State  Mining  Bureau, 
p.  692 ;  Xllth  ibid.,  p.  88;  Xlllth  ibid.,  p.  50.)  This  company  mined  the 
deposit  in  three  places.  Its  last  shipment  was  made  about  1898.  The 
ore  was  shipped  on  a  basis  of  47  per  cent  of  chromium  oxide  (Cr-iOj)  as  a 
minimum.  It  is  claimed  that  much  of  the  ore  went  considerably  higher. 
The  ore  was  paid  for  at  the  rate  of  $9  per  ton  delivered  at  Red  Bluff. 
The  last  shipments  were  made  to  .lohn  Rosenfeld's  Sons,  of  San  Fran- 
cisco. The  cost  of  hauling  to  Red  Bluff  may  l)e  placed  at  $5.50  i)er  ton. 
All  the  ore  taken  out  was  practically  from  the  surface.  No  work  was 
done  to  determine  whether  the  ore  persisted  in  depth. 

TRINITY  COUNTY. 

It  is  claimed  that  fair  chromite  is  found  on  the  north  fork  of  the  east 
fork  of  Trinity  River,  a  few  miles  al)ove  the  point  where  the  road  from 
Trinity  Center  to  Cinnabar  crosses  the  creek,  whicdi  would  locate  it  in 
thf  northwest  part  of  T.  38  N.,  R.  6  W.,  M.  D.  M.  It  is  also  claimed 
that  a  large  deposit  has  been  developed  near  Hayfork. 


pulijEr's  earth— analyses,  production,  etc. 


273 


FULLER^S  EARTH. 


Fuller's  earth  is  a  soft,  friable  rock  that  is  used  in  fulling  wool  and 
deodorizing  and  clarifying  oils,  fats,  greases,  and  other  fluids.  It  differs 
from  other  earths  in  its  texture,  which  makes  it  so  valuable  in  the 
industries.  The  essential  properties  of  fuller's  earth  are  that  it  falls  to 
pov^'der  easily  in  water,  and  removes  with  avidity  grease  from  cloth  and 
coloring  matter  from  oils.  The  latter  appears  to  be  the  essential  and 
characteristic  quality  that  distinguishes  fuller's  earth  from  all  others. 
As  yet,  no  distinguishing  definite  mineralogical  composition  has  been 
recognized,  and  just  what  gives  it  the  unique  filtering  and  absorbent 
properties  is  not  clearly  known. 

The  following  analyses  show  the  composition  of  several  of  the  best 
known  of  the  fuller's  earths  on  the  market: 


CHEMICAL  ANALYSES  OF  FULLER'S  EARTH. 


SiO, 


AI2O3  Fe^Os 


CaO 


MgO 


Alka- 
lies. 


Loss  on 
Ignition. 


English 

y!  v., 


fuller's    earth.     (Min.    Ind. 

Vol.  X,  p.  273) 5-4.20 

English  fuller's  earth.  ^Jour.  Frank. 

Inst..  Vol.  CL,  p.  220) 59.37 

Gadsden  Co.,  Florida.     (Jour.  Frank. 

Inst..  Vol.  CL,  p.  220) 62.83 

Ocala.  Florida.     (Jour.  Frank.  Inst., 

Vol   CL.p.  220) 36.73 

Fairburn.     South     Dakota.      (Jour. 

Frank.  Inst.,  Vol.  CL,  p.  220) 60.16 

Decatur     County,     Georgia.     (Jour. 

Frank.  Inst..  V'ol.  CL,  p.  220) 67.46 

Bakerstield.  Kern  County.  California. 

(^rin.  Ind.  X.  Y.,  Vol.'X,  p.  273)..-    54.32 
England.     (Geikie,  1893,  p.  133) 44.00 


14.30 

6.30 

i 
1.25 

11.82 

6.27 

6.17 

10.35 

2.45 

2.43 

27.78 

3.21 

.81 

10.38 

14.87 

4.96 

10.08 

2.49 

3.14 

18.88 
11.00 

6.50 
10.00 

1.00 

5;  (.10 

1 

72 

,09 

12 

64 

72 

09 

22 
00 


3.79 
.98 
.94 
.42 


4.21 
5.00 


17.44 

13.19 
7.72 

12.14 
7.20 
5.61 

11.86 


One  of  the  most  striking  features  concerning  the  analyses  is  the  varia- 
tion in  the  composition.  The  value  of  a  fuller's  earth  is  a  function  of 
the  physical  texture,  not  of  the  chemical  composition. 

Ppoduction  of  Fuller's  Eapth  in  the  United  States.— During  the  past 
four  years  the  production  has  been  as  follows: 

Tons.  Value. 

1901 14,112  $96,835 

1902 14,100  109,980 

1903 20,693  190,277 

1904 29,480  168,500 

The  imports  of  fuller's  eartii  for  1902  were  lo,51o  tons,  valued  at 
$102, .580. 

The  production  of  fuller's  earth  in  the  United  States  began  in  the 
year  1893  by  accidental  discovery  at  Quincy,  Florida.  Other  deposits 
18— iu-l".  38 


274  STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OP    CALIFORNIA. 

were  found  later  in  other  parts  of  Florida,  Virginia,  North  Carolina, 
Georgia,  Nebraska,  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  Soutli  Dakota,  New  York, 
and  California.  The  market  supply  in  the  East  continues  to  come 
from  Florida,  and  in  the  West  from  California. 

The  American  fuller's  earth,  it  is  said,*  is  used  for  filtering  mineral 
oils,  while  the  Englisli  earths  are  preferred  for  cottonseed  and  lard  oils. 

Ppeparation. — In  America  the  earth  is  ground  fine  enough  to  go 
through  a  60-mesh  sieve,  when  it  is  ready  for  use.  With  the  mineral 
oils  the  earth  is  })ut  in  long  cylinders,  through  wliich  the  crude  oil  is 
allowed  to  slowly  percolate.  The  first  oil  tliat  comes  through  is  clear, 
thinner  and  lighter  than  that  which  follows.  With  the  vegetable  oils, 
the  oil  is  heated  above  the  boiling  point  of  water  and  the  earth  added, 
and  tlie  mixture  stirred  vigorously  for  some  time,  and  then  filtered 
through  bag  filters,  when  the  coloring  matter  remains  with  the  earth. 

Refepences. — 1.  Occurrence  of  fuller's  earth  in  the  United  States; 
characteristics,  uses,  distribution,  etc.,  by  David  T.  Day.  Journal  of 
Franklin  Institute,  Vol.  CL  (Sept.,  1900),  p.  214. 

2.  Fuller's  earth  of  Florida  and  Georgia,  by  T.  W.  Vaughan.  U.  ,S. 
Geological  Survey,  Bulletin  213,  p.  392. 

3.  Fuller's  earth  of  South  Dakota.  Trans.  Amer.  Inst.  Min.  Eng., 
Vol.  XXVII  (1898),  p.  333. 

4.  Mineral  Industry,  Vol.  VII,  p.  271. 

BUTTE  COUNTY. 

Fuller's  earth  is  found  in  three  distinct  and  separate  sections  of  the 
county,  l)ut  in  each  case  observed  it  appears  to  be  an  intrusion  into 
the  clays  and  of  inferior  quality: 

In  Sec.  8,  T.  24  N.,  R.  4  E.;  Diamond  Match  Company,  owner. 

In  Sec.  8,  T.  21  N.,  R.  4  E.;  the  barytes  mine,  J.  C.  Eicher,  Oroville, 
OAvner. 

In  Sec.  13,  T.  21  N.,  R.  3  E.;  A.  M.  Smith,  Oroville. 

KERN  COUNTY. 

California  Fuller's  Eaptli  Company;  H.  L.  Packard,  Bakersfield,  man- 
ager. In  Sec.  14,  T.  27  S.,  R.  28  E.,  18  miles  nortli  of  Bakersfield,  is  a 
large  deposit  of  fuller's  earth,  said  to  vary  from  lo  to  50  feet  in  di  ptli, 
and  many  acres  in  extent.  The  fuller's  earth  is  overlaid  by  a  tliin 
layer  of  soil,  which  is  first  removed,  and  then  tlie  earth  is  taken  out  in 
open  i)its.  It  is  hauled  in  wagons  18  miles  to  Bakersfield,  where  it  is 
ground  and  shi])ped  ])rinci])ally  to  Kansas  City  and  other  Eastern  i)oints 
for  refining  animal  antl  vegetable  oils.  This  tleposit  was  first  opened 
in  1898,  and  it  has  produced  since  then. 

»Davifl  T.  Day,  .Tournal  Franklin  Inst.,  Vol.  CL.  p.  214.     (September,  1900.) 


fuller's  earth— kern,  san  Bernardino. 


275 


The  analysis  of  tlir  earth  shows: 

Per  Cent. 

Silica  (8iO.) 54.32 

Alumina  (AUO3) ---  18.88 

Iron  oxi(lo(Fe,03) 6-50 

Liine(CaO)...^ 1-*^ 

>[agnesia(MgO) 3-2^ 

Loss  on  ignition 11.86 

Alkalies  (by  difference) 4.21 

A  t'oiuparative  test  of  this  earth  with  the  English  fuller's  earth  showed 
that   10  pounds  of  it  equaled  9.75  pounds  of  the  English  earth.     The 


ILL.  No.  120.     QUARRY  OP  FULLER'S  EARTH,  KERX  COUNTY. 

tests  were  made  on  cottonseed  oil,  with  5  and  10  per  cent  quantities  of 
earth  at  100°  C.  for  forty-five  minutes. 


SAN  BERNARDINO   COUNTYo 
J.  Reed,  428  Court  street,  San  Bernardino,  owns  a  deposit  containing 
fuller's  earth  and  claimed  to  be  of  considerable  extent,  about  12  miles 
north  of  Barstow.     The  fuller's   earth  occurs  in   sandstone  and  con- 
glomerate.    It  has  gray,  red,  and  brown  colors. 

W.  E.  VanSlyke,  716  Fifth  street,  Sau  Bernardino,  has  located  a  dejjosit 
of  fuller's  earth,  claimed  to  be  of  considerable  extent,  in  the  northern 
part  of  T.  9  N.,  R.  22  E.,  S.  B.  M.,  on  the  north  side  of  the  Sacramento 
Wash,  opposite  Java,  a  station  on  the  Santa  Fe  Railway.  About  four 
years  ago  some  work  was  done  on  this  deposit,  showing  a  face  over  a 
length  of  about  SO  feet. 


276  STRUCTLUAL    AND    INDUSTKIAL    MATERIALS    OP    CALIFORNIA. 


THE  GLASS  INDUSTRY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


The  glass  industry  is  almost  in  its  infancy  in  California.  A  few 
factories  arc  in  operation,  making  the  lower  grades  of  glass,  l)ut  not 
enough  is  manufactured  to  supi)ly  the  local  demand,  and  very  little  is 
shipped  from  the  State. 

The  Materials. — The  chief  materials  used  in  l»ulkin  glass-making  are 
lime,  silica,  and  soda,  with  snniller  quantities  of  other  materials,  such 
as  potash,  lead,  and  ahnnina.  Glass  consists  of  an  acid  like  silicic  acid 
or  horacic  acid,  combined  with  an  alkaline  earth,  as  lime,  barium,  or 
strontium,  and  an  alkaline  metal,  as  soda  or  potash.  Of  these  mate- 
rials, silica  and  lime  are  cheaper  than  any  of  the  others,  hence  are 
commonly  used  in  ordinary  glass,  and  soda  more  connnonly  than 
potash. 

Lime  occurs  pretty  widely  distributed  over  the  State,  and  there  is 
little  diflUculty  in  ol)taining  it  in  sufficient  quantities  at  a  moderate 
price.  Silica  occurs  in  large  quantities  in  the  form  of  sand,  sandstone, 
iind  (juartz  veins.  Many  sand  deposits  contain,  besides  the  (juartz 
granules,  grains  of  other  minerals,  such  as  feldspar,  mica,  tourmaline, 
etc.,  which  hold  in  combination  too  many  impurities  for  good  glass-sand. 
INIost  of  the  sand  deposits  in  California  are  of  this  nature.  There  is  a 
large  sand  deposit  at  Monterey  of  sufficient  purity  to  make  good  glass, 
and  it  is  used  for  that  purpose  to  the  extent  of  about  5000  tons  per 
year.  At  Tesla,  in  Alameda  County,  is  another  large  deposit  of  sand 
that  is  used  for  glass-making.  So  far  as  could  be  ascertained  there  is 
no  sandstone  used  in  this  State  for  the  manufacture  of  glass. 


ALAMEDA  COUNTY. 

At  Tesla,  Corral  Hollow,  in  Sec.  32,  T.  3  S.,  11.  1  E.;  San  Francisco  and 
San  .Joacpiin  Coal  Company,  Safe  Deposit  Building,  328  Montgomery 
street,  San  Francisco,  owner.  The  sand  occurs  in  a  20-foot  l)ed  above 
the  coal  vein  and  between  a  bed  of  gray  clay  (used  for  building  brick) 
on  the  hanging  wall  and  a  bed  of  fire  (day  on  the  foot  wall.  The  bed 
dips  N.  70"  W.,  at  an  angle  of  60°.  The  outcroi)pings  are  })lainly  visil)le 
across  the  hills  in  a  general  east  and  west  direction.  Sand  was  first 
shipped  to  Stockton  in  1901.  The  sand  was  originally  taken  from  out- 
croppings,  but  is  now  worked  from  a  500-foot  tunntd.  It  is  a  fine 
quartz  sand,  and  is  washed  by  long  sluice-boxes  onto  tables  to  free  it 
from  particles  of  light  clay.  It  is  then  sacked  at  a  siding  and  shi})ped 
to  the  glass  factories.     About  600  tons  are  shipped  in  a  season. 


GLASS  INDUSTRY  — LOS  ANGELES  COUNTY. 


277 


LOS  ANGELES  COUNTY. 

(^lartz  vi'iiis  of  sufficient  size  and  purity  for  glass  material  are 
worked  in  nortlu'vn  Los  Angeles  (bounty,  and  no  doul)t  could  be  opened 
elsewhere. 

C.  E.  Joslin,  900  Braly  Building,  Los  Angeles,  owns  a  quartz  vein  6 
miles  northwest  of  Acton  which  has  been  opened  during  the  present 
year.  The  vein  is  reported  to  be  30  feet  thick.  Analyses  of  two  speci- 
mens gave  for  one  98.0  per  cent  of  silica  and  L3  per  cent  of  iron  and 
ahnnina.  and  for  the  other  99.43  per  cent  of  silica.* 


ILL.  Xo.  Vn.     PLANT  OF  SOUTHWESTERN  GLASS  MANUFACTURING  CO.,  LOS  ANGELES. 

Several  miles  out  from  Lancaster,  Los  Angeles  County,  is  a  deposit 
from  which  quartz  is  obtained  for  the  glass  works  at  Los  Angeles.  The 
quartz  is  hauled  by  wagon  from  the  quarry  to  Lancaster,  from  which  it 
is  shipped  by  rail  to  the  glass  works.  It  is  a  white,  milky  quartz,  c^uite 
free  from  impurities. 

Southwestern  Glass  Manufacturing  Company,  G.  E.  J^ittinger,  j)resi- 
dent,  301  North  Avenue  19,  Los  Angeles,  successor  to  the  Los  Angeles 
Glass  Company;  began  operations  in  February,  1904.  The  company 
obtains  its  lime  from  Colton  and  its  quartz  from  Lancaster.  Bottles, 
Mason  jars,  and  packing  jars  are  manufactured.     The  Mason  jars  are 

*  Analyses  furnished  the  Bureau  by  Mr.  Joslin. 


278  STRUCTURAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

made  by  macliinc.  but  tlic  bottles  and  small  jars  arc  l)lown  in  molds. 
The  Ljlass  is  free  from  iron  color,  but  has  a  smoky  tint  that  slightly  mars 
its  beauty.  Located  as  it  is  in  the  midst  of  one  of  the  greatest  fruit 
districts  in  the  Avorld,  this  factory  should  have  an  extensive  local  trade 
in  fruit  jars  and  bottles. 

MONTEREY   COUNTY. 

Carmel  Development  Company,  Mr.  Devendorf,  secretary.  Carmel- 
on-the-8ea  has  a  dei)Osit  of  sand  claimed  to  be  similar  to  that  of  Lake 
IMajella  and  to  run  95  per  cent  silica. 

Pacific  Improvement  Company,  Henry  Cowell  Lime  and  Cement  Com- 
pany, agent.  Deposit  at  Lake  Majella,  near  Pacific  Grove,  in  south- 
eastern part  of  T.  15  S.,  R.  1  W.  The  sand  is  arkose.  The  grains 
of  quartz  and  feldspar  are  mostly  angular,  but  mixed  with  rounded 
quartz  granules.  The  biotite  and  hornblende  granules  occur  in  limited 
quantity.  The  sand  is  shipped  in  bulk  to  the  glass  factories  in  San 
Francisco  and  Stockton.  About  one  fourth  of  the  output  is  shipped 
in  sacks — about  50,000,  weighing  from  80  to  100  pounds  each. 

ORANGE  COUNTY. 

Glass  sand  is  found  in  Sec.  31,  T.  7  S.,  R.  7  W.,  S.  B.  U.;  R.  Egan, 
Capistrano,  owner;  about  one  mile  northeast  of  town,  in  a  canon 
entering  the  Trabuco  at  Capistrano.  On  the  west  side  of  the  creek  a 
bed  of  sand  is  exposed  over  50  to  60  feet,  from  8  to  10  feet  high,  over- 
laid by  recent  clays.  Close  by,  on  the  east  side  of  the  canon,  a  similar 
deposit  is  exposed  over  a  couple  of  hundred  feet,  having  a  thickness  of 
25  to  30  feet.  This  material  consists  of  very  minute,  angular  quartz 
granules  and  very  fine  scales  of  biotite,  sometimes  muscovite. 

PLACER  COUNTY. 

Roseville  Deposits,  in  Sec.  8,  T.  11  N.,  R.  7  E.;  Thomas  Thomas,  Rose- 
ville,  owner.  This  deposit  of  glass  sand  was  prospected  by  G.  M. 
Hanisch,  who  made  borings  in  this  material  to  a  depth  of  90  feet.  The 
sand  is  overlaid  by  15  feet  of  gold-bearing  gravel,  and  lies  in  a  basin 
formed  by  lava  on  the  north,  black  slate  on  the  south,  and  granite  on 
the  east. 

Lincoln  Deposits,  in  Sees.  9  and  10,  T.  12  N.,  R.  6  E.;  Tallant  Bank- 
ing Coni})any,  owner.  This  deposit  was  also  prospected  by  Mr.  Hanisch ; 
the  glass  sand  was  found  at  an  average  depth  of  25  feet.  (See  Xth 
Report  of  the  California  State  Mining  Bureau,  i)p.  20,  413.)  More 
recent  borings  were  made  on  a  town  lot  in  Lincoln,  owned  by  Frank 
Elder.     Several  tons  were  extracted  at  a  depth  of  30  feet. 


GLASS  INDUSTRY;  GRAPHITE.  279 

SAN  JOAQUIN    COUNTY, 

Pacific  Window  Glass  Company;  C.  J.  Hurrle,  manager.  It  is  located 
about  one  mile  south  of  Stockton,  was  started  in  1902,  and  manufac- 
tures only  window  glass,  using  the  cylinder  window-glass  process.  The 
equipment  includes  one  continuous  melting  tank,  with  a  capacity  of 
eighteen  pots  (thus  accommodating  eighteen  blowers);  two  flattening 
ovens,  and  a  cutting,  sizing,  and  shipping  department.  The  crew  of 
skilled  labor  includes  18  blowers,  18  tender  boys,  4  flatteners,  and  4 
cutters,  and  the  balance  is  common  labor.  Ninety  men  are  employed 
in  the  factory.  Oil  is  used  as  fuel.  The  glass  sand  is  shipped  from 
Monterey  County.  The  management  claims  that  the  glass  is  as  good 
as  any  Eastern  product,  and  can  be  furnished  in  any  sizes  ranging  from 
7  by  9  inches  up  to  50  by  80  inches. 

SAN  LUIS  OBISPO  COUNTY. 

Glass  sand  is  reported  in  large  quantities  and  of  a  very  good  quality 
in  the  mountains  about  40  miles  east  of  Arroyo  Grande,  by  J.  F. 
Beckett,  Arroyo  Grande. 

Glass  sand  is  also  claimed  to  be  found  in  the  northern  part  of 
T.  32  S.,  R.  13  E.,  M.  D.  M.,  near  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad,  3  to  4 
miles  south  of  Edna,  in  the  bituminous  rock  formation  on  the  Rancho 
Corral  de  Piedra.  (See  also  Xth  Report  of  the  California  State  Mining 
Bureau,  p.  573.) 


GRAPHITE, 


Graphite  is  sometimes  called  "  plumbago"  or  "  black  lead."  It  is  a 
form  of  carbon,  and  occurs  in  two  varieties,  crystalline  and  amorphous. 
Crystalline  graphite  is  usually  found  in  a  compact  foliated  or  granular 
mass.  Graphite  is  infusible  and  resists  the  corrosive  action  of  many 
chemicals  and  molten  metals,  which  properties  render  the  crystalline 
variety  with  its  flake-like  form  of  great  value  in  the  manufacture  of 
graphite  crucibles.  Crystalline  graphite  is  a  good  conductor  of  heat 
and  electricity,  which  renders  it  of  special  value  in  the  manufacture  of 
electrical  appliances.  Graphite  is  also  used  for  stove  polish,  foundry 
facings,  paint,  and  lead  pencils;  as  a  lubricant,  and  in  poAvder  glazing, 
electrotyping,  steam  packing,  etc.  (See  Bureau  of  Census,  Mines  and 
Quarries,  1902,  p.  1017.) 


280  STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

FRESNO  COUNTY. 

A  largr  body  oi  gi-a})liite  is  found  in  Drum  N'allcy,  6  inilcs  north  of 
Auckland,  Tulare  County,  on  the  land  of  William  Kincaid,  of  Dunlap, 
and  another  l)ody  on  tlie  Reeves  ranch,  oi  miles  west  of  Dunlap.  (8ee 
Xlllth  Report  of  the  California  State  Mining  Bureau,  p.  642.)  These 
deposits  have  not  been  operated  on  a  commercial  scale  as  yet. 

LOS  ANGELES  COUNTY. 

D.  0.  Helman,  2029  New  Jersey  street,  Los  Angeles,  owns  a  deposit  of 
crystalline  graphite  in  T.  7  N.,  R.  15  W.,  S.  B.  M.,  near  Elizabeth  Lake. 
It  has,  however,  not  been  sufficiently  developed  to  prove  its  conniiercial 
value. 

In  Sec.  4,  T.  1  N.,  R.  13  W.,  S.  B.  .M.,  in  Verdugo  Canon,  12  miles 
northeast  of  Los  Angeles,  an  extensive  deposit  of  graphite  is  found  in 
a  granite  country  rock.  It  is  amorphous  and  soft,  which  renders  its 
separation  more  difficult  and  expensive.  The  soft  graphite  can  only 
l)e  used  for  ])aint.  (See  IXth  Report  of  the  California  State  Mining 
Bureau,  p.  207.) 

Graphite  Mine;  George  A.  Skinner  and  Charles  Woodin,  both  of  Kern 
County,  owners.  It  is  located  in  the  northern  portion  of  Los  Angeles 
County,  near  Savigus.  The  property  is  at  present  undeveloped.  It  is 
reported  that  there  are  two  veins,  4  and  6  feet  wide.  It  has  been  held 
by  the  present  owners  for  about  two  years. 

MENDOCINO  COUNTY. 

Western  Graphite  Company,  Crossley  Building,  San  Francisco,  owns 
a  deposit  of  gra})hite  in  Sec.  8,  T.  12  N.,  R.  15  W.,  about  15  miles  east 
of  Point  Arena.  The  graphite  occurs  in  a  blanket  formation;  it  is 
mined  l)y  quarrying,  then  washed  and  puddled  to  free  it  from  (juartz 
inclusions,  and  later  refined  in  San  Francisco.  It  is  marketed  as  a 
paint,  a  lubricant,  and  for  foundry  facings. 

SAN  BERNARDINO  COUNTY. 
W.  E.  Van  Slyke,  716  Fifth  street,  San  Bernardino.  A  deposit  of 
graphite,  stated  to  he  near  the  head  of  the  Santa  Ana  River,  in  the  San 
Bernardino  Mountains,  about  15  miles  from  East  Highlands,  a  station 
on  the  Santa  Fe  Railway.  The  material  is  claimed  to  carry  about  50 
per  cent  of  graphite,  which  is  ap})arently  of  the  soft,  amorphous  variety. 

SISKIYOU  COUNTY. 

A  ledge  of  grapliite  is  reported  in  the  Siskiyou  Mountains,  very  near 
the  top  of  the  ridge  on  the  north  slope,  op})Osite  the  head  of  the  eastern 
branch  of  Seiad  Creek,  about  in  Sees.  4  and  9,  T.  47  N.,  R.  11  \V. 


GRAPHITE:  GYPSUM.  281 


SONOMA  COUNTY. 
Healdsbupg  Paint  Company.  In  cxcavatiiiii  for  tlie  foundation  of  a 
mill  at  the  Healdsburg  Paint  Company's  mine,  10  miles  south  of  Healds- 
Inirg,  a  deposit  of  graphite  was  exposed.  It  was  overlooked  and  cov- 
ered hy  a  waste  dump.  The  material  is  apparently  very  similar  to 
that  at  the  Skinner  graphite  mine,  and  to  samples  from  Mendocino 
County.     Small  particles  of  (piartz  occur  throughout  the  graphite. 

Skinner  Graphite  Mine,  E.  Leach  (care  of  F.  A.  Leach,  U.  S.  Mint, 
San  Francisco),  owner;  in  Sec.  14,  T.  4  X.,  R.  7  W.,  4  miles  south  of 
Petahnna.  on  the  San  Rafael  road.  It  was  opened  about  1894,  and  has 
produced  $9000  worth  of  mineral  paint.  The  development  works  are 
at  present  inaccessible,  and  there  is  no  outcropping  of  graphite.  Mr. 
Skinner  states  ''that  the  graphite  occurs  as  a  40-foot  bed,  dipping  to 
the  north  at  an  angle  of  about  45  degrees,  and  that  8  feet  of  the  best 
material — the  upper  portion  of  the  bed — averages  90  per  cent."  Stringers 
of  (juartz  are  distributed  throughout  the  deposit.  The  ore  was  merelj'' 
screened  at  the  mine  to  remove  the  quartz,  and  shipped  to  San  Fran- 
cisco to  be  milled  and  bolted  for  paint. 

TUOLUMNE  COUNTY. 

Morgan  Graphite  Mine;  R.  H.  Morgan,  Columbia,  owner;  in  Sec.  9^ 
T.  2  X..  R.  14  E.,  about  3  miles  west  of  Columbia.  The  graphite  is  said 
to  contain  some  silica.  A  few  years  ago  a  shipment  was  made  to  Eng- 
land, but  nothing  could  be  learned  of  the  returns.  The  works  are  closed 
and  inaccessible. 


GYPSUM. 


Gypsum  is  a  hydrous  calcium  sulphate  (CaS04,  2  HgO),  which,  pro- 
portioned by  weight,  contains  20.9  per  cent  of  water,  32.5  per  cent  of 
lime,  and  46.6  per  cent  of  sulphur  trioxide.  The  color  is  usually'  white 
when  pure,  l:>ut  sometimes  it  is  gray,  yellow,  red,  brown,  or  black.  It 
occurs  massive,  granular,  fil)rous,  and  crystallized,  in  large  solid  crys- 
tals, or  in  lamellar  or  seal}'  crystal  masses  and  sheets.  The  fine  fibrous 
forms  are  called  sdfiu  spar,  from  its  satin-like  luster,  and  the  trans- 
parent crystal  forms  are  called  selenite.  A  compact,  granular,  translu- 
cent variety  of  gypsum  is  called  alabaster,  and  is  used  for  ornamental 
purposes. 

Calcium  sul})hate  occurs  in  nature  without  the  water  of  crystalliza- 
tion in  the  mineral  anhydrite  (CaS04).     It  occurs  associated  with  lime- 


282  STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

stone  and  other  rocks,  sometimes  witli  Ix'ds  of  rock  salt,  but  is  not  so 
common  or  abundant  as  gypsum. 

Calcium  sulphate  occurs  in  large  quantities  in  solution  in  many 
springs  and  streams,  and  in  still  larger  quantities  in  sea-water. 

Uses  of  Gypsum. — Gypsum  has  a  large  nundjer  of  varied  uses  in  the 
industries.  It  is  used  in  the  form  of  plaster  of  paris.  It  replaces  (piick- 
lime  in  wall  plaster,  and  is  frequently  used  for  the  hard  finish  on  lime 
plaster.  It  is  used  for  making  plaster  boards  and  for  the  smooth  finish 
jnit  on  the  surface.  Large  quantities  enter  into  the  manufacture  of 
fertilizers,  although  less  than  formerly.  It  is  used  as  a  retarding  ingre- 
dient in  Portland  cement.  It  is  further  used  in  the  paper,  the  glass,  the 
dyeing,  and  in  many  other  industries;  also  as  an  adulterant  for  food 
products. 

The  researches  of  Professor  Hilgard  of  the  University  of  California 
have  shown  that  gypsum  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  materials  for 
reclaiming  the  black  alkali  lands  of  central  California.  There  are  a 
number  of  small  gypsum  quarries  where  the  product  is  used  locally  for 
this  purpose. 

The  increased  demand  for  gypsum  along  the  different  lines  is  in 
excess  of  the  supply  in  California,  and  a  considerable  portion  of  that 
used  is  shipped  in  from  other  states.  The  large  cement  works,  pot- 
teries, and  plaster  works  in  the  vicinity  of  San  Francisco  obtain 
gypsum  from  Nevada. 

Methods  of  Manufacture  of  Plaster  or  Plaster  of  Paris.  — In  the 
manufacture  of  plaster,  the  gypsum  is  heated  or  cooked  in  large  kettles 
up  to  a  temperature  of  177'\  when  it  is  withdrawn  from  the  fire.  If  all 
the  water  is  driven  off,  the  plaster  becomes  "  dead  burned  "  and  refuses 
to  set.  If  the  gypsum  is  properly  burned  and  ground,  when  water  is 
added  to  it  a  hard,  compact  material  is  formed.  With  the  pure  gypsum 
this  process  takes  place  quite  rapidly — in  six  to  eight  minutes. 

In  its  use  as  wall  plaster  and  for  some  other  purposes  it  is  desirable 
to  have  the  plaster  set  slowly.  This  object  is  commonly  attained  by 
mixing  with  it  some  substance  which  has  the  property  of  delaying  the 
final  set.  Such  substances  are  called  retarders  and  are  of  different 
materials,  such  as  sawdust,  pulp,  fiber,  lime,  slag,  sugar,  alkalies,  acids, 
glue,  and  glycerine. 

Sometimes  it  is  desirable  to  hasten  the  time  and  have  the  plaster  set 
as  quickly  as  possible,  which  is  accomplished  by  adding  what  is  called 
an  accelerator.     Alum  or  borax  is  frequently  used  for  this  purpose. 

It  is  possible,  by  adding  certain  chemicals  to  the  plaster,  to  make  a 
harder  product.  Even  the  natural  gypsum  rock  may  be  hardened 
artificially. 


GYPSUM— BUTTE,  COLUSA,  FRESNO.  283 

DistFibution. — Gypsum  occurs  Avidely  distributed  in  nearly  all  locali- 
ties where  the  Tertiary  rocks  occur;  that  is,  in  the  Coast  Ranges,  in  the 
Great  Valley,  and  in  southern  California;  but  only  in  few  locali- 
ties does  it  occur  in  beds  of  suthcient  size  or  purity  and  convenient  to 
transportation  to  be  worked  profitably. 

The  only  counties  reporting  to  the  Mining  Bureau  in  190.'>  were: 
Kern,  1000  tons,  and  Los  Angeles,  5914  tons,  all  valued  at  $46,441. 
There  was  probably  a  considerable  production  from  small  quarries  for 
local  use  which  was  not  reported. 

References  on  Gypsum  Deposits. — 1.  The  Vlllth,  Xth,  and  Xllth 
Reports  of  the  State  Mineralogist  of  California. 

2.  Bulletin  Xo.  223,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey.  Gypsum  deposits  in 
the  United  States. 

3.  Bulletin  Xo.  11,  Vol.  Ill,  1893,  X.  Y.  State  Museum. 

4.  Iowa  Geological  Survey,  Vol.  XII,  1901. 

5.  University  Geological  Survey  of  Kansas,  Vol.  V. 

6.  Geological  Survey  of  Michigan,  Vol.  V,  Pt.  II,  1893. 

BUTTE  COUNTY. 

Gypsum  occurs  in  Butte  County  in  the  St.  Clair  hydraulic  mine 
(long  ago  abandoned),  in  Sec.  19,  T.  21  X.,  R.  4  E.  It  is  exposed  in  the 
face  of  the  workings  in  small  horizontal  ledges  or  layers,  from  3  to  5 
feet  apart,  and  extending  for  about  100  feet  across  the  face. 

COLUSA  COUNTY. 

Gypsum  occurs  in  various  sections  in  the  western  side  of  Colusa 
County,  but  none  has  been  developed  in  commercial  quantity.  It  is 
reported  in  the  Sulphur  Creek  district,  in  Sec.  31,  T.  17  X.,  R.  7  W., 
and  in  the  Ruby  King  copper  mines. 

FRESNO  COUNTY. 

About  9  miles  north  of  Coalinga,  in  Fresno  County,  is  a  gypsum 
deposit,  which  occurs  in  two  beds  interstratified  with  clays  and  shales 
which  dip  20  degrees  to  the  southeast.  The  product  was  used  for  fer- 
tilizer in  Tulare  and  Fresno  counties. 

Paoli  Mine. — Professor  Hilgard  gives  a  description  of  this  deposit 
in  the  Xllth  Report  of  the  State  Mineralogist,  1894,  p.  323.  It  is 
located  in  the  ridge  bordering  the  Avest  side  of  the  Great  Valley, 
about  18  miles  southwest  from  Mendota.  The  gypsum  crops  out  along 
the  crest  of  several  ridges,  with  a  gentle  dip  toward  the  valley.  The 
deposit  on  the  crest  of  the  main  ridge,  where  most  work  has  been  done, 


284  STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL    MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

shows  a  thickness  of  at  hwst  30  feet,  1>ut  its  lower  liniil  lias  not  heen 
exposed.  The  deposit  is  a  very  hirge  one,  sutticient  to  supi)ly  tlif  needs 
of  the  San  .Ton(|uin  Valley  for  a  lonu'  tiin(>  to  come. 

tSani])les  eoUeeted  fi'oin  ero]>i)inus  hy  Professor  lliliiard  show  the 
material  to  he  very  nearly  uniform  from  top  to  hottom;  a  yellowish- 
white  chalky  mass,  easily  crumbled,  and  therefore  readily  put  in  shai)e 
for  farmers'  use.  Eight  samples  were  selected  to  represent  the  outcro})s 
in  several  places.     The  analyses  of  four  gave  the  following  results: 

Sand,  Moisture, 
and  Carbonate 
<;ypsum.  Clay,      of  Lime,  etc. 

N.I.  J,  froiu  suinmit  of  main  ridge !>r).24%  1.98%  2.78% 

No.  ."),  from  second  spur,  middle  of  crest 94.74  1.52  .3.74 

No.  6,  from  third  sjiur,  in  canon 1)2.90  2.60  4.50 

No.  7,  from  fourtli  spur,  near  road 82.2U  8.21  9.59 


KERN  COUNTY, 
California  Gypsum  and  Mineral  Company;    J.  M.    Anderson,    Tulare. 
The  deposit  is  located  near  McKittrick. 

Cottonwood  Creek,  5  miles  north  of  Pampa,  and  8  miles  from  Wade, 
on  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad.  Tlie  gypsum  is  stated  to  occur  l»oth 
as  surface  crust  and  in  interstratified  beds.  The  material  is  shipped  fi-om 
Wade,  and  used  for  fertilizing  purposes.  (See  Bulletin  No.  220,  V.  S. 
Geological  Survey,  p.  121.) 

Western  Petroleum  Company;  Mclvittrick.  Sec.  20,  T.  30  S.,  H.  22  E., 
M.  D.  M. 

LOS  ANGELES  COUNTY. 

Alpine  Plaster  Company;  main  office,  720  East  Colorado  street,  Pasa- 
dena; branch  office,  302  Douglas  Building,  Los  Angeles;  David  Lang, 
manager  at  the  works  at  Palmdale.  The  gypsum  occurs  in  large  quan- 
tities in  the  low  foothills  about  half  a  mile  to  the  south,  and  is  manu- 
factured into  plaster  at  the  factory,  which  is  located  near  Palmdale,  a 
station  on  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad.  At  ]n-esent  tlu'  material  is 
transported  in  wagons  from  the  quarries  to  the  mill. 

The  gypsum  outcrops  for  several  miles  east  and  west  in  the  low  foot- 
hills along  the  south  side  of  the  great  Antelojie  Valley,  interstratified 
with  conglomerate,  sandstone,  and  shales.  The  general  dip  of  the 
strata  is  to  the  south.  So  far  as  known,  the  total  thickness  of  the  gyp- 
sum beds  has  not  yet  been  ascertained,  but  there  is  sufficient  showing 
on  the  outcrop  to  furnish  a  supply  for  many  years  to  come.  Part  of 
the  gvjjsum  occurs  in  fibrous  layers  one  eightii  toon(>  half  of  an  inch  or 
more  thick,  alternating  with  thin  layers  of  clay  and  shale.  The  1)anded 
layers  are  in  places  rather  sharply  folded,  and  in  places  faulted.     (See 


GYPSUM— LOS  ANGELES  COUNTY. 


285 


111.  122.)  In  other  places  along  the  outcrop  the  gypsum  is  more  massive, 
shows  little  crystallization,  and  contains  more  or  less  white  and  yellow 
€lay  diffused  through  the  mass. 

The  l)etter  grades  of  the  gypsum  now  being  (juarried,  it  is  stated,  run 
over  80  per  cent  in  calcium  sulphate.  The  workable  beds  vary  in  thick- 
ness from  2  to  30  feet  or  more.  The  present  quarry  (July,  1904)  con- 
tains from  4  to  5  feet  of  commercial  product,  with  almost  no  stripping. 
All  of  the  quarrying  so  far  has  been  on  the  outcrop  along  the  brow  of 
the  low  hill.     A  dozen  or  more  small  quarry  openings  have  been  made. 

The  mill  has  been  in  operation  three  years,  manufacturing  two  grades 


II. I..  -No.  122.     (.VPSUM  IJUARRY  OF  THE  ALPLXE  PLASTER  COMPANY  AT  P.VLMHALE, 
LOS  ANGELES  COUNTY.    Light  bands  are  gypsum. 

of  ])laster — No.  1,  white  for  finishing;  and  No.  2,  wall  plaster.  The 
I)roduct  is  principally  used  in  Los  Angeles  and  Pasadena,  and  the 
demand  is  stated  to  be  steadily  increasing.  There  are  two  pots  in 
operation,  witli  a  capacity  of  40  tons  of  plaster  per  day,  using  oil  as 
fuel. 

(8ee  Xlth  Report  of  the  California  State  Mining  Bureau,  p.  248; 
Xllth  ihifl,  p.  324;  Xlllth  ibid,  p.  504.) 

Fire  Pulp  Plastic  Company,  750  South  Alameda  street,  Los  Angeles, 
owns  a  gyi)sum  deposit  at  the  head  of  San  Francis([uito  Creek,  about 
13  miles  from  Castaic.  The  gypsum  is  of  good  quality;  it  occurs,  how- 
ever, in  relatively  small  pockets  and  layers  within  the  inclosing  country 
rock. 


286  STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OF    CiVl,IFORNlA. 

About  tAvo  miles  north  of  Lang,  a  station  on  the  Southern  Pacific 
Raih-oad,  in  8cc.  30,  T.  5  N.,  K.  14  W.,  S.  B.  M.,  there  is  a  deposit  of 
gypsum,  nearly  8  feet  wide,  almost  iK'rpondicular.  (See  IXtli  Report 
of  the  California  State  Mining  Bureau,  p.  195.) 


ORANGE  COUNTY. 

In  Gj'psum  Canon,  Orange  County,  on  the  west  sloi)e  of  the  Santa 
Ana  range,  is  a  deposit  of  white  crystalline  gypsum,  said  to  be  from 
8  to  10  feet  in  thickness.  It  occurs  in  sandstone  strata,  thought  to  be 
of  Cretaceous  age.  (See  Bulletin  No.  223,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey, 
p.  121.) 

RJVERSDDE  COUNTY. 

Adams-Blakely  Deposit;  H.  R.  Adams  and  T.  A.  Blakely,  Braly 
Building,  Los  Angeles,  owners;  in  T.  3  S.,  R.  18  E.,  S.  B.  M.,  in  the 
Old  Ironwood  Mining  District,  a  deposit  dipping  at  an  angle  of  45  degrees, 
reported  as  about  2  miles  long  and  1  mile  wide.  The  greater  part  is 
granulated  gypsum,  and  runs  from  96  to  99  per  cent  pure.  Stone  gyp- 
sum or  alabaster  occurs  intermediary  in  dikes.  At  present  the  deposit 
is  too  distant  from  the  railroad  to  be  worked  commercially,  but  the  new 
Santa  Fe  cutoff  from  Parker  to  Bengal  will  make  it  accessible. 

Banning-  Station,  near  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad.  (See  Bulletin 
No.  223,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  p.  120.) 

George  W.  Lord,  Corona.  In  Sees.  14  and  15,  T.  4  S.,  R.  7  W., 
S.  B.  ^I.  The  gypsum  occurs  in  a  brown  ferruginous  shale,  partly  as 
crystals,  partly  as  fibrous  gypsum,  and  partly  as  thin  flakes  crystal- 
lized in  the  seams  of  the  rock.  It  has  been  worked  by  the  Standard 
Fertilizing  Company,  which  took  out  250  tons  of  gypsum  in  1901,  and 
about  150  tons  before  that  date;  but  has  not  been  worked  since   then. 

SAN  BENITO  COUNTY. 

In  Bitterwater  Creek  Cahou  a  number  of  (k'tached  gy])sum  dci^osits 
are  found,  running  from  Lewis  Creek,  in  Sec.  5,  T.  19  S.,  R.  10  E.,M.  D.  M., 
to  Sec.  17  or  18,  T.  18  S.,  R.  9  E.  The  quality  of  the  gypsum  differs 
materially  in  the  various  exposures.  (See  also  Bulletin  No.  223,  U.  S. 
Geological  Survey,  p.  120.) 

F.  Q.  Alvarez,  Bitterwater  P.  O.  In  Sec.  5,  T.  19  S.,  R.  10  E.,  and  Sec. 
32,  T.  18  S.,  R.  10  E.,  on  the  east  side  of  the  Lower  Bitterwater.  The 
gypsum  lies  in,  or  in  close  contact  with,  a  belt  of  serpentine  whicli  runs 
along  the  east  rim  of  liitterwater  Valley.  It  is  mixed  with  clay  and 
often  of  a  grayish  color;  some  bouMcrs  of  white  gypsum  are,  however, 


GYPSUM  — SAN  BENITO,  SAN  BERNARDINO.  287 

found  on  the  surface.    Sevtn-al  years  ago  some  was  excavated  and  liauled 
to  San  Francisco,  l)ut  in  later  years  the  deposit  has  been  idle. 

Mrs.  S.  Chambers,  Bitterwater  P.  O.  In  Sec.  15,  T.  18  S.,  U.  9  E.,  on 
the  west  side  of  Bitterwater  Valley,  some  gypsum  boulders  were  exca- 
vated some  years  ago.  In  a  well  dug  near  the  house  a  bed  of  gypsum 
al>out  3  feet  thick  was  passed  through. 

Three  hundred  yards  northeast  of  the  house  some  open  cuts  have 
exposed  two  beds  of  a  fair  quality  of  gypsum.  The  country  rock  is 
shale,  but  the  gypsum  is  accompanied  by  a  light  gray  sandstone  con- 
taining inclusions  of  gypsum. 

J.  F.  Dunn,  Hollister.  On  the  Topo  ranch,  in  Sec.  17  or  18,  T.  18  S., 
R.  9  E.,  on  the  divide  Avest  of  Bitterwater  Valley,  a  deposit  of  gypsum 
lying  in  a  horizontal  bed,  3  to  4  feet  thick,  has  been  opened  for  about  100 
feet.  It  has  only  a  soil  overburden  of  2^  to  3  feet,  and  is  underlaid  by 
shale.  The  gypsum  is  of  fairly  good  quality.  .  The  deposit  is  12  miles 
from  railroad.  (See  Xlllth  Report  of  the  California  State  Mining 
Bureau,  p.  504.) 

J.  C.  Tully,  Bitterwater  P.  O.  In  Sec.  32,  T.  18  S.,  R.  10  E.  (See 
Alvarez  deposit,  of  which  it  forms  part.) 

R.  R.  Tully,  Bitterwater  P.  0.  In  Sec.  11,  T.  18  S.,  R.  10  E.  Some 
detached  l)odies  of  grayish-colored  gypsum,  somewhat  mixed  with  clay. 

Estate  of  T.  Williams  (deceased),  1003  First  street,  San  Jose.  In  the 
southwestern  part  of  T.  19  S.,  R.  12  E.,  and  the  northwestern  part  of 
T.  17  S.,  R.  12  E.,  M.  D.  M.,  on  Silver  Creek,  indications  of  gypsum 
have  been  found. 

SAN  BERNARDINO   COUNTY. 

San  Bernardino  County  contains  gypsum  beds  of  promise  in  many 
places  on  the  desert,  especially  in  the  eastern  part,  in  Amboy  sink. 
They  are  associated  with  salt  beds  and  overlaid  by  a  thin  layer  of  clay. 
They  have  not  been  developed. 

Near  Camp  Cady,  a  gypsum  deposit  has  been  located  by  Willam  Hale^ 
310  D  street,  San  Bernardino,  and  F.  Deming  and  J.  Ackerman, 
Daggett,  one  mile  from  the  San  Pedro,  Los  Angeles  and  Salt  Lake 
Railroad,  in  the  northern  part  of  T.  10  N.,  R.  5  E.,  S.  B.  M.  The 
deposit  is  stated  to  be  uncovered  along  a  low  ridge  about  300  feet  long, 
and  100  feet  high  at  the  highest  point.  Very  little  work  has  been  done 
on  the  de})Osit. 

Beds  of  Selenite  (gypsum)  also  occur  associated  with  salt  beds  at 
Danby  dry  lake,  32  miles  southeast  of  Danby,  on  the  Santa  Fe  Railway. 


2S8  STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OP    CALIFORNIA. 

SAN  LUIS  OBISPO  COUNTY. 

White  and  .tiray  gypsum  occur  in  in-c.milar,  huiicliy  veins  on  Alamo 
Creek.  1()  miles  fi-om  Santa  Maria,  l»ut  very   little  of  it   lias  been   used. 

SANTA  BARBARA  COUNTY. 

Charles  D.  Fox,  Room  21,  Curtaz  lUiilding,  Sau  Francisco.  An 
extensive  deposit  in  Santa  Barbara  Canon,  in  T.  8  and  9  N.,  R.  25  W., 
S.  B.  ]\I.,  aliout  5  or  6  miles  south  of  Quartel  P.  O.,  in  the  Cuyama 
Valley.  It  is  claimed  to  contain  a  very  fair  grade  of  gypsum,  also 
alabaster.  (See  Bulletin  No.  228,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  y>.  123.) 
This  deposit  can  be  reached  l)y  wagon  from  Santa  Maria  and  from 
Bakersfield. 

Stevenson  &  Marshall,  Casmalia  P.  0.,  own  a  gypsum  deposit  near 
Point  Sal,  on  the  coast  of  Santa  Barbara  County.  It  has  produced 
considerable  gypsum  in  the  past,  but  has  l)een  idle  for  a  numl)er  of 
years,  with  no  prospect  of  producing  again.  The  gypsum  was  hauled 
to  Point  Sal  landing  for  shipment  by  water.  There  are  said  to  be  two 
beds  of  gypsum  occurring  in  black  clay,  all  dipping  down  at  a  high 
angle.  Six  different  openings  were  made,  and  the  most  accessible  part 
of  the  deposit  has  apparently  been  exhausted.  (See  also  Vlllth 
Report  of  the  California  State  Mining  Bureau,  p.  58o;  Xth  iJtid.,  p.  601; 
Bulletin  No.  223,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  p.  122.) 

Selenite  is  found  among  the  surface  debris  near  Santa  Barl»ara,  but 
no  regular  de})Osit  has  as  yet  l)een  discovered. 

TULARE  COUNTY. 

California  Gypsum  and  Mineral  Company;  .].  M.  Anderson,  Tulare; 
works  at  McKittrick.  In  Sec.  21,  T.  30  S..  R.  22  E.,  M.  D.  M. 
Specially  for  fertilizer,  etc. 

Dudley  Mine;  M.  Dickson,  McKittrick,  Kern  County,  owner.  Idle 
for  several  years. 

VENTURA  COUNTY. 

J.  F.  Dennison,  Nordhoff.  On  the  Dennison  ranch,  about  3  miles 
east  of  Nordhoff,  a  little  to  the  south  of  the  main  road  to  Santa  Paula, 
a  gypsum  deposit  was  worked  to  a  small  extent  more  than  ten  years 
ago.  Imt  not  since.  (See  Bulletin  No.  223,  U.  S.  (ieological  Survey, 
p.  122.) 


INFUSORIAL   EARTH— ANALYSES,   ETC. 


289 


INFUSORIAL  EARTH, 


Infusorial  earth  or  diatomaceous  earth,  sometimes  known  as  tripoli 
or  tripolite,  the  German  kieselguhr,  consists  of  siliceous  material  secreted 
by  microscopic  plants  called  diatoms.  When  pure  it  is  generally  white 
or  nearly  white  in  color,  and  consists  essentially  of  opal  or  colloidal 
silica  and  water,  but  frequently  contains  as  impurity  a  small  percentage 
of  other  constituents  such  as  alumina,  iron  oxide,  lime,  and  magnesia, 
as  shown  by  the  following  analyses: 

ANALYSES  OF  DIATOMACEOUS  EARTH. 


n 

Water.... 

Iron  Oxide 

> 

B 
5' 

so 

3 

so 
TO 

3 

cn 

Alkalies 

0 

White  Lake,  New  York 

Richmoiul,  Virginia 

Morri>;  Coiintv    \e\v  York 

86.52 
75.85 
80.66 
81.53 
81.08 
80.49 
1.20 
79.00 
95.34 
84.15 
91.43 
86.90 

12.12 

8.37 

14.01 

3.47 

18.44 

13.33 

10.00 

12.00 

.03 

10.40 

3.80 

5.99 

.37 
2.92 

"3.33' 

.45 
9.88 
3.84 
3.43 

.12 

.29 

.58 

2.61 

"iVes 

99.58 
98.95 
99.09 

Pope's  Creek,  Maryland 

Storev  C'oiintv.  Nevada 

5.63 

--   

100.00 
99.52 

Pollet  Lake,  Canada           -     

.95 

""s'.oo" 

3. 
.70 
.66 
1.26 

3.15 
2.00 
5.00 
65 
1.40 
2.89 
4.09 

.34 

.28 

--  

98.54 

Auversne 

99.20 

Tuscany                    -  -       

99.00 

Aberdeen 

99.02 

Hanover            - 

1.75 
.36 
.14 

1.10 
.25 
.51 

""95' 
1.18 

99.50 

Little  Truckee  River,  Xevada.. 
Fossil  Hill.  Xevada.-  .-.  ..  .. 

100.34 
100.07 

The  diatom  plants  are  exceedingly  minute;  there  are  a  great  many 
kinds  and  varieties,  some  of  which  inhabit  fresh  water  and  some  salt 
water.  The  marine  forms  are  very  widely  distributed;  in  places  they 
make  up  the  bulk  of  the  ooze  of  the  deep  sea,  where  it  is  called  diatom- 
ooze.  The  diatoms  are  very  abundant  in  many  fresh  waters;  they 
accumulate  in  great  quantities  in  some  of  the  fresh-water  lakes.  (See 
further.  Mineral  Resources,  1901,  p.  798.)  Probably  the  largest  deposits 
in  the  Avorld  occur  in  California. 

The  Eleventh  Census  Report,  Mineral  Industry,  page  707,  states  that 
the  first  development  of  infusorial  earth  in  California  was  made  in  1889, 
near  Calistoga,  Napa  County. 

Infusorial  earth  is  not  soluble  in  acids,  but  is  soluble  in  alkalies  and 
has  great  absorptive  powers.  Its  specific  gravity  is  about  0.25;  when 
saturated  it  has  a  density  of  1.24.  After  calcining,  the  specific  gravity 
is  increased  about  50  per  cent.  This  excessive  porosity,  together  with 
the  hardness  of  the  constituent  particles,  gives  the  earth  its  economic 
value.  It  is  used  as  an  absorbent  for  nitro-glycerine  in  the  manu- 
facture of  dynamite.  It  is  one  of  the  best  non-conductors,  and  is  used 
19— HiL.  38 


290 


STiU.CTLKA).    AXI)    INDUSTRIAL    MATERIALS    OF    CALIFORNIA. 


extensively  for  packing  boilers  and  steanipipes;  also  in  llic  luanufat'ture 
of  fire-proofing  and  l)uildingand  refractory  brick,  wiiich  are  used  where 
lightness  is  important.  It  is  further  used  extensively  as  a  polishing 
powder,  and  in  the  manufacture  of  scouring  soaps.  It  is  a  superior 
filtering  material   for  many  purposes,  ])ecause  of  its  porosit}'.     A  new 


%  K  ^ 


W0 


ILL.  No.  123.     DIATOMACEOrS  EARTH  FROM    LOMPOC.     HIGHLY    MA(;Nn-MKD.     THE 
MICROSCOPE  SHOWS  ITS  REMARKABLE  PIRITV  .\XI)  POROSITY. 

use  introduced  in  Germany  is  for  cleaning  and  scouring  wool  by  forcing 
it  through  the  wool  by  air  blast. 

The  })roduction   of    diatouLaccous  earth   in    the   United   States  is  as 
follows: 

Tons.  Value 

1H98 1.392  111,002* 

1899 3,000  30,400* 

1900 3,«15  24.207t 

1901 4,020  52,950t 

li)02 5,655  59,808 

1903 9,219  76,273 


*Min.  IikL.  Vol.  VI  L  )..  (iOT.         +  Min.  Res.,  p.  799. 


INFUSORIAL    EARTH  — l.OS    ANGELES    COUNTY, 


291 


The  product  in  California  in  1902  was  422  tons,  valued  $2,532;  in 
1903,  2703  tons,  valued  at  $16,010 ;  in  1904,  6950  tons,  valued  at  $112,282. 

The  Eleventh  Census  Report,  Mineral  Industry,  page  707,  gives  the 
value  of  the  diatomaceous  earth  in  the  United  States  for  1889  as 
$23,372,  distributed  as  follows:  California,  $8,000;  Connecticut,  $422; 
Maryland,  $10,700;  New  Hampshire,  $2,750;  and  New  Jersey,  $1,500. 

References. — 1.  Mineral  Industry,  N.  Y.,  Vol.  VII,  p.  606. 

2.  American  Jour,  of  Sci.,  1854,  Vol.  XVII,  p.  179.    J.  W.  Bailey. 

3.  American  Jour,  of  Sci.,  1891,  Vol.  XLII,  p.  369.     A.  M.  Edwards. 


ILL.  No.  124.     PHOTOMICROGRAPH   OF   DIATOM  FROM  THE  LOMPOC 
DIATOMACEOUS  EARTH.     ENLARGED  235  DIAMETERS. 

4.  Eighth  Report  of  the  California  State  Mining  Bureau,  p.  532. 

5.  Tenth  Report  of  the  California  State  Mining  Bureau,  p.  583. 

6.  Thirteenth  Report  of  the  California  State  Mining  Bureau,  p.  643. 

7.  Bulletin  No.  28,  California  State  Mining  Bureau. 

8.  Bulletin  Santa  Barbara  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  No.  1,  1887,  pp.  8-11. 
W.  W.  Finch. 

LOS  ANGELES  COUNTY. 

Banning  Company,  593  Pacific  P]lectric  Building,  Los  Angeles,  owns  a 
deposit  of  infusorial  earth  on  Santa  Catalina  Island,  from  which  con- 
siderable amounts  have  been  shipped.  (See  Xllth  Report  of  the  Cali- 
fornia State  Mining  Bureau,  p.  406;  Xlllth  ibid.,  p.  643.) 

J.  Bixby,  Currier  Building,  Los  Angeles.  On  the  Los  Palos  Verdes 
ranch,  San  Pedro  Mountains,  are  several  exposures  of  infusorial  earth 


292  STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

of  a  very  chalky  character.     None,  however,  has  been  developed  to  any 
extent. 

At  Point  Duma,  northwest  of  Santa  Monica,  there  is  a  large  deposit 
of  infusorial  earth.  (See  IXth  Report  of  the  California  State  Mining 
Bureau,  p.  208. 

MONTEREY  COUNTY. 

A  belt  of  infusorial  earth  runs  along  the  eastern  foothills  of  the  Santa 
Lucia  range,  from  the  southern  boundary  of  the  county,  in  T.  24  S., 
R.  10  E.,  in  a  northwesterly  direction  to  the  Arroyo  Seco,  in  T.  19  S., 
R.  6  E.,  and  then  shows  again,  in  the  same  general  direction,  in  Sees. 
36  and  26,  T.  15  S.,  R.  2  E.  West  of  Bradley,  in  the  northern  portion 
of  T.  24  S.,  R.  10  E.,  some  work  has  been  done  on  this  belt. 

B.  J.  Riewepts,  Bradley.  Sec.  4,  T.  24  S.,  R.  10  E.  The  infusorial 
earth  shows  along  the  slope  of  the  cailon,  running  in  an  east  and  west 
direction;  it  has  been  opened  over  a  length  of  300  feet,  showing  a 
thickness  of  from  10  to  15  feet,  but  is  probably  thicker.  The  infusorial 
earth  is  very  light,  white  or  very  light  gray,  and  is  cut  by  seams  of 
silicified  clays.  It  forms  a  very  refractory  material.  Three  carloads 
were  shipped  in  1904 — one  to  the  Yeso  Manufacturing  Company,  San 
Francisco. 

This  deposit  continues  in  Section  9,  same  township,  on  land  belong- 
ing Mr.  Leprosy,  San  Francisco;  and  in  Section  10,  on  land  belonging 
to  0.  P.  Spencer,  Bradley. 

ORANGE  COUNTY. 

Around  Alisos  Creek,  south  of  El  Toro,  a  great  amount  of  infusorial 
earth  is  found  scattered  among  the  surface  debris  and  clays.  As  far  as 
could  be  observed,  it  is  not  very  pure.  No  efforts  have  been  made  to 
open  up  any  of  these  deposits. 

SAN  BENITO  COUNTY. 

A.  Leonard,  San  Benito.  In  Sees.  20  and  28,  T.  16  S.,  R.  8  E.,  between 
Bear  Valley  and  the  San  Benito,  deposits  of  infusorial  earth  are  claimed 
to  l)e  found. 

SAN  BERNARDINO   COUNTY. 

A  small  deposit  of  infusorial  earth  is  claimed  to  occur  in  tlie  northern 
part  of  T.  2  N.,  R.  9  E.,  S.  B.  M.,  about  12  miles  from  Twenty-nine 
Palms,  and  40  miles  from  Palm  Station.  It  is  stated  to  be  about  2  feet 
thick.     Unappropriated  Government  land. 


INFUSORIAL  EARTH  — SAN  LUIS  OBISPO,  SANTA  BARBARA.  293 

SAN  LUIS  OBISPO  COUNTY. 

The  belt  of  infusorial  earth  running  through  the  southern  part  of 
Monterey  County  continues  into  San  Luis  Obispo  County,  showing  in 
detached  exposures  along  a  general  southeastern  direction  from  T.  25  S., 
R.  10  E.,  to  T.  28  S.,  R.  14  E.,  M.  D.  M.  Some  deposits  of  infusorial 
earth  are  also  found  in  the  belt  of  bituminous  rock  south  of  San   Luis. 

J.  F.  Beckett,  Arroyo  Grande.  North  of  the  town,  close  to  the  Pacific 
Coast  Railroad,  is  an  undeveloped  deposit  of  infusorial  earth. 

Frank  Silva,  Verde.  In  Verde  Canon,  about  3  miles  north  of  Arroyo 
Grande,  is  an  exposure  of  very  white  infusorial  earth. 

J.  Tognizi,  Edna.  West  and  close  to  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad, 
opposite  Edna,  infusorial  earth  shows  for  a  couple  of  hundred  feet  in  a 
slide  on  the  hillside,  about  35  feet  above  the  railroad  track. 

In  Sec.  23,  T.  26  S.,  R.  10  E.,  M.  D.  M.,  in  the  Rancho  Corral  delosMulos, 
an  exposure  of  infusorial  earth  is  found  in  a  gulch,  near  the  road  from 
Oak  Flat  to  Adelaide.  (See  also  Xth  Report  of  the  California  State 
Mining  Bureau,  p.  583,  where  its  analysis  is  given  as  follows:  SiOa, 
70.23  per  cent;  Al.Os,  16.55  per  cent;  CaO,  1.06  per  cent;  MgO,  0.59  per 
cent;  KjO,  11.32  per  cent.) 

In  Sec.  11,  T.  25  S.,  R.  10  E.,  M.  D.  M.,  another  small  exposure  of 
infusorial  earth  is  found. 

SANTA  BARBARA  COUNTY. 

The  Lompoc  infusorial  earth  is  undoubtedly  the  best  quality  found 
as  yet  in  the  State. 

Balaam  Mine;  Balaam  Brothers,  Lompoc,  owners;  H.  F.  Kidwell, 
Lompoc,  superintendent.  In  an  eastern  side  caiion  of  the  San  Miguel- 
ito,  about  2  miles  south  of  Lompoc;  elevation,  575  feet.  A  very  light 
(26  pounds  per  cubic  foot),  flaky  and  white  infusorial  earth.  The  strata 
dip  south  about  30  degrees,  conformable  with  the  underlying  shales,  and 
show  on  both  sides  of  the  caiion  to  a  thickness  of  about  a  couple  of 
hundred  feet.  The  deposit  consists  of  very  thin,  regularly  bedded 
layers  of  the  material,  with  occasional  narrow,  conformable  seams,  from 
1  to  2  inches  wide,  of  a  dark  brown  siliceous  shale.  The  face  of  the 
quarry  is  about  30  feet  high. 

This  material  is  used  as  a  boiler  and  pipe  covering;  as  furnace  lining, 
by  adding  some  gypsum  as  a  hardening  ingredient;  in  the  beet-sugar 
factories,  replacing  limestone;  and  more  especially  in  the  manufacture 
of  fireproof  plaster  at  the  Fireproof  Plaster  Works  at  Emeryville, 
Umthard  Brothers,  514  Twelfth  street,  Oakland. 


]LL.  Nu.  V2r>.    (^lAltliV  OF  INFfSORIAL  EARTH   .VV  LOM  P()(  ,  SANTA  RAKHAKA  (OIXTY. 


ILL.  No.  121-..     orTCKol'  (IK  INFISORIAL  KARTII  ori'OSlTK   1!.\I,A.\.M    IlKos.'  gl WKKV 

l.d.MI'OC,  SANTA  BAKHARA  COUNTY. 
(•Jill) 


INFUSORIAL  EARTH— SANTA  BARBARA  COUNTY. 


295 


Bank  of  Lompoe. — On  tlie  Santa  Rita  ranch,  on  the  north  bank  of  the 
Santa  Ynez  Kiver,  about  5  miles  in  an  air  line  east  of  Lompoe,  is 
an  undeveloped  deposit  of  infusorial  earth  of  considerable  size.     This 


ILL.  No.  127.     BALAAM   BROS.'   QIARRY  OF  INFLSORL\L  EARTH.  LOMPOC. 

SAXTA  BARBARA  COUNTY. 


ILL.  No.  12.S.     "MAGNE  SILICA  IHARRY,"  INFISORIAL  EARTH.  NEAR  LOMl'OC, 

SANTA  BARBARA  COUNTY. 

deposit  is  cut  l)y  the  Santa  Ynez  River;  the  portion  south  of  the  river 
lies  in  the  Salsipuedes  Ranch  (see  below).  It  lies  evidently  in  the 
trough  of  the  underlying  shales. 


296  STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL    ^LVTERLVLS    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

Dimock  Mine,  ^Tagne  Silica  Company  (TTarriman  &  Haniniore),  Los 
Angeles,  owner.  It  is  at  the  head  of  an  eastern  side  canon  of  the  San 
Miguelito,  about  three  fourths  of  a  mile  south  of  Lompoc;  elevation, 
1)00  feet.  A  very  large  body  of  infusorial  earth,  in  very  thin  layers, 
but  somewhat  more  compact  than  in  the  Balaam  mine;  and  in  })laces 
light  gray.  The  beds  are  nearly  horizontal.  A  tunnel  about  150  feet 
is  run  into  the  hill;  near  its  breast  a  raise  over  100  feet  high  runs 
through  the  material  to  the  surface.  The  earth  is  sacked  for  ship- 
ment and  used  by  the  company  in  its  works  at  Los  Angeles. 

The  same  company  also  owns  part  of  the  Moody  property,  adjoining 
the  Balaam  mine  to  the  south,  on  which  it  is  claimed  an  extensive 
de])osit  of  infusorial  earth  is  found,  as  yet  undeveloped. 

Salsipuedes  Ranch,  Hollister  Estate,  Santa  Barbara,  owner.  (See 
Bank  nf  L()in[)()C,  above.) 

Sunnyside  Mine,  M.  M.  Telford;  owner.  In  a  side  cation  of  the  San 
Miguelito,  betw^een  the  Dimock  and  Balaam  mines.  Idle  for  the  last 
few  years. 

Along  the  south  slope  of  the  Santa  Ynez  Mountains,  in  the  vicinity 
of  Santa  Barl)ara,  are  a  number  of  patches  of  more  or  less  impure  infu- 
sorial earth. 

SHASTA  COUNTY. 

In  the  northeastern  part  oi  the  county,  but  more  especially  along 
both  banks  of  Pit  River,  near  the  mouth  of  Hat  Creek,  and  up  that 
creek  for  about  5  miles,  several  exposures  of  infusorial  earth,  locally 
called  chalk,  are  found  in  beds  of  varying  thickness.  Only  a  relatively 
small  part  of  these  beds  is  pure,  the  greater  portion  being  mixed  witli 
sand.  The  pure  beds  are  seldom  over  10  feet  thick,  and  are  interbedded 
with  tuffs  and  basaltic  debris. 

T.  W.  Brown  and  Mrs.  E.  Ray,  Carbon,  owners.  In  Sees.  7  and  18, 
T.  36  X.,  R.  4  E.,  M.  1).  M.,  along  Hat  Creek. 

Mrs.  E.  Ray  and  W.  Tyrrel,  Carbon,  owners.  In  Sec.  7,  T.  36  N.,  R.  4  E., 
M.  D.  M.,  along  the  north  bank  of  Pit  River. 

Above  the  Farmers'  bridge  a  ridge  of  infusorial  earth  shows,  both 
north  and  south  of  Pit  River,  in  Section  17. 

Another  ridge  shows  also  on  l)oth  sides  of  the  river  in  Section  16. 
The  exposure  south  of  the  river  is  the  largest  in  this  region — the  so- 
called  chalk-slide,  on  the  Winters  road.  It  is  at  least  100  feet  high, 
but  the  infusorial  earth  is  not  of  as  good  a  quality  as  that  in  Hat  Creek, 
and  is  interljedded  with  sandstone. 

TEHAMA  COUNTY. 

Near  Lassen  Butte,  in  the  northeastern  paii  of  the  county,  consider- 
able deposits  of  infusorial  earth  are  said  to  be  found. 


IRON— BUTTE,  CALAVERAS,  Eli  DORADO,  LOS  ANGELES.  297 

IRON. 


BUTTE  COUNTY. 

Diamond  Match  Company,  Chico,  owner.  Sec.  5,  T.  25  N.,  R.  4  E., 
M.  D.  M.  The  iron  occurs  chiefly  in  the  form  of  float,  on  a  plateau,  at 
an  altitude  of  about  6000  feet.  An  open  cut  12  feet  deep  was  made 
several  years  ago,  cross-cutting  the  supposed  ledge. 

Heavy  iron  float  is  also  found  in  Sees.  7  and  27,  T.  23  N.,  R.  4  E., 
belonging  to  the  same  company. 

John  MoFPison,  Sec.  30,  T.  25  N.,  R.  5  E.,  M.  D.  M.     Heavy  iron  float. 

J.  F.  Nash,  Stirling,  and  J.  C.  Bupden.  Sees.  5  and  8,  T.  25  N.,  R.  4  E., 
M.  D.  M.     Locations. 

J.  H.  Rempel.     Sees.  5  and  8,  T.  25  N.,  R.  4  E.,  M.  D.  M.     Locations. 

CALAVERAS  COUNTY. 

Big-  Trees  Iron  Mine,  Willard  Sperry,  Gridley,  Butte  County,  owner. 
In  Sec.  32,  T.  4  N.,  R.  14  E.,  M.  D.  M.,  about  U  miles  north  of  Murphys. 
It  has  been  idle  for  several  years,  but  considerable  work  was  done  years 
ago  in  the  nature  of  open  cuts,  drifts,  and  some  shafts.  The  iron 
(limonite)  forms  a  capping  of  the  entire  hill. 

Detert  Iron  Mine,  Mr.  Detert,  Jackson,  Amador  County,  owner.  In 
Sec.  11,  T.  4  X.,  R.  10  E.,  M.  D.  M.,  U  miles  north  of  Valley  Springs, 
at  the  head  of  Skunk  Hollow.  Only  assessment  work  has  been  under- 
taken. 

EL  DORADO  COUNTY. 

Reliance  Mines,  Reliance  Mining  and  Smelting  Company,  owner; 
L.  W.  Simmons,  president,  2695  Howard  street,  San  Francisco.  In 
Sec.  18,  T.  10  X.,  R.  9  E.,  M.  D.  M.,  8  miles  northeast  of  Folsom.  The 
ore  is  stated  to  be  a  magnetite,  occurring  in  two  4|-foot  veins,  cropping 
out  over  a  considerable  distance,  with  a  decomposed  hanging  and  a 
granite  foot  wall.  Developed  by  three  shafts,  50,  218,  and  312  feet 
deep,  respectively. 

LOS  ANGELES   COUNTY. 

John  Carroll,  Fourth  and  Junipero  streets.  Long  Beach,  and  J.  D. 
Rivard,  2915  Downey  avenue,  Los  Angeles.  A  deposit  of  magnetite 
within  200  yards  of  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad,  at  Russ  Station 
(Soledad  Canon).  Only  a  little  development  work  has  been  done. 
Some  years  ago  a  small  furnace,  using  oil  as  fuel,  was  erected  at  the 
deposit,  but  proved  a  failure. 


298  STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OP    CALIFORNIA. 

The  Iron  Mack,  H.  Reblick,  Acton,  and  E.  L.  Baker,  713  West  First 
street,  Lof<  Angeles,  owners.  In  Sec.  36,  T.  6  N.,  R.  14  W.,  S.  B.  "Si.,  at 
the  head  of  Mint  Canon,  about  10  miles  northwest  of  Acton.  A  deposit 
of  low-grade  material,  containing  some  small  pockets  of  magnetite, 
accompanied  by  some  manganese  ore.  From  a  pit  less  than  10  feet 
deep,  some  ore  was  shipped  a  few  years  ago. 

MADERA  COUNTY. 

Minaret  Iron  Mines. — In  the  eastern  jjortion  of  Madera  County,  near 
the  Mono  County  line,  on  the  south  slope  of  the  Minaret  Mountains, 
about  twenty-nine  locations  were  made  on  the  belt  of  iron  ore,  which 
extends  for  about  2  miles  in  a  general  northwest  and  southeast  course, 
with  an  exposure  of  ore  averaging  300  feet  in  width.  Some  prospecting 
Avas  carried  on  during  1891-92,  but  since  then  they  have  l)een  idle.  The 
ores  are  hematite  and  magnetite. 

Mount  Raymond  Ipon  Mines,  T.  ii.  Hart,  1924  Tulare  street,  Fresno,  in 
charge.  In  Sees.  9,  10,  14,  15,  22,  and  23,  T.  5  S.,  R.  22  E.,  on  the  west 
slope  of  Mount  Raymond  and  about  33  miles  east  of  Raymond  Station, 
a  little  development  work  has  been  done  on  some  large  bodies  of  mag- 
netite and  hematite  ore.  Large  quantities  of  limestone  are  close  at 
hand,  but,  as  in  other  California  iron  mines,  the  question  of  fuel  is  the 
hindrance  to  development. 

NEVADA  COUNTY. 

There  are  two  distinct  exposures  of  iron  croppings  in  this  county, 
indicating  an  iron  belt  extending  from  T.  15  N.,  R.  7  E.,  to  T.  14  N., 
R.  8  E.     No  ])ersistent  prospecting  of  Nevada  County  iron  has  been  done. 

Indian  Springs  Deposit,  M.  C.  Taylor,  San  Francisco,  owner.  In  Sec. 
I,  T.  15  N.,  R.  7  E.  A  tunnel  has  been  driven  on  this  ])roperty  about 
half  a  mile  east  of  the  heavy  croppings,  which  stand  300  feet  high  by 
150  feet  long  and  100  feet  wide.  The  outer  or  upper  cropping  is  a  heavy 
gossan.     The  main  body  is  hemetite. 

Niekerson  Ranch  Deposits,  J.  li.  Nickerson,  Wolf  P.  ().,  owner.  In 
Sees.  33  and  34,  T.  15  N.,  R.  7  E.,  and  in  Sec.  7,  T.  14  N.,  II.  8  E.,  are 
indications  of  iron  ore. 

PLACER  COUNTY. 

Hotaling  Iron  Mines. — Iron  in  eommereial  (quantity  and  quality  was 
mined  and  smelted  in  I'lacer  County  several  years  ago,  in  Sec.  15,  T.  13  N., 
\\.  8  E.,  at  Hotaling,  by  the  PhoMiix  Iron  and  Lime  Company.  Several 
thousand  tons  of  hematite  iron  are  still  on  the  dump,  and  the  remains  of 
the  smelting  fui'naee  and  hnildings  are  on  the  ground. 


IRON— PLUMAS,  SAN  BENITO,   SAN  BERNxVRDINO.  299 

Weimep  Deposits. — In  Sec.  21,  T.  14  X..  R.  9  E.,  near  New  England 
jNIills  (or  ^^'einlel■),  iron  cropping^  are  visible  and  are  traceal)le  in  a 
northwest  course  to  Bear  River.  Very  little  prospecting  has  l)een  done, 
and  these  iron  deposits  have  only  been  operated  in  former  years  by  the 
Phoenix  Iron  and  Lime  Company. 

PLUMAS  COUNTY. 

Iron  (magnetite),  said  to  be  of  fair  quality,  occurs  in  T.  22  X.,  R.  9  E.; 
undeveloped. 

SAN  BENITO  COUNTY. 

Quilty  Iron  Mine,  -J.  S.  Hawkins,  Hollister,  owner.  In  Sec.  6,  T.  1.5  S., 
R.  6  E.,  M.  D.  M.  Has  been  idle  for  many  years.  (See  also  Ylllth 
Report  of  the  California  State  Mining  Bureau,  p.  490.) 

Estate  of  T.  Williams  (deceased),  1003  First  street,  San  .Jose.  In 
T.  17  S..  R.  12  E.,  M.  D.  M.,  on  Silver  Creek.  Indications  of  iron  ore 
are  found  on  this  property.  (See  Vlllth  Report  of  the  California 
State  Mining  Bureau,  p.  490.) 

Numerous  surface  indications  of  iron  ore  are  found  on  the  Mount 
Hamilton  range  of  mountains,  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  county, 
between  Stayton  and  the  Panoche  Pass,  but  no  iron  ore  in  place  has 
as  yet  been  discovered. 

SAN  BERNARDINO  COUNTY. 

Alarm  Iron  Mine,  The  California  Industrial  Company,  owner;  S.  T. 
Merrill,  secretary,  East  Fourth  street,  Los  Angeles.  In  Sec,  1,  T.  5  N., 
R.  4  E.,  S.  B.  M.,  16  to  20  miles  from  railroad.  A  deposit  of  Bessemer 
ore.  This  mine  forms  a  part  of  two  groups,  known  as  the  San  Bernar- 
dino iron  mines. 

Cave  Canon  Group,  owned  by  Eastern  parties.  In  Sees.  12  and  13, 
T.  11  N..  R.  7  E.,  S.  B.  M.;  patented.  Located  very  near  the  Salt  Lake 
Railroad.     Reported  to  be  an  extensive  deposit  of  Bessemer  iron  ore. 

Iron  Age  Mine,  A.  R.  Rhea  et  al.,  owners,  545  East  Third  street,  Los 
Angeles.  Three  patented  claims  in  Sec.  29,  T.  1  S.,  R.  13  E.,  S.  B.  M., 
near  Dale.  The  ore  is  claimed  to  average  67  per  cent  of  iron,  carrjdng 
gome  phosphorus,  but  no  sulphur. 

Iron  Mountain  Group,  Colorado  Ful4  and  Iron  Company,  Denver, 
Colo.,  owner.  In  Sees.  11,  12,  13,  and  14,  T.  15  N.,  R.  6  E.,  S.  B.  M. 
Reported  to  be  a  large  deposit  of  Bessemer  iron  ore. 

Iron  Mountain,  in  Sees.  27  and  28,  T.  6  N.,  R.  4  E.,  S.  B.  M.;  Mrs. 
Phoebe  Owens,  1225  San  Bruno  avenue,  San  Francisco,  and  E.  S.  Lake, 
Los  Angeles,  owners.     Contains  two  well-defined  parallel  veins  of  iron 


300 


STRUCTURAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OP    CALIFORNIA. 


ore,  course  about  N.  20*^  E.,  and  (li})ping  30*^  northwesterly.  Tlic  Tip 
Ttip  is  the  most  northerly  vein,  from  30  to  150  feet  wide.  The  ore  is 
botli  hematite  and  magnetite.  The  hanging  wall  is  a  dolomite,  l>()unded 
on  the  north  by  granitic  rocks.  The  foot  wall  is  a  body  of  syenite, 
about  150  feet  wide,  wliich  forms  the  hanging  wall  of  the  Dick  Turpin 
vein,  containing  very  pure  magnetite  ore.  In  the  same  vicinity  is  the 
Bessemer  vein,  course  north  and  south,  reported  free  from  phosphorus 
and  suli)luir. 

Four  miles  southeasterly  is  another  body  of  magnetite  ore,  varying 
in  width  from  20  to  100  feet,  course  north  and  south. 


ILL.  No.  I'i'.i.     IRON'  VELN,  SAX  U'lS  OHISI'O  COUN'TV. 

Kingston  Mountain  and  Resting  Spring's  are  also  reported  to  contain 
magnetic  iron  ore.  (See  J.  H.  Crosman,  IXtli  Re]iort  of  the  California 
State  Mining  Bureau,  jip.  2.)5  and  236;  also  Xlth  ihid.,  p.  349.) 


SAN  DIEGO  COUNTY. 

• 

A  littl.'  nortli  of  tlie  Gold  King  mine,  a))()ut  in  Sec.  10,  T.  13  S..  \l.  4  E., 
S.  B.  M..  a  bch  of  iron-ore  boulders  is  fonnd.  (See  IXtli  Report  of 
the  California  State  Mining  Bureau,  ]).  144.) 

In  Eagle  Peak  ("anon,  near  the  south  corner  of  Sees.  34  and  35, 
T.  13  S.,  K.  2  E.,  S.  H.  M.,  a  vein  of  liematite  iron  ore  is  found.  A. 
Juch,  .Julian.  (See  IXtli  Kej^ort  of  the  Califoinia  State  Mining  Ihireau, 
pp.  144  and  154.) 


IRON  — SAN   LUIS   OBISPO^   SHASTA.  301 

SAN  LUIS  OBISPO  COUNTY. 

H.  B.  Pepfumo,  8a  u  Jaus  Obispo,  owns  an  extensive  deposit  of  iron 
ore  in  Sec.  1,  T.  31  S.,  U.  11  E.,  and  Sec.  6,  T.  31  S.,  R.  10  E.,  M.  D.  M. 
The  vein  has  been  traced  by  its  outcrop  about  li  miles,  in  a  direction 
S.  73°  E.  The  creek  crosses  the  vein  at  nearly  right  angles,  and  the 
ore  is  exposed  on  the  creek  bank  and  on  the  hills  on  each  side.  In 
many  places  the  vein  stands  out  prominently  2  or  3  feet  above  the  sur- 
face. The  ore  consists  of  limonite  and  hematite,  and  the  surfaces  of 
the  numerous  cracks  are  frequently  covered  with  a  blue-black  coating 
suggestive  of  manganese.  The  ore  is  banded  and  intersected  by  many 
cleavage  planes,  so  that  a  large  block  is  shattered  by  a  heavy  blow 
with  a  hammer  into  many  fragments,  which  generally  have  either  a 
rhombohedral  or  hexagonal  outline. 

SHASTA  COUNTY. 

The  most  prominent  deposits  of  iron  ore  in  Shasta  County  are  found 
in  close  proximity  to  the  McCloud  Carboniferous  limestones  on  both 
sides  of  the  Pit  River. 

North  of  Pit  River  and  east  of  the  McCloud  River  there  are  extensive 
surface  indications  of  iron  ore  bodies,  and  in  Sec.  26,  T.  34  N.,  R.  4  W., 
M.  D.  M.,  a  great  number  of  openings,  distributed  over  a  considerable 
area,  have  been  made  on  the  surface  croppings,  but  in  no  place  has  enough 
work  been  done  to  furnish  sufficient  data  regarding  the  importance  and 
continuity  in  depth  of  these  deposits.  (See  also  J.  S.  Diller,  Bulletin  U.  S. 
Geological  Survey,  No.  213,  pp.  130  and  219.)  A  great  many  claims 
have  been  located  on  this  section,  the  ownership  of  which  is  indicated 
on  the  detail  sketch.     (See  Sketch  B,  page  302.) 

In  places  d,  Sketch  B,  inclusions  of  the  iron  ore  in  the  limestone  are 
found.  A  tunnel  running  under  the  iron  ore  exposure  at  d  has  proven 
that  it  did  not  persist  in  depth. 

A  little  southwest  of  d  a  tunnel  has  been  driven  in  hypersthene  and 
diorite  country  rock.  Evidently  the  hypersthene  was  mistaken  for  iron 
ore  by  the  parties  running  this  tunnel. 

South  of  c,  on  the  south  side  of  Potter  Creek,  in  the  northeast  corner 
of  Section  26,  there  is  a  large  lump  of  iron  ore  (a),  mostly  limonite. 
The  country  rock  is  here  very  much  altered.  Along  the  west  side  of  the 
limestone  knoll,  in  the  northwest  quarter  of  Section  26,  a  number  of 
shallow  openings  between  a  and  h  show  similar  iron  ore. 

A  continuous  ore  cropping,  having  a  northeasterly  direction  and 
running  on  the  south  side  of  the  same  knoll,  can  be  traced  for  a  con- 
siderable distance.  On  this  deposit  is  the  largest  opening  on  this  section 
(6),  which  is  about  40  feet  wide  and  15  feet  deep.  The  opening  is  entirely 
in  ore,  principally   magnetite.     To    the    northwest   lies  the   limestone 


302 


STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


knoll;  to  the  southeast  the  altered  igneous  rocks  (nietarhyolite)  of  the 
Bully  Hill  copper  belt.  The  beds  lie  dome-like,  and  apparently  the 
iron  ore  is  a  replacement  product. 

At  /  the   magnetite  is  to  a  certain  extent  in  a  state  of   magnetic 

.T^rr.-7-.r    po^'^i'ity,      forming 
loadstone.  Thedis- 
'■'')-/■••  -I  tance  from /  to  b  is 
M  about  250  feet,  and 
/is  about  140  feet 
■^^J:vi:;:-0M  above />.    Thecrop- 
m'^^-^U^WM  P^"g^  between  these 
''li   two  points  are  con- 
:J^:  5?;- u7j   tinuous,  but  noth- 
■    I  ing   as    yet    devel- 
oped would  justify 
!  the    assumption 
that    at  /  the  ore 
body  would  have  a 
,  Sec.^S]  depth  of   140  feet. 
Northeast  of  /,  be- 
tween/ and  e,  and 
southwest  of  h,  for 
about  800  feet  iron 
ore    croppings    are 
found,  but  they  do 
not  follow  the  lime- 
stone exposures. 

At  g,  not  far  from 
the  center  of  the 
south  line  of  Sec- 
tion 26,  near  Pit 
River,  on  the  road 
to  Copper  City,  iron 
ore  is  exposed  over 
a  distance  of  about 
100  feet.  Several 
hundred  tons  of 
this  ore  were  used 
as  a  Hux  in  the 
Bully  Hill  copper 
furnaces.  This  deposit  is  entirely  in  the  igneous  rock,  and  no  lime- 
stone exposure  is  found  in  its  vicinity.  There  are  strong  indications 
of  sulphur  in  the  water  flowing  out  of  the  excavation,  which  is  the 
more  noteworthy  as  not  over  600  feet  west,  and  at  a  lower  elevation 


Lime. 

Igneous,  Metarhyollte 

Baison  Radcliff. 

Shasta  Iron  Co. 

Calif.  Cons.  Iron  Mine. 

T.  L.  Bass,  Baird. 

Copper. 
Iron. 


ILL.  No.  130.    SKETCH  B,  IRON  DEPOSIT  NEAR  BAIKD, 
SHASTA  COUNTY. 


IRON  — SHASTA  COUNTY. 


303 


GREY  ROCKS 


near  the  river,  Mr.  T.  L.  Bass  has  run  a  tunnel  wherein  he  found  iron  ore 
carrying  considerable  sulphide  of  iron.  This  would  lead  to  the  supposi- 
tion that  the  deposits  of  iron  oxides,  uncovered,  are  only  superficial  and 
will  in  depth  change  into  sulphides. 

At  /)  are  a  number  of  shallow  cuts  on  another  iron  ore  body,  which 
lies  in  line  with  the  j-b  deposit,  and  may  be  its  continuation. 

While  the  ores  so  far  uncovered  are  principally  oxides,  limonite, 
hematite,  and  magnetite,  the  association  of  sulphur  with  the  deposit  gf, 
the  occasional  presence  of  sulphides,  as  also  the  character  of  the  deposits 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  Grey  Rocks,  would  tend  to  lead  to  the  supposition 
that  the  original  ores  were  sulphides.  Mr.  J.  S.  Diller  is  of  the  opinion 
that  the  ore  bodies  are  a  contact  phenomenon  of  the  McCloud  limestone 
with  dioritic  and  diabasic  masses  which  cut  the  limestone.  (Bulletin 
U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  No.  225,  p.  178.)  While  this  is  possible,  even 
probable,  the  occurrences  as  above  described  do  not  absolutely  establish 
the  fact. 

To  the  south  of  Pit  River,  on  the  north  and  west  side  of  Grey  Rocks, 
in  the  N.  i  of  Sec.  8,  T.  83  N.,  R.  4  W.,  R.  H.  Roseman,  Bayha  P.  0., 
has  opened  up  iron  ore  bodies 
on  the  contact  of  the  limestone. 
On  the  north  side  of  the  Grey 
Rocks  the  iron  ore  dips  nearly 
vertical.  It  is  from  10  to  15  feet 
wide.  The  ore  is  a  magnetite 
and  contains  bunches  of  copper 
ore,  carbonates  and  sulphides. 
Adjoining  the  iron  ore  are  also 
bodies  of  copper  ore.  The  west 
wall  of  these  ore  deposits  is 
nearly  everyAvhere  eroded,  or 
covered  by  debris,  but  in  one 
place  a  remnant  shows  it  to  be 
the  metarhyolite,  almost  vertically  bedded.     The  east  wall  is  limestone. 

On  the  west  side  of  the  Grey  Rocks,  in  the  same  north  half  of  Section 
8,  the  same  owner  has  opened  up  a  body  of  iron  ore  by  a  small  cut  and 
tunnel.  The  iron  ore  is  partly  solid  iron  sulphide,  partly  iron  oxide.  It 
lies  nearly  horizontal  and  rests  on  metarhyolite,  approximately  hori- 
zontally bedded.  Strong  sulphur  efflorescence  occurs  in  the  opening, 
which  is  in  the  neighborhood  of  basic  igneous  dikes,  mentioned  in  the 
description  of  the  limestone  at  this  point.  (See  Shasta  County  lime- 
stone, page  88.) 

It  must  be  noted  that  while  on  the  north  side  copper  sulphides  are 
found  with  the  iron  oxide  ores,  on  the  west  side  no  copper  ore  has  as  yet 
been  found,  but  iron  sulphide  is  found  with  the  iron  oxide. 


*<r 


3£CT/OA/  O/V  NO/fTH  SIDC  Of^  rH£   CH£Y  ROCKS 


ILL.  No.  131. 


304  STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

Southwest  of  this  a  belt  of  limonite  croppings,  at  least  1000  feet  away 
from  the  limestone,  can  be  followed  over  a  considerable  distance  in  Sec- 
tion 3,  having  a  northwesterly  strike  and  from  10  to  15  feet  wide.  It 
has  been  opened  up  in  several  places,  but  has  proven  not  to  persist  in 
depth. 

In  Sees.  2  and  3,  T.  33  N.,  R.  4  W.,  the  Black  Diamond  mine,  Northern 
California  Investment  Company,  George  Bayha,  vice-president,  Bayha 
P.  0.,  has  large  bodies  of  pyritic  iron  ore,  containing  some  copper,  also 
in  contact  with  the  limestone. 

On  the  northeast  slope  of  the  Hirtz  Mountain,  in  Sees.  G,  7,  and  8, 
T.  35  N.,  R.  3  W.,  are  very  superficially  developed  exposures  of  iron  ore, 
in  the  shale  lying  to  the  east  of  the  limestone.  These  openings  are 
found  on  a  series  of  claims,  mostly  located  on  Section  7,  by  J.  J.  Jen- 
nings, of  Portland,  Oregon.  The  section  belongs  to  the  Southern  Pacific 
Railroad. 

SIERRA  COUNTY. 

Sierra  Iron  Company,  Downieville,  owner.  In  Sees.  11  and  14,  T.  21  N., 
R.  11  E.,  a  large  deposit  of  magnetite  at  an  elevation  of  7000  feet.  The 
location  precludes  present  commercial  development. 

SISKIYOU  COUNTY. 

In  Sec.  10,  T.  46  N.,  R.  10  W.,  on  the  north  side  of  the  divide  between 
Buckhorn  Creek  and  the  Klamath  River,  float  of  iron  ore  is  found, 
partly  limonite,  having  the  structure  of  the  schistose  country  rock, 
partly  iron  ore  and  chromite  mixed.  These  pieces  have  a  massive 
structure,  and  show  garnets  on  the  contact  with  the  schist. 

SONOMA  COUNTY. 

risk's  Mill. — Three  miles  inland,  on  the  Lancaster  ranch,  a  body  of 
iron  ore  has  been  slightly  exploited.  It  is  a  part  of  an  ore  body  run- 
ning west  and  south  along  the  coast  for  miles. 

Fort  Ross. — Six  miles  east  of  Fort  Ross  is  a  body  of  iron  ore  of  con- 
siderable extent.     It  is  mostly  hematite,  and  courses  north. 

Noble's. —  Five  miles  north  of  Mr.  Noble's  ranch,  near  the  west  fork  of 
the  Gualala  River,  is  a  large  bodj'  of  hematite. 

TEHAMA  COUNTY. 

J.  A.  Heslewood,  469  East  Eleventli  street,  Oakland.  In  Sees.  15,  16, 
21,  and  22,  T.  29  N.,  R.  8  W.,  M.  D.  M.,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Bee- 
gum.     Important  indications  of  iron  deposits  are  claimed  to  be  found. 


JASPER  — LOS  ANGELES  COINTY 


305 


TRINITY  COUNTY. 

Iron  ore  deposits  are  reported 
in  several  places  in  the  county,  but 
none  of  merit  have  as  yet  been 
opened  up. 

It  is  claimed  that  some  iron  ore 
is  found  at  the  head  of  Democrat 
Gulch. 

On  the  northwest  side  of  Chan- 
chelulla  Peak,  in  Sees.  4,  5,  9  and  10, 
T.  30  X.,  R.  10  W.,  M.  D.  M., 
stringers  of  iron  ore  are  reported 
to  be  found  lying  in  contact  with 
large  bodies  of  hypersthene,  and 
the  superficial  resemblance  of  the 
latter  material  to  iron  ore  may 
have  caused  the  claim  of  large  out- 
crops of  iron  ore  in  that  vicinity. 


JASPER. 


LOS  ANGELES  COUNTY. 

J.  Stewart,  1417  East  Twenty- 
first  street,  Los  Angeles.  In  See.  18, 
T.  5  X.,  R.  12  W.,  S.  B.  M.,  3  miles 
northeast  of  Acton,  on  the  Southern 
Pacific  Railroad.  The  jasper  forms 
the  crest  of  a  ridge  for  over  a 
quarter  of  a  mile,  for  a  height  of 
from  25  to  30  feet  and  from  30  to 
40  feet  wide.  (See  111.  No.  132.) 
The  jasper  has  various  colors — 
some  deep  red,  others  bluish,  others 
red,  mottled  with  white.  It  takes  a 
very  fine  polish.  Only  surface  rock 
has  as  yet  been  taken  out.  This 
can  be  used  for  ornamental  build- 
ing purposes;  it  contains,  however, 
vuggs  and  geodes,  which  may  pre- 
vent its  use  in  large  slal)s,  unless 
they  be  filled. 
20— BUL.  38 


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306  STRrCTURAL    AXn    IXnrSTRIAT.    ilATERIALS    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

TRINITY  COUNTY. 

A  very  ])roinincnt  belt  of  jasper  is  reported  on  the  Backbone,  the 
divide  between  the  North  Fork  of  Trinity  River  and  the  East  Fork  of 
the  North  Fork,  showing  especially  in  Sees.  5  and  8,  T.  35  N.,  R.  11  W., 
M.  D.  M. 

Another  large  l)elt  of  jasper  is  reported  on  Red  Mountain,  situated  at 
the  head  of  Red  Mountain  and  Prospect  Creek,  in  the  southwest  corner 
of  T.  29  N.,  and  the  northwest  corner  of  T.  28  N.,  R.   11  W.,  M.  D.  M. 


LITHIA. 


Lithia  occurs  in  nature  in  several  different  minerals,  the  i)rincipal 
ones  of  which  are  lepidolite,  amblygonite,  and  spodumene.  The  tirst 
two  occur  in  commercial  quantities  in  San  Diego  County,  California. 
A  quite  rare  variety  of  spodumene,  called  kunzite,*  occurs  at  the  same 
locality  as  a  gem-stone,  but  not  as  a  source  of  lithia. 

The  chief  use  of  lithia  in  the  market  is  in  the  form  of  the  carbonate, 
in  effervescing  lithia  tablets,  and  in  the  preparation  of  mineral  waters. 
Some  of  it  is  used  as  the  nitrate  in  making  red  fire.  The  production  of 
lithia  mineralsf  in  the  United  States  for  1902  amounted  to  1245  tons, 
valued  at  125,750.  In  1903  the  production  was  1155  tons,  valued  at 
$23,425.  The  greater  part  of  this  production  is  from  San  Diego  County, 
California.  Some  spodumene  is  mined  in  the  Black  Hills  region.  The 
California  lepidolite  has  been  mined  and  utilized  as  a  source  of  lithia 
for  several  j^ears,  but  the  amblygonite  was  first  found  there  in  1901. 
The  occurrence  of  the  lithia  minerals  in  large  quantities  and  of  good 
quality  at  Pala,  and  its  comparative  scarcity  elsewhere  in  the  United 
States,  is  likely  to  make  this  a  valuable  deposit. 

THE  LITHIA  MINERALS. 

Amblygonite,  which  is  now  an  important  source  of  lithia,  consists  of 
a  Huoi)hosphate  of  lithia  and  aluminum  (AlPOXiF),  containing  10 
per  cent  of  lithia.  The  mineral  crystallizes  in  large,  coarse  crystals  in 
the  triclinic  system.  The  hardness  is  6,  or  the  same  as  that  of  feldspar, 
and  the  specific  gravity  is  3.01  to  3.09.  The  color  is  wliite  to  j^ah^- 
greenish,  l)luish,  yellowish,  or  l)rownish  white.  The  California  product 
is  almost  entirely  white.  It  fuses  easily  in  the  llame,  with  bubbling, 
and  it  tinges  the  fiame  red. 

*Soe  Bulletin  No.  37,  State  Mining  Buroau. 
t  -Mineral  liesources  of  the  rnited  States,  1903. 


LITHIA. 


307 


The  mineral  closely  resembles  some  of  the  feldspars,  many  of  the 
specimens  being  difhcult  to  distinguish  by  the  eye  from  feldspar.  The 
hardness  and  cleavage  are  much  the  same.  With  the  blowpipe,  they 
are  readily  distinguished  by  the  red  color  and  the  easy  fusibility  of  the 
amblygonite. 

As  it  is  only  recently  that  this  mineral  has  been  discovered  in  Cali- 
fornia, it  has  not  had  such  an  extended  use  as  the  lepidolite  and  spodu- 
mene,  but  promises  to  be  more  valuable  than  either,  as  it  contains  a 


ILL.  No.  l:«.     ENTRANCE  TO  LEPIDOLITE  MINE  AT  PALA,  SAN  DIEGO  COUNTY— 

LEPIDOLITE  AND  RUBELLITE. 

higher  percentage    of    lithia,  and   the  phosphoric  acid   is    a  valuable 
by-product. 

Lepidolite,  the  lithia  mica,  commonly  occurs  in  scaly,  granular  masses, 
sometimes  in  aggregates  of  short  six-sided  prisms.  The  cleavage  is 
basal,  luster  pearly,  and  color  rose-red,  violet-gray,  yellowish,  grayish 
white  to  white.  It  has  a  hardness  of  2.5  to  4,  and  a  specific  gravity  of 
2.8  to  2.9.  It  fuses  easily  to  a  gray  or  white  glass  and  colors  the  flame 
red.  It  can  be  distinguished  from  the  other  micas  by  the  red  flame,  its 
ready  fusion,  and  the  reaction  of  fluorine. 

Lepidolite  has  quite  a  complex  composition.  Dana  gives  a  general 
formula  as  KLi[Al(OH,  F)..]Al(Si03)3.  Analyses  of  a  number  of  speci- 
mens from  different  localities  show  the  percentage  of  lithia  to  range 
from  3.87  to  5.88. 


308 


STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OP    CALIFORNIA. 


Spodumene,  anotlier  lithiuiu  mineral,  occurs  in  California,  Ijut  not  as 
a  connnercial  source  for  lithia.  It  occurs  in  prismatic  crystals,  often  flat- 
tened, crystallizing  in  tlie  monoclinic  system.  It  has  a  perfect  cleavage, 
a  lamellar  structure,  uneven  fracture,  and  glassy  luster.  In  color  it 
may  be  greenish  white,  grayish  white,  green,  yellow,  amethyst  purple 
or  violet.  Spodumene  is  a  lithia-alumina  silicate  (LiaO,  AI2O3. 4Si02), 
having  8.4  percent  of  lithia,  27.4  per  cent  of  alumina,  and  64.5  per  cent 
of  silica. 

ANALYSES  OF  LITHIA  MINERALS. 


Amblygo- 

nite, 
Pala,  CaL 

Lepidolite,    Spodumene. 
Pala,  Cat     ,     *^X^/^". 

Spodumene,'  Leoidolitp 
l^ram^^ville,   ^p\P\tMe'.* 

Lithia  (Li, 0) .   .  ...  .. 

Per  cent. 

8.26 

1.99 

45.47 

33.09 

trace 

Per  cent. 

4.91 

48.61 

Per  cent. 

6.89 

63.27 

Per  cent. 

7.62 

64.25 

Per  cent. 
4.20 

Silica  (SiO'o)               -  - 

.■sn.fts 

Phosplioric  acid  (P2O5)  

Alumina  (AUOj) 

Iron  oxide (FoO) 

22.36 

23.73 

L17 

1.45 

.99 

.36 



27.20 
.20 

24.99 
.23 

Potash  (K,0) .. 

16.16 

..38 

11.38 

Soda  (Xa,6)                  .   - 

.39 
.24 

2.11 

Loss  on  ignition,  water,  etc. 

6.28 
3.56 
1.35 

l.flfi 

T'ndcterinined               .  .    

Lime  (CaO) 

.64 

.11 
2.02 

Magnesia  (MgO)     .. . 

Fluorine 

2.05 

6.29 

SAN  DIEGO  COUNTY. 

American  Lithia  Company,  Wni.  X.  Crane,  president,  206  Broadway, 
New  York;  L.  A.  Wright,  superintendent,  San  Diego.  In  Sec.  23, 
T.  9  S.,  R.  2  W.,  S.  B.  M.,  a  little  over  a  mile  north  of  Pala.  The  first 
mine  that  produced  lithia  on  a  commercial  scale  in  the  State.  It 
is  reported  that  the  deposit  was  discovered  and  located  by  Mr.  John 
Stewart  twenty-three  years  ago;  it  was  opened  in  1891,  and  the  flrst 
ore  shipped  for  commercial  use  in  1900. 

The  lit  Ilia,  in  the  form  of  the  minerals  lepidolite  and  amblygonite, 
occurs  in  a  large  pegmatite  vein  which  forms  the  top  of  the  narrow 
ridge.  The  lepidolite  lies  mostly  under  the  pegmatite  and  the  amblyg- 
onite in  tlu'  lower  ])ortion  of  it.  From  each  side  of  the  hill  a  tunnel 
has  been  run,  and  the  two  are  connected  by  a  winze.  Nearly  all  the 
lepidolite  has  been  taken  out  from  the  east  end  and  tlie  amblygonite 
from  the  west  end  of  the  tunnel. 

The  amblygonite  occurs  mostly  west  of  the  middk'  of  the  hill  and  in 
the  lower  part  of  the  pegmatite  overlying  the  lepidolite.  In  i)laces,  the 
lepidolite  projects  into  the  amblygonite,  and  in  a  few  places  small 
masses  are  inclosed  in  it.  The  amblygonite  is  closely  associated  with  a 
shattered  ferruginous  quartz,  which  occurs  in  large  and  small  masses, 
both  inclosing  and  inclosed  in  the  amblygonite.  The  amblygonite 
occurs  in  (piite  irregular  masses,  which  in  some  places  are  several  feet 


LITHIA  — SAN    DIEGO    COUNTY. 


309 


thick  and  elsewhere  only  a  few 
inches.  Part  of  the  mineral  has 
bright,  reflecting  cleavage-faces, 
and  in  some  the  faces  are  dull 
and  earthy,  although  the  inte- 
rior is  hard  and  tirm.  It  is 
accompanied  by  a  clay-like  sub- 
stance that  apparently  comes  in 
part  at  least  from  decomposed 
amblygonite. 

The  pegmatite  vein  which  caps 
the  lithia  deposits  is  50  feet  or 
more  in  thickness  at  this  point, 
and  dips  toward  the  west.  It 
forms  a  bold,  projecting  ledge  on 
the  hillside  north  of  the  lithia 
mine,  extending  N.  7°  E.  It 
consists  of  coarsely  crystalline 
orthoclase  and  quartz,  with  large 
quantities  of  black  tourmaline 
and  some  red  tourmaline  (rubel- 
lite),  with  a  few  crystals  clear 
enough  for  gem-stones.  Some  of 
the  black  tourmalines  are  quite 
large,  from  4  to  5  inches  in 
diameter,  and  from  2  to  3  feet 
long.  The  tourmalines  are  pre- 
vailingly black  where  they  occur 
in  the  compact  orthoclase,  but 
where  they  project  into  the  clay 
pockets  they  are  red  or  green, 
and  sometimes  clear.  There  are 
scattered  patches  of  lepidolite  in 
the  pegmatite  and  in  the  amblyg- 
onite, but  the  principal  occur- 
rence is  at  the  mouth  of  the 
tunnel.  Rubellite  is  scattered 
irregularly  through  the  lepido- 
lite mass. 

Other  minerals  in  small  quan- 
tities occur  in  the  pegmatite, 
but  none  have  apparently  any 
influence  on  the  lithia  deposits. 

The  red  and  clear  tourmalines  are,  however,  nearly  always 
with    albite. 


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310  STRUCTURx\.L   AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

About  a  quarter  of  a  mile  north  of  the  lithia  mine  of  the  American 
Lithia  Company,  another  company,  Mr.  Markle,  manager,  is  tunneling 
in  theliillside  to  strike  the  same  ledge  on  which  the  present  company 
is  working.  At  the  present  time  (June,  1904)  they  are  still  passing 
through  the  country  rock  underlying  the  ledge.  Several  other  claims 
have  been  staked  out  in  the  vicinity  of  the  lithia  mine,  but  no  others 
have  proved  productive  up  to  the  present. 

Caterina  Mine,  Heriart  &  Sickler,  owners,  Pala. 

Ed  Fletehep  Mine,  near  Pala;  Ed  Fletcher,  San  Diego,  owner.  Pro- 
duced in  1903. 

Heriart  Mine,  near  Pala;  F.  M.  and  M.  M.  Sickler,  owners. 

San  Pedro  Mine,  Peiletch  &  Heriart,  owners. 

In  Bulletin  No.  37  of  the  California  State  Mining  Bureau,  "  Gems, 
Jewelers'  Materials,  and  Ornamental  Stones  of  California,"  a  detailed 
description  of  all  the  lithia  mines  in  San  Diego  County  is  given. 

At  first  the  Pala  lithia  mine  was  worked  for  the  lepidolite,  from 
which  lithia  salts  were  manufactured.  Since  the  discovery  of  amblyg- 
onite,  that  alone  is  worked,  because  it  contains  a  larger  percentage  of 
lithia,  is  more  easily  changed  to  the  carbonate,  and  the  by-products  are 
more  valuable.  An  estimate  made  by  the  chemist  of  the  American 
Lithia  Company,  previous  to  the  recent  development,  indicates  the 
products  and  possible  profits  of  the  industry. 

Products  Derived  from  5000  Pounds  of  Amblygonite  per  Day,  using  7000 

Pounds  of  Caustic  Soda  in  Reduction. 

Pounds. 

Lithia  carbonate 800 

Tri-sodiuiu  phoj^phate .-  .5,000 

Sulphate  of  alunununi _.. 8,000 

Phosphate  salt... 1,000 

Caustic  soda  (recovered  at  half  cost) 3,000 


MACADAM,  ETC.— ALAMEDA   COUNTY. 


311 


MACADAM,  RUBBLE,  AND  CONCRETE. 


ALAMEDA  COUNTY. 

Berkeley  Rock  Company's  Quarry;  Berkeley  Rock  Co.,  J.  T.  Cochran, 
manager.  Bacon  Block,  Oakland.  This  quarry  is  one  quarter  of  a  mile 
beyond  the  end  of  Broadway,  Oakland,  and  is  reached  by  College  avenue. 
The  deposit  is  a  much  altered  trap-rock,  and  is  used  for  concrete,  mac- 
adam, and  gutter  rock.     The  company  produces  about  250  yards  a  day. 


ILL.  Xo..  135    BLAIR  QUARRY  No.  1  (MACADAM  ROCK),  OAKLAND,  ALAMEDA  COUNTY. 

Blair  Quarries;  The  Realty  Syndicate,  1160  Broadway,  Oakland, 
owner.  On  Moraga  road,  just  east  of  Mountain  View  Cemetery,  and 
about  4  miles  from  the  city  hall.  The  main  quarry  is  located  near  the 
summit  of  the  hill,  about  100  yards  up  the  slope  north  of  the  road.  It 
was  opened  in  1901.  The  rock  is  a  chert  (phthanite),  mostly  red,  some 
yellowish,  and  is  extensively  used  as  road-dressing  in  Piedmont  dis- 
trict and  in  the  cemetery.  The  company  is  opening  a  "  blue  rock " 
quarry,  of  metamorphosed  sandstone,  on  the  south  side  of  the  road,  and 
is  tunneling  in  quest  of  rock  for  a  quarry  50  yards  west  of  and  below 
the  larger  Blair  quarry.     Twenty  men  are  at  work. 


312 


STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL    MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


Blake  &  Bilg-er  Company's  Quarry  (formerly  the  Oakland  PaviiTg 
Company's  quarry);  F.  W.  Bilger,  secretary  and  treasurer,  Central  Bank 
Building,  Fourteenth  and  Broadway,  Oakland.  Located  on  McAdam 
street,  just  off  Broadway.  It  was  opened  about  1870,  and  has  been 
operated  almost  constantly  since.  It  is  the  largest  quarry  in  Alameda 
County.  The  rock  is  typical  "  blue  rock,"  as  termed  by  the  trade,  and 
is  a  metamorphosed  sandstone,  with  lime  carbonate  in  seams.  It  is  used 
for  macadam,  concrete,  and  gutter  rock.  Two  Gates  crushers  handle 
all  the  rock.  Two  steam  percussion  drills  are  in  operation.  From  60 
to  80  quarrymen  are  employed. 


ILL.  No.  136.     liLAKK  it  BILGER  QUARRY  (FORMERLY  OAKLAND  PAVING  CO.), 

McADAM  STREET,  OAKLAND. 

Broadway  Quarry,  on  both  sides  of  Broadway,  near  Hudson  street, 
Oakland.  The  rock  is  a  soft,  frial)le,  buff-colored  sandstone,  inter- 
bedded  with  soft,  slate-colored  shales.     Idle  in  October,  1904. 

Crusher  Quarry;  K.  B.  &  A.  L.  Stone  Company,  900  Broadway,  Oak- 
land. Near  their  crushing  plant  on  Laundry  Farm;  opened  about 
1899.  Reddish,  decayed  rock  is  hauled  from  face  without  crushing,  and 
used  for  sidewalks,  etc. 

Curran  Quarry;  .John  Curran,  School  street,  owner.  This  was  for- 
merly the  O'Brien  Quarry,  and  is  on  Maple  avenue,  Frnitvale  District. 
The  rock  is  termed  "  red  cement  gravel,"  and  is  a  very  much  altered  rock, 
recemented  l)y  a  red  clay.     Used  as  a  top  dressing  for  roads  and  walks. 


MACADAM,  ETC.— ALAMEDA   COUNTY.  313 

Diamond  Canon  Quappy  (Hevland  Quarry);  Hutchinson  Company, 
401  Fourteenth  street,  Oakhmd,  owner.  Four  miles  from  Lake  Merritt, 
on  Diamond  Canon  road,  East  Oakland.  There  are  two  quarries;  in 
the  upper  one  the  rock  is  a  hard,  medium-grained,  gray  sandstone;  in 
the  lower  quarry  face  in  the  canon,  100  yards  helow  the  road,  is  a 
flinty,  dark-colored,  metamorphosed  sandstone.  The  crushing  plant  is 
abandoned  and  badly  out  of  repair. 

Easton  &  Wilson  Quappy;  Clark  Avery,  at  quarry,  owner.  On  Lin- 
coln avenue,  1  mile  from  Diamond  P.  O.  It  was  opened  about  1899 
and  worked  intermittently  for  two  years.  The  rock,  a  blue  metamor- 
phosed sandstone,  occurs  in  boulders.  Large  quantities  of  soft  sand- 
stone and  slaty  shales  made  so  much  waste  that  it  was  unprofitable  to 
work  at  the  time.    Two  other  small  openings  show  similar  characteristics. 

Eliot  Gpavel  Pit;  Southern  Pacific  Railroad  Compan}^,  owner.  One 
and  three  fourths  miles  east  of  Pleasanton.  The  pit  is  half  a  mile  long 
and  about  300  yards  wide,  and  is  operated  as  gravel  is  needed  for  ballast 
or  concrete.     The  cars  are  loaded  by  steam  shovel. 

Estudillo  Quappy;  .J.  H.  Ravekas,  owner;  at  present  under  lease  to  the 
E.  B.  &  A.  L.  Stone  Company,  who  are  preparing  to  reopen  it.  Three 
fourths  of  a  mile  from  center  of  San  Leandro,  at  southeast  corner  of 
Estudillo  and  Grand  avenues.  The  stone  is  an  altered  basaltic  rock, 
much  fractured  and  with  serpentine  in  seams. 

Fpuitvale  White  Gpavel  Mine  (Packard  Quarr}-);  George  Mack,  in 
charge.  A  small  quarr}^  at  the  end  of  Maple  avenue,  Fruitvale  District. 
A  disintegrated  quartz  rock,  with  a  clay  cementing  material  in  seams; 
used  as  a  top  dressing  for  roads  and  walks. 

Hays  School  Quappy,  near  Hays  school,  in  Brooklyn  Township.  It  is 
a  small  quarry,  the  product  of  Avhich  is  used  locally  for  roads.  The  rock 
is  much  altered  and  contains  considerable  lime.     It  is  idle  at  present. 

Leona  Heights  Quappy;  E.  B.  &  A.  L.  Stone  Company,  900  Broadway, 
Oakland,  owner;  G.  H.  Luchs,  superintendent.  It  was  formerly  the 
California  Improvement  Company's  quarry.  It  is  on  Laundry  Farm, 
on  the  summit  of  a  prominent  ridge,  one  mile  north  of  Mills  College. 
The  rock  is  a  fine-grained  basalt,  and  is  used  for  macadam  and  concrete. 
The  quarry  face  is  about  125  feet  high.  Two  gravity  trams,  one  2500 
feet  long  and  the  other  1200  feet,  take  the  rock  from  the  quarry  to  the 
crusher  at  the  termini  of  the  railroads,  both  narrow  and  broad  gauge. 
About  300  yards  a  day  are  crushed  by  two  Gates  crushers.  Electricity 
is  used  for  power.     Thirty-five  men  are  at  Avork  in  the  quarry. 

Mills  College  Quappy;  same  owner.  Near  the  college  grounds;  opened 
about  1892.  The  rock  is  a  red  gravel  and  clay  mixture,  and  is  used  as 
top  dressing  for  garden  and  side  walks,  without  crushing.     Electric 


314  STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OP    CALIFORNIA. 

trains,  both  broad   and   narrow   gauge,  enter  this  and   the   "Crusher 
Quarry." 

Mission  District  Quarry;  A.  S.  Escobar,  owner,  and  operated  by  the 
county.  On  iSunol  road,  one  mile  above  its  intersection  with  Mission 
San  Jose-Niles  road.  The  rock  is  a  black  shale,  recenientcd  by  lime  and 
gypsum. 

Newark  Road  Quarry;  Realty  Syndicate,  owner,  and  operated  l)y  the 
county.     In  Sec.  o4,  T.  4  S.,  11.  2  W.     The  quarry  was  opened  twcnty- 


Ihh.  iNo.  137.     ONE  FACE  OF  PIEDMONT  PAVING  COMPANY'S  QrARKV,  OAKLAND. 

three  years  ago.  The  rock  is  a  hard,  flinty,  red  jasper,  interbedded  with 
soft  seams  of  red  clay.  This  (juarry  furnishes  all  the  niacadani  for 
Newark  road  district. 

Pacific  Land  and  Investment  Company's  Quarry.  In  Sec.  10,  T.  5  S., 
R.  2  W.  Tlie  (juarry  fonucrly  furnished  a  large  amount  of  ballast  for 
the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad,  l)ut  is  idle  at  present.  The  north  end 
of  the  quarry  shows  beds  of  red  flinty  chert,  some  siliceous  shale,  and 
red  clay;  the  south  end,  some  soft  sandstone  and  shales;  also  small 
outcrops  of  manganese  ore. 

Piedmont  Paving  Company's  Quarry;  C.  D.  Bates,  Jr.,  secretary, 
Macdonough  Building,  Fourteenth  street  and  Broadway,  Oakland. 
About  three  fourths  of  a  mile  above  the  head  of  Lake  Merritt  and  one 


MACADAM,  ETC.— ALAMEDA  COUNTY.  315 

fourth  of  a  mile  from  ^Mldwood  avenue.  It  was  opened  in  1878  by  the 
Alameda  Macadamizing  Company,  and  reopened  by  the  present 
management  about  1892.  The  rock  is  a  grained,  metamorphosed  sand- 
stone, bluish  in  color,  locally  termed  "blue  rock."  It  is  used  chiefly 
for  macadam,  but  some  is  utilized  for  rubble  and  ballast. 

Ransome  Constpuetion  Company's  Quappy;  office,  473  Fourteenth  street, 
Oakland.  This  quarry  is  on  the  Old  Fish  Ranch  road,  about  5^  miles 
from  the  Oakland  City  Hall.  It  was  opened  in  April,  1904.  A  tram- 
way 600  feet  long  carries  rock  from  the  quarry  face  to  the  crusher  at 
side  of  road.  The  rock  is  a  fine-grained  basalt,  and  is  used  for  macadam 
and  concrete.  Some  gutter  rocks  are  sorted  out.  The  rock  is  hauled 
to  Oakland  and  Berkeley  by  wagon.  Eighteen  quarrymen  were  at 
work  in  October,  1904. 

San  Leandpo  Quappy;  E.  B.  &  A.  L.  Stone  Co.,  900  Broadway,  Oakland, 
owner.  South  and  across  the  canon  from  the  dam  at  foot  of  Lake 
Chabot,  and  about  2  miles  east  of  San  Leandro.  It  was  opened  in  1886 
by  the  present  owner.  The  rock  is  a  regular  "l)lue  rock" — a  metamor- 
phosed sandstone.  At  present  the  overburden,  a  red  rock  (jasper), 
covers  the  face  of  the  old  quarry  by  an  immense  slide.  The  original 
quarry  is  abandoned,  only  the  jasper  rock  from  the  talus  slope  being 
used  as  a  sidewalk  material. 

Spring  Constpuetion  Company's  Quappy;  J.  E.  Porter,  superintendent; 
office.  University  Savings  Bank,  Berkeley.  Located  on  Greenwood 
Terrace,  about  one  half  mile  east  of  the  reservoir  in  North  Berkeley. 
The  company  is  driving  a  250-foot  two-compartment  tunnel,  to  connect 
l»y  an  upraise  with  the  present  floor  of  the  old  quarry.  The  rock  will 
be  broken  down  in  the  quarry  and  transported  through  the  tunnel  to  the 
crushing  plant  on  the  hillside  lielow.  A  Gates  crusher  is  driven  by 
electric  power.  The  rock  in  the  main  quarry  face  varies,  in  a  short 
distance,  from  hard,  siliceous  shale  to  a  highly  metamorphosed  rock  of 
coarse,  sandy  texture.  It  is  to  be  used  for  macadam  and  concrete  work. 
Twenty-five  men  are  emplo^'^ed. 

Sunol  Road  Quappy,  2|  miles  from  Mission  San  Jose,  and  3|  miles 
from  Sunol,  on  west  side  of  road.  The  rock  is  a  hard,  shaly,  buff- 
colored  sandstone.     The  quarry  is  idle. 

Syndicate  Quappy;  The  Realty  Syndicate,  1160  Broadway,  Oakland, 
owner.  Located  on  south  side  of  Buckeye  avenue,  half  a  mile  north- 
east of  the  Catholic  cemetery.  It  was  opened  about  1901,  and  has  been 
worked  intermittently.  The  rock  is  a  jasper  (phthanite),  similar  to 
that  in  the  Blair  quarry. 


316 


STRUCTURAL    AND    INDUSTRIAL    MATERIALS   OK    CALIFORNIA. 


COLUSA  COUNTY. 

Tilt'  Colusa  Sandstone  Company  ciusIk's  iind  delivers  the  sandstone 
niaeadani  on  l)oard  tlie  cars  of  the  C'ohisa  and  Lake  Narrow  Gauge 
Raih'oad  at  the  nominal  price  of  $1  ]n'v  ton.  The  county  of  Colusa 
could  ])rol)ahly  secure  the  stone  for  the  ])ricc  of  haulage  and  do  its  own 
crushing.  For  railway  hallast  the  "huff"  or  croppings,  as  well  as  the 
hroken  ledge  material,  may  he  used,  l>ut  for  wagon  roads  the  hrokeii 
ledge  material  is  i)referahle;  it  weighs  166  pounds  to  the  cuhic  foot,  and 
crushes  with  uneven  fracture  adapted  to  road  huilding. 

The  MeGilvpay  Stone  Company  produces  similar  material. 


ILL.  No.  138.     STEGE  QUAKKV,  CONTRA  COSTA  COUNTY.     HUTCHINSON  ^t  CO  ,  OF 

OAKLAND,  OWNER. 

CONTRA    COSTA    COUNTY. 

Antioeh  Quarry. — A  small  quarry  is  located  ahout  one  mile  south  of 
the  .Southern  Pacific  Railroad  depot  at  Antioeh,  in  a  bank  of  loosely 
cemented  gravel,  which  is  easily  quarried  and  furnishes  a  very  good 
macadauL  It  is  worked  intermittently  as  macadam  is  needed  for  the 
roads. 

Christen  Quarry  (formerly  the  Avery  Ranch);  Joseph  M.  Christen, 
owner.  This  small  quarry  lies  one  quarter  of  a  mile  west  of  Pacheco. 
The  rock  is  a  soft,  friable  sandstone,  formerly  used  for  macadamizing 


MACADAM,    ETC.  —  CONTRA    COSTA,   LOS   ANGELES.  317 

the  roads  about  Paeheco.     The  quarry  has  been  practically  idle  of  late 
years,  because  the  rock  is  too  soft  to  make  a  good  road  material. 

Fitzgerald  Quarry,  on  Haven  street,  Martinez.  The  rock  is  a  soft,  fri- 
able sandstone  and  sandy  shale,  and  is  sold  by  the  load  for  macadam 
purposes. 

Port  Costa  Cut. — The  Southern  Pacific  Railroad  Company  is  oper- 
ating a  steam  shovel  at  the  foot  of  the  steep  hillside  at  the  side  of  its 
tracks  at  Port  Costa.  The  material  is  used  for  ballast.  It  is  a  friable 
clay  shale  and  shaly  sandstone. 

Slater  Quarry;  A.  E.  Slater,  owner.  This  quarry  lies  about  one 
quarter  of  a  mile  south  of  Paeheco.  The  rock  is  a  very  soft,  friable 
sandstone,  used  for  macadam. 

Stege  Quarry;  Hutchinson  &  Co.,  corner  of  Fourteenth  and  Franklin 
streets,  Oakland,  owner.  It  is  8  miles  north  of  Oakland.  A  gravity 
tram,  5290  feet  long,  brings  the  rock  from  the  quarry  face  to  the 
crusher.  The  rock  is  a  metamorphosed  sandstone,  and  is  used  for 
macadam  and  concrete  purposes. 

Ss^  ■5ro£ 


ILL.  Xo.  139.     SAN  PEDRO  BREAKWATER. 


LOS  ANGELES  COUNTY. 


Home  Teaming  and  Transfer  Company,  Arroyo  Seco,  foot  of  Avenue 
22.  Los  Angeles.  Crushes  stone  used  for  concrete  work.  The  plant  is 
equipped  with  a  rock-crusher,  using  steam  power,  and  oil  as  fuel. 
Capacity  of  crusher,  100  tons  per  day. 

Parson  Macadam  Plant,  Arroyo  Seco,  foot  of  Avenue  20,  Los  Angeles. 
A  20-horsepower  gasoline  engine  is  in  use. 

The  San  Pedro  Breakwater  is  being  constructed  by  the  California  Con- 
struction Company,  842  East  Market  street,  Los  Angeles,  for  the  Federal 
Government,  under  supervision  of  the  Corps  of  Engineers,  U.  S.  A.  The 
breakwater  is  to  be  9000  feet  long;  the  greatest  depth  l)elow  mean  lower 
low  water  is  52  feet.     The  top  of  the  breakwater,  20  feet  wide,  is  14  feet 


318  STRUCTL'KAL    AND    INDUSTRIAL    MATERIALS    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

above  mean  lower  low  water.  The  accompanying  sketch  gives  a  cross- 
section  of  till'  structure.  The  sandstone  for  the  substructure  is  obtained 
from  the  Chats  worth  Park  quarry,  Los  Angeles  County.  The  granite 
for  the  substructui-c  and  the  superstructure  is  obtained  from  the  Deelez 
quarry,  San  Bernardino  County,  and  the  Casa  Blanca  quarry,  River- 
side County.  It  is  estimated  that  about  2,370,000  tons  of  rock  will  be 
refjuired  to  make  the  breakwater.  Under  the  terms  of  the  contract 
25,000  tons  per  month  must  be  deposited  in  December,  January,  and 
February,  and  35,000  tons  a  month  during  the  rest  of  the  year.  The 
work  will  probably  be  completed  in  1907.  The  end  of  the  superstructure 
is  to  be  of  concrete  blocks  40  feet  square  and  20  feet  high,  founded  3  feet 


ILL    No.  HO.     VIEW  OF  HARBOR  SIDE  OF  SAN'  PEDRO   BREAKWATKR. 
Granite  l)lock.s  (over  600U  yjouiids  each)  from  Casd  Bliinca  ijiuirries.  RivorsitU'  Comity. 

below  mean  lower  low  water.     (See  111.  No.  139.)     (By  courtesy  of  C.  H. 
McKinstry,  Captain,  Corps  of  Engineers,  U.  S.  A.) 

MARIN  COUNTY. 

Bull  Quarry;  F>ull  &  Gossard,  Parrott  Building,  San  Francisco,  owners. 
Situated  on  the  bay  shore,  on  San  Pedro  Point,  4  miles  east  of  San 
Rafael.  The  quarry  was  opened  in  August,  1904.  The  rock  is  a 
metamorphosed,  dark-gray  sandstone,  extensively  fractured  and  broken. 
It  is  loaded  into  three-ton  skips,  which  are  placed  on  barges  by  a  50- 
foot  derrick.  At  present  (October,  1904)  they  are  shipping  about  450 
tons  per  day,  to  .Tersf^v  Island,  in  tlie  Sacramento  River,  where  it  is 
used  as  rul)ble  in  Iniilding  levees.  Twenty-tive  men  were  at  work  in 
the  quarry. 

Forbes  Quarry;  E.  Schwiesan,  San  Rafael,  owner.  On  the  hillside,  in 
the  nortiiwest  portion  of  San  Rafael.  The  rock  is  a  hard,  red  chert,  and 
was  used  for  concrete  and  macadam  purposes.     A  small  jaw  crusher 


MACADAM,  ETC.  —  LOS  ANGELES  COUNTY.  319 

was   used.      The  quarry  has  been  extensively  worked,  hut   is  idle  at 
present. 

Hoffman  Quarry;  B.  H.  Hoffman,  owner.  A  small  quarry  3  miles 
north  of  San  Rafael,  on  the  Petaluma  road.  The  rock  is  a  siliceous 
shale,  and  is  used  for  nuicadam. 

Hotaling-  Quarry;  A.  P.  Hotaling,  San  Rafael,  owner.  Situated  at 
the  end  of  Clark  street,  San  Rafael.  The  rock  is  a  hard,  compact,  blue 
sandstone,  and  is  used  for  macadam  and  concrete.  It  is  not  worked 
regularly. 

Marin  Quarry;  Gray  Brothers,  Mills  Building,  San  Francisco,  owners. 
Located  on  McNear's  Point.  The  rock  is  a  highly  metamorphosed  blue 
sandstone.  It  is  used  for  rubble  in  seaw^all  construction;  at  present 
being  used  by  the  State  in  the  construction  of  the  new  mail  dock,  and 
large  quantities  were  also  used  in  the  Santa  Fe  fill  in  China  Basin. 
The  rock  is  handled  in  skips,  holding  about  2^  yards  each,  which  are 
passed  by  four  60-foot  derricks  onto  barges  and  towed  to  various  points 
on  the  bay.  Two  Burleigh  drills  are  used  in  the  quarry.  Sixty  men 
are  at  work. 

Mount  Tamalpais  Cemetery  Quarry,  in  the  upper  end  of  the  cemetery, 
l-g  miles  northeast  of  San  Rafael.  The  rock  is  a  hard,  blue-colored, 
metamorphosed  sandstone,  comparatively  free  from  fractures.  It  is 
used,  rough  dressed,  in  building  fronts  and  curbings  in  the  cemetery; 
it  is  also  crushed  for  macadam  and  concrete.  At  the  present  time  it  is 
only  worked  as  the  rock  is  needed  in  the  cemetery. 

San  Franeiseo  Bay  Improvement  Company's  Quarry  (formerly  the  Jor- 
dan Quarry).  This  large  quarr}'  is  on  the  bay  shore  at  Point  San  Pedro, 
5  miles  east  of  San  Rafael.  It  was  opened  in  1884.  The  rock  is  a 
grayish-blue,  metamorphosed  sandstone,  and  is  used  for  rubble.  Large 
quantities  were  used  in  the  Santa  Fe  fill  in  China  Basin.  It  is  loaded 
at  the  quarry  face  into  skips,  which  are  placed  on  small  cars  and  drawn 
out  onto  the  wharf  to  be  loaded  on  barges.  The  company  owns  five 
barges,  each  of  5000  tons  capacity.  The  output  averages  700  tons 
daily.     Sixty-five  men  are  employed. 

Steffini-Bartini  Company's  Quarry,  in  the  southwest  portion  of  San 
Rafael,  on  Greenwood  street,  just  above  the  brewery.  It  is  a  small 
quarry  of  hard,  blue,  metamorphosed  sandstone,  containing  considerable 
lime  in  fractures.  The  rock  is  used,  rough  dressed,  for  foundation  walls 
in  San  Rafael,  and  also  crushed  for  macadam  and  concrete. 

Tiburon  Point  Quarry. — The  California  Northwestern  Railway  Com- 
pany operates  a  quarry  in  rear  of  the  ferry  sli])  at  Tiburon,  as  it 
needs  the  rock  for  ballast. 


320  STRL'CTrRAL    AND    INDUSTRIAL    MATERIALS    OP    CALIFORNIA. 

NAPA  COUNTY. 

Herrington  Quarry,  one-half  iiiik'  t'ust  of  Napa,  on  tlie  property 
adjoining  the  eenietery.  The  rock  is  a  brecciated  tuff,  and  for  many 
j'ears  has  been  used  for  macadamizing  the  streets  of  Napa. 

J.  F.  ZoUner  Quarry.  (See  Paving  Blocks,  page  842.)  Mr.  Errington, 
of  Napa,  hauls  this  stone  to  Napa  and  crushes  it  for  macadam. 

RIVERSIDE  COUNTY. 
Fairmount  Hill  Quarry  and  City  Crusher  Plant;  Superintendent  of 
Streets  of  the  City  of  Riverside,  in  charge.  In  Sec.  14,  T.  2  S.,  R.  5  W., 
S.  B.  M.  The  rock  mass  is  quite  varied  in  character,  and  consists  of  a 
dark-gray  biotite  granite,  associated  with  gneiss,  mica  schist,  and  lime- 
stone. The  rocks  are  all  too  deeply  weathered  to  be  valuable  for  build- 
ing stone,  and  are  used  as  crushed  stone  for  macadam  and  concrete. 

SACRAMENTO    COUNTY. 

Folsom  State  Prison  Quarry;  State  of  California,  owner.  In  Sec.  25, 
T.  10  N.,  R.  7  E.  (See  also  Granite,  page  47.)  Besides  the  rubble 
quarried  with  the  dimension  stone,  there  is  a  quarry  in  diorite.  In  1904 
the  production  was  (>>,021  tons,  a  small  ])art  of  which  was  used  by  the 
prison. 

SAN  BENITO  COUNTY. 

Granite  Rock  Company;  A.  R.  Wilson,  Watsonville,  manager.  The 
quarry  is  in  the  northwest  corner  of  tlic  Rancho  Las  Aromitas  y  Agua 
Caliente,  on  the  Pajaro  River,  at  Logan,  a  station  on  the  Southern 
Pacific  Railroad.  The  granite  is  rather  disintegrated,  and  lies  in  narrow 
beds.     It  is  used  for  macadam,  etc. 


SAN  FRANCISCO  COUNTY. 

Blue  Rock  Quarry,  at  coriuT  of  Twenty-sixth  and  Douglass  streets.  The 
stone  is  a  hard,  ])lue-grained,  metamorphic  sandstone,  with  a  flinty 
fracture.  All  machinery  has  been  removed,  and  the  (piarry  is  idle.  It 
was  formerly  worked  by  Gray  Brothers. 

County  Jail  Quarry,  on  Ocean  aveiuie,  l)et\veen  the  jail  and  Ingleside 
Park.  The  rock  is  a  hard,  gray  sandstone,  and  is  used  for  macadam. 
It  is  \voikc(l  intci'inittcntly  by  the  pi-isonei's. 

Gray  Brothers  Quarry,  at  Tliirtictli  and  Castro  streets.  Admission  to 
<|Uarrv  was  refused. 


MACADAM,   ETC.— SAN   FRANCISCO   COL'NTV.  321 

Lately  Street  Quarry. — A  small  quarry  face  at  the  corner  of  Castro  and 
Lately  streets.  The  rock  is  a  hard,  siliceous  red  and  yellow  chert.  Idle 
when  visited. 

Lewis  &  Biggio  Quarry;  R.  Biggio  and  Mr.  Lewis,  of  Colma,  owners. 
On  San  Jose  avenue,  just  north  of  Ocean  View.  The  rock,  a  blue  meta- 
morphosed sandstone,  is  crushed  by  a  jaw  crusher  at  the  quarry  and  is 
used  for  concrete  purposes.     The  quarry  is  worked  intermittently. 

Maloney  Quarry. — Mr.  Ed.  Maloney,  Builders'  Exchange,  operates  a 
small  quarry  on  Twin  Peaks,  at  the  corner  of  Seventeenth  and  Ashbury 
streets.     The  rock  is  a  red  jasper,  and  is  used  for  macadam  purposes. 

Ocean  View  Quarry,  Ocean  View,  one  block  west  of  San  Jose  avenue. 
It  is  operated  intermittently  by  the  city  for  street  repairing.  The  rock 
is  a  slaty  shale,  occurring  in  contorted  beds. 

Quimby  &  Harrelson  Quarry;  Quimby  &  Harrelson,  206  Kearny  street, 
San  Francisco,  owners.  On  Amazon  street,  one  block  off  the  Mission 
road.  The  rock  is  a  gray,  metamorphosed  sandstone.  Quimby  & 
Harrelson  have  not  taken  out  any  rock  for  some  time,  but  the  prisoners 
of  the  county  jail  have  quarried  some  for  macadam. 

San  Francisco  Construction  Company,  26  Montgomery  street,  operates  a 
small  quarry  on  Twin  Peaks,  on  Carmel  street.  The  rock  is  a  red 
chert,  is  crushed  in  a  small  jaw  crusher,  and  used  for  macadam. 

Simons-Fout  Company,  Box  153,  Builders'  Exchange,  operates  a  quarry 
in  connection  with  its  brickyard  on  the  Corbett  road.  Several  faces 
have  been  opened  in  clearing  the  land  for  real  estate  purposes.  Blue 
rock,  red  chert,  and  loose  sand  rock  are  quarried.  The  latter  is  used 
in  making  fills  on  the  property,  and  the  former  is  crushed  for  macadam, 
concrete,  and  rubble  purposes.  The  crusher  averages  about  150  yards 
per  day. 

Telegraph  Hill  Quarry;  Gray  Brothers,  1122  Hay  wards  Building, 
owners.  At  the  corner  of  Green  and  Sansome  streets.  The  rock  is  a 
highly  metamorphosed  blue  sandstone,  and  stands  with  a  nearly  per- 
pendicular face  about  180  feet  high.  This  quarry  has  been  idle  for 
about  a  year,  but  the  crushing  plant  is  being  operated  w'ith  stone 
brought  in  carts  from  their  smaller  quarry,  of  similar  rock,  at  the 
corner  of  Chestnut  and  Montgomery  streets.  The  face  of  this  smaller 
quarry  is  nearly  100  feet  high. 

For  three  quarters  of  a  mile  around  the  foot  of  Telegraph  Hill  rock 
has  been  quarried  for  many  years,  first,  to  fill  in  the  bay,  and  at  present 
for  seawall  and  other  concrete  construction  about  San  Francisco. 
21— BUL.  38 


'■i'2'2  STlUX'TrivAl.    AM)    l.NDl  STKIAl,    M  ATKKIAI-S    OF    CA1,1K()1{.\1A. 

Twin  Peaks  Quarries  Tin  re  are  numerous  smiill  quarries  on.  the 
slopes  of  Twin  Peaks,  which  are  worked  intermittently,  as  rock  is 
needed  in  small  quantities. 

Vulcan  Quarry,  at  the  base  of  Telegraph  Hill,  on  Francisco  street, 
between  Kearny  and  l)u})out,  in  the  rear  of  the  Vulcan  Iron 
Works.  George  P.  \\'etmore  &  Co.  quarry  the  rock  and  haul  it  in  carts 
to  their  crushing  plant  on  Lomliard  street,  near  Sansonie.  The  stone 
is  the  typical  blue  rock,  a  metamorphosed  sandstone,  and  is  extensively 
fractured  by  numerous  slips.  It  is  used  for  rubble,  macadam,  and 
concrete  purposes. 

George  P.  Wetmore  Quarry. — This  large  quarry  is  at  tlie  corner  of 
Lombard  and  Montgomery  streets.  The  office  is  at  this  quarry. 
C.  A.  Wetmore  is  superintendent.  They  quarry  a  blue  and  gray 
metamorphosed  sandstone,  and  some  altered  slaty  rock  occurs  in  the 
slips.  The  face  is  about  100  feet  high.  No  blasting  is  done.  The  rock 
is  barred  down,  and  large  slips  often  cover  the  quarry  floor  with  much 
broken  rock.  This  is  sledged  and  loaded  onto  small  skips,  which  arc 
taken  to  the  crusher  by  means  of  an  aerial  tramway.  Rubble,  macadam, 
and  concrete  rock  are  produced.  A  No.  5  Gates  crusher  averages  about 
150  yards  a  day. 

This  firm  also  operates  a  small  crushing  plant  at  Tenth  and  Division 
streets,  by  using  the  waste  rock  from  the  stone  yards  of  the  Colusa 
Sandstone  Company  and  the  McGilvray  Sandstone  Company. 

SAN  JOAQUIN  COUNTY. 

Corral  Hollow  Gravel  Pit;  San  Francisco  and  San  Joaquin  Coal  Com- 
pany, 828  Montgomery  street,  San  Francisco,  owner.  About  2  miles 
]jelow  Carnegie.  The  gravel  deposit  extends  for  a  distance  of  nearly 
4  juiles  down  the  hollow,  and  averages  25  feet  in  depth  and  nearly  half  a 
mile  in  width.  The  gravel  is  loaded  on  the  cars  direct  from  the  l);ink 
l)y  ]iu'ans  of  a  steam  shovel,  and  has  been  used  extensively  on  tlie 
streets  of  Stockton. 

SAN  LUIS  OBISPO  COUNTY. 
City  of  San  Luis  Obispo's  Plant,  on  Higuero  street,  crushing  chert  rock. 

SAN  MATEO  COUNTY. 
Casey  Quarry  (formerly  the  J^aurel  Creek  Quarry);  W.  "W.  and  .1.  1'^. 
Casey,  San  Mateo,  owners.  Located  al)out  one  eightb  of  a  mile  soutli  of 
Beresford  Station,  on  l^aurel  Creek.  There  are  two  faces;  one  is  a 
quartz  formation,  with  the  cjuartz  consideral>ly  fractured  and  colored 
in  the  seams  with  manganese  stains;  tlie  other  furnishes  a  red  and 


MACADAM,    ETC.— SAN    MATEO.    SANTA    CLARA.  323 

yellow  chert  and  also  a  soft,  buff-colored  sandstone,  Avhich  has  been 
extensively  fractured  and  crushed.  In  January,  1905,  the  count}'-  was 
operating  the  quarry  for  macadam  for  the  roadways,  using  a  portable 
crushing  plant  consisting  of  a  15-horsepower  gasoline  engine  on  trucks, 
and  a  jaw  crusher  and  screen  on  another  pair  of  trucks.  This  plant  is 
taken  from  quarry  to  quarry  as  the  roads  are  macadamized  in  different 
localities. 

Daly's  Quarry;  operated  by  the  United  Railroads  of  San  Francisco. 
On  Daly's  Hill,  San  Jose  avenue.  The  rock  is  a  close-grained  metamor- 
phosed sandstone,  light  gray  in  color,  and  extensively  fractured  and 
seamed.  It  is  crushed  by  a  jaw-crusher  at  the  quarry  and  loaded 
directly  from  bins  to  electric  ballast  cars.  The  entire  product  is  used 
by  the  railroad  company  as  crushed  rock.  About  twenty  men  are 
employed,  and  the  output  averages  80  yards  per  day. 

Gardner  Quarry ;  Dr.  A.  M.  Gardner,  Belmont,  owner.  One  half  mile 
west  of  Belmont.  The  rock  is  a  folded  and  crushed  chert.  The  quarry 
has  been  worked  in  three  different  faces,  and  is  operated  intermittently. 

Johnson-Splivalo  Quarry,  half  a  mile  northwest  of  Belmont.  The  rock 
is  a  red  and  white  chert,  and  is  highly  stained  with  manganese.  It 
occurs  in  folded  and  crumbled  beds.  The  quarry  is  worked  intermit- 
tently. 

Jones  Quarry;  Fair  Estate,  San  Francisco,  owner.  On  the  bay  shore, 
1^  miles  east  of  South  San  Francisco.  The  quarry  was  operated  to  fur- 
nish rubble  for  the  Santa  Fe  Railroad  Company.  The  rock  is  handled 
by  three  derricks  in  the  face  of  the  quarry  and  two  on  the  small  wharf 
for  loading  onto  barges.  It  varies  from  a  soft,  buff-colored  sandstone, 
associated  with  shale,  on  the  north  end  of  the  quarry,  to  a  hard,  compact, 
light  gray,  metamorphic  sandstone  on  the  south  end. 

San  Bruno  Quarry,  in  Visitacion  Valley,  about  8  miles  south  of  San 
Francisco,  off  the  San  Bruno  road.  Warren  Improvement  Company, 
owners,  offices  at  230  Montgomery  street,  San  Francisco.  There  are 
two  adjoining  faces.  The  rock  is  loaded  into  boxes  on  car  trucks  and 
hauled  2  miles  to  the  wharf,  where  the  boxes  are  loaded  onto  barges 
and  shipped  to  various  points  about  the  bay. 

SANTA  CLARA  COUNTY. 

Alum  Rock  Quarry,  in  Alum  Rock  Canon,  at  end  of  railway  track, 
about  100  yards  above  the  baths.  It  is  operated  by  the  City  of  San 
Jose,  for  grading  the  roads  within  Alum  Rock  Park  and  the  city  streets. 
The  rock  is  a  siliceous  shale,  interbedded  with  a  slaty  material.  It  is 
broken  down  into  a  talus  slope,  and  fed  through  a  60-foot  steel-lined 
chute  into  bins  which  load  directly  to  the  cars. 


324  STRUCTURAL    AND    INDUSTRIAL    .ALVTLKLVLS    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

Gay  Quarry;  Jatiirs  W.  Rea  &  Co.,  corner  Market  and  Santa  Clara 
streets,  San  Jose,  owners.  On  the  Monterey  road,  one  quarter  of  a  mile 
south  of  Oak  Hill  Cemetery.  The  stone  is  a  close-grained,  igneous 
rock,  suital)le  for  macadam  and  concrete.  It  is  a  large,  circular  quarry, 
and  has  furnished  rock  for  the  streets  of  San  Jose  for  many  years. 
Idle  during  1904. 

SANTA  CRUZ  COUNTY. 
De  Dero  Quarry,  L.  de  Dero,  Santa  Cruz  P.  O.,  owner.  This  (quarry 
lies  about  10  miles  northwest  of  Santa  Cruz  and  consists  of  two  open- 
ings, one  covering  a  half  acre  or  more  and  another  closely  adjoining  on 
the  north  less  than  half  as  large.  The  stone  has  been  quarried  to  a 
depth  ranging  from  8  to  20  feet  on  the  front  to  40  or  50  feet  on  the  back 
face.  It  is  overlaid  by  from  2  to  6  feet  of  brown  adobe.  The  limestone 
is  much  shattered,  and  occurs  in  small  dimensions  only.  There  are 
numerous  cavities,  some  filled  with  clay  and  some  lined  with  calcite. 
The  lower  part  of  the  quarry  face  shows  an  irregular  bed  of  impure 
sericite  schist,  interlaminated  with  the  limestone  in  places,  and  at  the 
south  end  of  the  quarry  changing  into  a  hard  blue  quartzite.  There  is 
a  rock-crusher  at  the  (juarry,  and  the  stone  is  used  for  macadam  and 
concrete, 

Thurber's  Quarry,  the  nearest  one  to  Santa  Cruz,  is  on  the  roadside 
about  half  a  mile  northwest  of  the  reservoir.  The  stone  lias  been 
quarried  at  three  different  levels.  The  lowest  one,  now  abandoned, 
covers  an  area  of  several  acres,  and  was  quarried  from  8  to  20  feet  deep. 
The  stone  in  the  quarry  face  is  much  weathered.  The  second  level  has 
been  worked  over  an  area  of  about  500  square  feet,  and  contains  blue 
and  gray  coarsely  crystalline  limestone,  banded  in  places  and  containing 
a  pocket  of  white,  yellow-stained  clay.  The  upper  level,  now  in  opera- 
tion, has  been  quarried  from  8  to  20  feet  deep  over  an  area  of  a  quarter 
of  an  acre.  The  stone  in  this  opening  occurs  in  larger  dimensions  than 
in  any  of  the  others.  With  the  exception  of  the  black  adobe  clay 
that  has  worked  down  in  the  fissures,  it  is  quite  pure  limestone,  and 
small  pieces  of  good  marble  could  be  obtained.  Tlie  stone  is  used  for 
rubble  and  crushed  stone.     A  crusher  is  located  at  the  quarry. 

SHASTA   COUNTY. 

Macadam  is  used  for  the  streets  of  Redding.  The  rock  quarry  and 
crushing  plant  are  located  in  the  northwestern  part  of  town.  The 
rock  is  an  altered,  siliceous,  igneous  rock,  quarried  by  hand  drilling. 
It  is  crushed  in  a  jaw  crusher,  and  then  passed  over  a  2-inch  screen. 
The  larger  pieces  are  used  as  a  foundation  in  the  streets,  the  finer  for 
top  covering  and  for  sidewalks.  The  crusher  is  driven  by  electric 
power. 


MACADAM,  ETC.  — SOLANO  COUNTY.  325 

SOLANO  COUNTY. 

The  county  macadam  tiuarry  is  one  mile  north  of  Vacaville.  The 
stone  is  a  bhick  basalt,  which  crushes  with  an  uneven  fracture  excel- 
lently suited  to  the  purpose  of  road  material.  Several  thousand  yards 
have  been  used  in  county  road  construction.  The  quarrying  has 
exposed  a  ledge  for  a  length  and  depth  of  about  75  feet. 

Other  deposits  and  boulders  of  black  basalt  occur  on  Putnam  PeaK 
and  in  Butte  and  Putah  creeks. 

Shale  of  a  grade  suitable  for  road  work  occurs  along  the  eastern  line 
of  the  sandstone  belt  within  3  or  4  miies  of  Vacaville,  and  is  in  con- 
siderable demand  for  improvement  of  the  county  roads. 

The  Benicia  Crushed  Stone  Company  owns  a  quarry  and  rock-crusher  at 
Hoyt's  siding,  above  Benicia,  which  have  been  operated  for  crushed 
stone,  but  are  now  (August,  1904)  idle. 

Cordelia  Quarry;  E.  B.  &  A.  L.  Stone  Company,  900  Broadway,  Oak- 
land, owner.  In  Sees.  5  and  6,  T.  4  N.,  R.  4  W.,  M.  D.  M.,  in  the  foothills 
on  the  west  side  of  the  Suisun  Valley.  This  company  has  purchased 
the  Lord  lands  lying  directly  north,  making  the  total  holdings  400  acres. 
Two  Gates  and  five  Austin  crushers  (Nos.  8,  5,  4,  and  2)  were  added  to 
the  plant  in  the  early  part  of  1905. 

There  are  three  large  quarry  openings  and  a  score  or  more  of  smaller 
ones  extending  for  nearly  a  mile  around  the  top  of  a  hill  about  300 
feet  in  height.  The  larger  openings  have  inclined  raihvays  to  the  large 
rock-crusher  at  the  base  of  the  hill,  and  which  connects  by  a  spur  with 
the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad,  at  the  south  end  of  the  tunnel  about  a 
mile  from  Cordelia. 

The  stone  is  a  compact,  olivine  basalt.  Around  the  south  end  of  the 
hill  are  large  quantities  of  tuff,  which  is  much  softer  than  the  compact 
basalt.  The  rock  outcrops  over  a  large  area,  the  outcrop  consisting  of 
more  or  less  rounded  boulders,  varying  in  size  from  a  few  inches  to 
many  feet  in  diameter.  In  fact,  much  of  the  stone  that  has  been 
quarried  has  been  from  boulders. 

Part  of  the  stone  is  made  into  paving  blocks,  and  part  of  it  is  crushed 
for  use  as  macadam,  rock  l)allast,  and  concrete,  for  all  of  which  uses  it 
is  well  adapted.  It  has  a  straight,  smooth  cleavage,  which  enables  it 
to  1)6  readily  made  into  regular  paving  blocks. 

The  large  opening  in  which  most  of  the  work  is  being  done  at  present 
(August,  1904)  is  an  acre  or  more  in  extent,  with  a  face  of  about  50  feet 
at  the  back.  The  back  wall  of  the  quarry  is  in  solid  basalt,  cut  up 
by  irregular  seams,  along  wliicli  the  stone  is  discolored  yellow  and  gray 
from  weathering.  It  shows  concentric  weathering  in  many  places. 
The  rounded  boulders,  weathering  off  in  concentric  shells,  are  promi- 
nent in  all  tlie  quarries. 


326 


STRUCTURAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OP    CALIFORNIA. 


Ill  tlic  opening  east  of  the  one  aliovc  niciitionccl,  the  stone  shows  tlie 
lioxagonal  jointintr  coniinon  in  luisalt  bodies.  .Many  of  tlie  eolunms 
arc  8  to  4  feet  in  dinineter;  in  a  few  ])la('es,  smaller  coiunins  of  from  (i 
to  10  inches  in  diameter  oeeur.  The  stone  has  an  especially  easy, 
sliaiiiht  cleavage  i»arallel  to  the  base  of  these  columns. 

in  several  places  the  stone  has  a  vesicular  structure.  In  one  of  tlie 
(|Uai-ry  openings  is  a  considerable  quantity  of  dark-red  stone,  similar 
in  grain  and  texture  to  the  dark-colored  basalt. 

Tlie  sujiply  of  stone  available  liei'e  is  unlimited,  and  the  jiosition  is 
favorabk'  foi'  (piarrying,  loading,  and  shipping  at  low  cost. 

In  excavating  for  the  new  ci'ushei'  foundations,  the  company  extracted 
and  secured  tests  of  three  varieties  of  volcanic  tuff — lavender,  red,  and 
ilvAv — that   underlie  the   basalt  in    th(^  order    nanie(l.      The    lavender- 


ll.L.  No.  Ml.   I'.ASALT  (ilAUUV  .\.T  COHDKLIA,  SOLANO  COUNTY.     K.  H.  cV;  A.  1,.  SToNK  CO. 

colored  rock  showed  a  crushing  strength  of  8630  pounds  to  tlu'  square 
iiieh.  weighing  143  })ounds  per  cubic  foot;  red  rock,  4020  pounds  crush- 
ing strength,  weight  158  pounds;  gray  rock,  1630  pounds  crushing 
strength,  weight  89  ])ounds.  Like  various  other  eruptive  tuffs  in  Solano 
and  other  counties,  this  material  may  be  easily  and  economically  cut 
into  d(>siral)le  shapes  for  use  as  building  material. 

P.  Siebe,  Cordelia,  owns  a  (|uarry-()])ening  lialf  an  acre  in  extent  at 
the  station  in  the  town  of  Corchdia.  It  is  from  1")  to  30  feet  deep,  in  a 
weathered,  light-colored  volcanic  tuff  and  breccia.  It  is  said  to  have 
lieeii  use(l  for  road  material  on  the  streets  in  and  ar(^niid  Cordelia. 


SONOMA  COUNTY. 

J.  P.  Classen  Quarry,  1  j  miles  south  of  I'etalunia. 
and  is  used  as  rul)blc.      Worked  intermittently. 


The  rock  is   basalt, 


McNear's  Quarry,  half  a   ]iiile   noitl:   of   Petalunia,  on    the   Santa    Rosa 
roatl,  just    north   of   Mi-Ncar's  cemetery.     It  was  ojiened   about    18'.)0. 


MAGNESITE  — ALAMEDA   COUNTY.  327 

The  rock  is  red  and  gray  trachyte,  extensively  fractured  and  altered,  and 
is  used  for  macadam  and  rubble.     The  quarry  is  worked  intermittently. 

Meachem  Quarry,  5  miles  northwest  of  Petaluma,  on  the  Frank  Meachem 
ranch,  on  the  Sebastopol  road.  The  bulk  of  the  rock  is  of  a  basaltic 
nature,  and  is  overlaid  with  a  soft,  red,  disintegrated  chert,  which 
occurs  in  quarry  face  as  a  talus.  It  is  used  on  the  county  roads.  The 
quarry  is  worked  intermittently. 

Purrington  Quarry,  I4  miles  southeast  of  Petaluma,  at  the  end  of 
Mountain  View  avenue.  It  is  owned  by  the  Petaluma  Real  Estate 
Association,  and  operated  under  lease  by  A.  W.  Nash.  The  rock  is  a  red 
chert,  and  is  extensively  used  in  macadamizing  the  streets  of  Petaluma. 

VENTURA  COUNTY. 

Camarillo  Quarry;  Southern  Pacific  Railroad  Company,  owner.  In 
Sec.  5,  T.  1  X.,  R.  20  W.,  S.  B.  M.  A  light  pinkish-gray  igneous  rock, 
used  for  ballast  on  the  roadbed  from  Burbank  to  north  of  Santa  Barbara. 

Santa  Susanna  Quarry;  Southern  Pacific  Railroad  Company,  owner.  In 
Sec.  16,  T.  2  X.,  R.  17  W.,  S.  B.  M.  The  material  is  similar  to  that  of 
the  Chatsworth  Park  quarry,  Los  Angeles  County.  It  is  used  by  the 
railroad  company  in  several  places  along  its  roadbed  as  rip-rap,  and 
it  is  also  mixed  with  oil  for  pavements. 


MAGNESITE, 


In  the  crude  condition  magnesite  is  used  largely  for  making  carbon 
dioxide  gas;  also  in  the  manufacture  of  Epsom  salts,  of  which,  in  1902, 
at  least  9000  tons  were  produced  in  the  United  States.  Calcined  mag- 
nesite (magnesia,  oxide  of  magnesium)  is  used  in  the  form  of  refractory 
bricks  or  concrete  as  furnace  lining,  and  as  non-conducting  covering  for 
boilers,  steam-pipes,  etc.;  it  is  also  used  in  the  manufacture  of  paper 
stock.     (See  Bureau  of  Census,  Mines  and  Quarries,  1902,  p.  1071.) 

ALAMEDA  COUNTY. 

American  Magnesite  Company.  See  American  Magnesite  Company, 
Santa  Clara  County,  on  page  330. 

King  Magnesite  Claim,  in  Sec.  8,  T.  5  S.,  R.  4  E.  Small  outcrops  of 
magnesite  are  exposed  by  a  small  cut.  No  shipments  have  been  made 
and  the  claim  is  idle. 

In  Sec.  16,  T.  5  S.,  R.  4  E.,  are  small  outcroppings  of  magnesite. 


328  STRUCTl  KAI.    AND    INDUSTRIAL    AIATKRIALS    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

FRESNO  COUNTY. 

Magnesite  occurs  in  Sec.  5^  T.  13  S.,  R.  24  E.,  about  15  miles  north- 
east of  Sanger,  tlie  nearest  railroad  station.  Tliere  is  a  large  deposit 
outcropping  for  several  hundred  feet  in  a  course  N.  10°  E.,  and 
averaging  10  feet  in  width. 

MENDOCINO  COUNTY. 

Vassar  Magnesite  Claim,  12  miles  north  of  Cloverdale.  It  occurs  in  a 
serpentine  formation  at  the  crest  of  a  steep  hill  1^  miles  from  the  Cali- 
fornia Northwestern  Railway.     No  development  work. 

NAPA  COUNTY. 

Chiles  Valley  Magnesite  Kiln;  .1.  D.  Phelan,  San  Francisco;  Sec.  29, 
T.  8  N.,  R.  5  W.  An  old  open  field  kiln,  built  of  .stone.  The  magne- 
site was  fed  in  at  the  top  and  drawn  at  intervals  from  below.  Heat 
was  supplied  by  four  separate  wood-burning  fireboxes,  one  on  each 
side  of  the  furnace,  arranged  so  that  only  the  hot  gases  reached  the 
magnesite.  It  was  operated  for  about  eight  years,  and  the  calcined 
magnesite  sent  to  San  Francisco. 


"&' 


Fairweather  Claim,  owned  by  Mr.  Duval.  It  adjoins  the  White  Rock 
claim.     (See  below.) 

Matthai  Magnesite  Mines;  Frank  Matthai,  Chiles  P.  0.,  owner.  Xorth 
Mine  (formerly  the  Cleveland)  is  in  Sec.  36,  T.  8  N.,  R.  4  W.,  in  Soda 
Creek  Canon,  just  above  the  road.  It  was  worked  by  Bartlett  & 
Stanley  in  1895,  but  has  been  idle  since.  The  magnesite  occurs  in 
serpentine  in  irregular  ledges  outcropi)ing  on  the  hillside,  and  Avas 
mined  by  means  of  open  cuts.  Merely  tlie  larger  boulders  and  pockets 
near  the  surface  were  extracted  without  regard  to  development  work, 
so  that  much  rock  remains. 

South,  Mine,  about  one  quarter  of  a  mile  southeast  of  the  Xorth 
Mine,  just  over  a  low  ridge  on  the  north  bank  of  Greasy  Cam})  Creek. 
Here  a  5-foot  ledge  of  very  pure  white  magnesite  outcrops  along  the 
creek  for  al)out  30  feet,  and  dips  to  the  north  into  the  hill  at  a  low 
angle.  Two  cuts  have  Ijcen  opened  on  the  croppings,  and  a  short  tunnel 
was  driven  in  on  the  ledge.  There  are  about  100  tons  of  magnesite  on 
the  dump. 

Priest  Mine;  D.  C.  Priest,  Chiles  P.  O.,  owner.  In  Sec.  23,  T.  8  N.,  R.  4  W., 
about  13  miles  east  of  Rutherford,  in  Chiles  Valley.  The  deposit  has 
been  opened  up  at  four  places  upon  the  steep  hillside;  the  lower  two 
(large  open  cuts)  have  been  idle  for  about  five  years,  and   are  covered 


MAGNESITE  — NAPA    COUNTY. 


329 


up  by  debris.  About  500  yards  farther  up  the  hill  a  2-foot  ledge  is 
exposed  by  a  30-foot  open  cut,  and  above  this,  in  a  oO-foot  tunnel,  an 
18-inch  ledge  dipping  nearly  perpendicular  is  exposed. 

Russel  Mine;  E.  T.  Russel,  Chiles  P.  0.,  owner.  In  Sec.  24,  T.  8  X., 
R.  4  \\'.,  15  miles  from  Rutherford,  the  nearest  railroad  station.  The 
tunnel  is  caved  and  inaccessible.  There  are  numerous  surface  crop- 
pings,  on  which  several  small  open  cuts  have  been  run  in  on  the  south- 


ILL.    No.   142.     MAIN  CUT  OF  "WHITE  KOCK  "  MAGNESITE  MINE,  POPE  VALLEY, 

NAPA  COUNTY. 

west  slope  of  the  hill.     The  magnesite  deposit  is  in  serpentine.     Only 
about  25  tons  were  shipped. 

Snowflake  and  Blanco  Mines;  H.  G.  Staab,  James  Flood  Building,  San 
Francisco,  owner.  In  Sec.  29,  T.  7  X.,  R.  4  W.,  11  miles  east  of  Ruther- 
ford. The  mines  were  formerly  worked  l)y  the  Stanley  i^c  Bartlctt 
Com])any,  but  they  have  been  idle  for  the  past  three  years.  There  are 
eight  or  ten  different  openings  from  which  ore  was  taken  to  the  kiln, 
where  it  was  calcined  with  wood,  ami  shipped  as  magnesia  from 
Rutherford,  a  station  on  the  Southern  Pacitic  Railroad. 

The  magnesite  forms  an  irregular  vein  from  3  to  6  feet  wide,  in  a 
dark-green,  weathered  serpentine.  The  much-shattered  magnesite  has 
been  recemented  in  many  places,  forming  a  breccia,  part  magnesite 
and  part  country  rock,  with  considerable  clay  and  other  foreign  mate- 


330  STRUCTIHAL    AND    INDISTIUAI,    MATKRIALS    OF    CAMFOUNIA. 

rials  included.     Below  the  more  weathered  i)ortioii,  the  magnesito  forms 
an  irregular,  hard  vein  of  snow-white  color. 

Many  of  the  old  tunnels  have  caved  and  but  few  are  at  present 
accessible,  and  in  the  latter  very  little  magnesite  can  be  seen  in  place. 
The  outcrops  have  all  been  worked  out.  Similar  conditions  prevail  in 
the  small  ravine  northwest  of  the  main  workings. 

White  Rock  Magnesite  Mine;  J.  B.  Duval,  of  Lidell,  Pope  Valley,  owns 
a  two-thirds  interest  and  the  Western  Carbonic  Acid  Gas  Company  the 
remaining  one  third.  In  Sec.  11,  T.  9  N.,  R.  5  W.,  in  Pope  Valley.  The 
deposit  was  first  developed  about  1894,  and  about  250  tons  a  year  were 
shipped  for  five  years  to  the  Western  Carbonic  Acid  Gas  Company.  The 
outcroppings  on  the  hillside,  about  400  feet  above  the  floor  of  the  valley, 
dip  at  a  steep  angle  to  the  east.  The  larger  cut  runs  in  on  the  croppings 
and  exposes  a  very  large  face  of  magnesite,  which  has  been  nearly 
covered  by  talus  since  the  works  have  been  idle.  The  country  rock  is 
serpentine,  which  is  filled  with  small  stringers  of  magnesite.  The 
formation  is  shown  to  a  limited  extent  by  a  tunnel  w^hich  has  been 
driven  in  diagonally  across  several  ledges,  ranging  from  2  to  4  feet  in 
thickness,  and  numerous  smaller  stringers.  They  struck  a  large  mass 
when  in  al^out  120  feet,  and  proceeded  to  drift  alongside  of  it  for  some  30 
feet..  Most  of  tlie  rock  is  pure  white,  but  in  the  large  cut  considerable 
cream-colored  magnesite  makes  its  appearance. 

PLACER  COUNTY. 

Snowball  Mine;  S.  M.  Sprague  &  Co.,  Newcastle,  owners.  In  See.  IS, 
T.  15  N.,  K.  11  E.,  M.  D.  M.  It  is  claimed  that  small  deposits  of  magne- 
^'iite  are  found  on  this  property. 

Magnesite  is  reported  to  occur  on  the  American   Kiver,  near  Bentley. 

SANTA  CLARA  COUNTY. 

American  Magnesite  Company.  —This  company  holds  twenty-seven 
•claims,  nineteen  of  which  are  on  Red  Mountain,  fourteen  on  the  Santa 
Clara  County  side,  and  live  in  Stanislaus  County.  The  remaining 
uight  claims  are  on  Cedar  Mountain,  in  Alameda  County.  The  oflices 
Are  at  604  Merchants'  Exchange  Building,  San  Francisco.  H.  C. 
Stillwell,  general  manager. 

The  extensive  magnesite  deposit  on  Red  Mountain  lies  about  32  miles 
southeast  of  Livermore,  at  the  head  of  tlie  San  Antone  Valley,  at  ar. 
elevation  of  about  3350  feet.  The  magnesite  occurs  in  bold  outcrop- 
pings extending  in  a  general  north  and  south  course  for  a  distance  of 
H  miles,  and  ranging  from  15  to  150  feet  in  widtli.  The  company  owns 
(500  acres  in  addition  and  adjoining  to  the  mineral  claims  for  road  and 
camp  j)urposes. 


MAGNESITE — SANTA    CLARA,    SONOMA.  331 

The  present  workings  are  limited  to  the  ALameda,  mine,  which  is 
being  opened  by  a  tunnel  and  upraise  into  an  open  quarry.  The  rock 
will  be  broken  down  through  this  chute  into  tram  cars  in  the  tunnel. 
These  cars  will  convey  the  rock  by  a  2500-foot  aerial  tramway  to  the 
bunkers,  590  feet  lower  than  the  tunnel.  It  will  be  hauled  by  traction 
engine  trains  over  a  grade  not  exceeding  three  per  cent  loaded  haul,  to 
Livermore,  where  automatic  bunkers  are  being  erected  to  load  Southern 
Pacific  cars  for  shipment  to  their  plant  in  Oakland.  The  aerial  cable 
tram  will  use  1000-pound  skips,  with  a  capacity  of  10  tons  per  hour. 
The  traction  engine  will  haul  three  steel  wagons  (capacity  of  20  tons 
each),  and  will  make  a  round  trip  every  twenty-four  hours.  The  com- 
pany expects  to  begin  shipping  on  September  15,  1905. 

Cochrane  Quarry;  Mrs.  A.  F.  Cochrane,  Morgan  Hill,  owner.  Four 
miles  east  of  Madrone,  on  the  headwaters  of  Coyote  Creek.  The  rock 
outcrops  at  intervals  on  the  hillside  south  of  the  creek,  extending  up 
the  hill  in  a  southerly  direction,  and  has  been  opened  up  by  small  cuts 
in  several  places.  No  extensive  body  is  discernible,  as  the  adobe  soil 
covers  most  of  the  outcrops.  Much  limonite  and  hematite  float  are  found 
around  the  magnesite  croppings.  It  was  last  worked  about  1897,  when 
Mr.  Cummings  of  San  Francisco  shipped  several  carloads  to  the  city. 

Weber  Ranch  Deposit;  The  Bay  Cities  Water  Company,  Mutual  Sav- 
ings Bank  Building,  San  Francisco,  owner.  On  west  side  of  San  Felipe 
Creek  Valley,  near  its  junction  with  Coyote  Creek.  The  magnesite 
outcrops  in  a  bold  ledge,  plainly  visible  from  the  road.  It  has  been 
developed  to  some  extent,  and  much  good  stone  now  occurs  as  float  rock 
below  the  workings,  but  at  present  little  good  rock  is  visible  in  place. 
The  country  rock  is  serpentine,  and  much  of  the  magnesite  has  serpen- 
tine inclusions. 

A  small  sheet-iron  furnace  lined  with  firebrick  lies  dismantled  below 
the  main  cut,  but  no  evidence  remains  of  any  magnesite  having  been 
calcined  there,  and  it  is  a  complete  wreck  now. 


SONOMA  COUNTY. 

F.  W.  Brush,  Cloverdale,  reports  that  magnesite  deposits  are  found  on 
the  Brush  &  Son  ranch,  3  miles  east  of  Cloverdale,  but  are  not  developed. 

Creon  Magnesite  Deposits;  Mr.  J.  Rolling,  2527  Bryant  street,  San 
Francisco,  owner.  In  Sec.  32,  T.  12  N.,  K.  10  W.  The  magnesite  has 
been  mined  in  three  places.  In  the  upper  small  cut  a  12-inch  vein, 
dipping  north  into  the  hill  at  an  angle  of  40  degrees,  is  exposed  in  an 
altered  and  faulted  serpentine.     At  the  lower  deposits  the  magnesite 


•.V.V2 


STRUCTURAL    AND    INDUSTRIAL    MATERIALS    OF    CALIFORNIA. 


veins  range  fi'oni  1  to  18  iiiehes  in  width,  and  cut  t  lifough  tlie  li.ulit- 
green  sor])entine  roeks  at  vai'ving  angles.  The  lowei'  cuts  are  eaeh 
about  80  feet  long,  and  one  is  followed  hy  a  tunnel,  whieli  is  eaved  at 
the  entranee.  The  ser})entine  rock  is  impregnated  with  numerous  little 
stringers  of  magnesite,  extending  in  almost  every  direction.  About  ooO 
tons  of  roek  remain  on  the  dnm]). 


ill.  no. .11;;.   cukon  m  a( ;  n  ksitk  mink.  tukkk  mh.ks  n.  e.  of 
(■lovi;ki).\li;.  sonoma  coiniv. 


Cummings  Deposit;  Pat  ("uinniiniis.  ow  ner;  0])erate(l  by  the  Sotoyome 
Magnesite  Coniiiany  of  Ilealdsburg,  'i\»ni  .Merchant,  manager.  In  Sec. 
28,  T.  11  N..  K.  11  W.  The  roek  is  a  very  pure-white,  eompaet  magne- 
site. and  outcrops  at  intervals  in  a  gt-neral  east  and  west  direction  on 
the  north  slo}>e,  near  tiie  summit  of  the  hill.  The  hill  is  mostly  serpen- 
tine, i)Ut  the  magn(>site  outcrops  in  a  blue  adol)e  soil.  Devidopment 
work  was  begun  in  the  fall  of  I'.Xll.  It  will  be  necessary  to  build  about 
half  a  mile  of  road  to  comiect  with  the  count  v  I'oad. 


MAGNESITE  — SONOMA,   STANISLAL'S,   TEHAMA,   TULARE.  333 

Eckert  Ranch  Deposit,  about  2  miles  southeast  of  Cloverdale,  on  tlie 
Eckert  ranch,  formerly  the  Warren  Green  ranch.  The  magnesite  out- 
crops just  above  the  county  road,  and  the  croppings  can  be  followed 
across  the  ranch  in  a  general  northeast  and  southwest  direction.  Three 
open  cuts  expose  a  considerable  body  of  magnesite. 

Madeira  Magnesite  Deposit;  George  Madeira,  Healdsburg,  owner.  In 
Sec.  31,  T.  9  X.,  K.  10  W.  Numerous  croppings  extend  in  a  general 
northwest  and  southeast  direction  for  a  considerable  distance  up  the 
hill  and  about  150  feet  in  width,  partially  covered  with  loose  soil  and 
low  brush.  The  magnesite  contains  considerable  silica.  In  order  to 
develop  the  property  it  will  be  necessary  to  build  about  2  miles  of  road 
to  connect  with  the  county  road. 

Mr.  Madeira  owns  another  deposit  of  magnesite,  about  6  miles 
northeast  of  Cazadero,  and  within  2  miles  of  the  county  road.  The  rock 
is  similar  and  occurs  in  larger  outcrops.  No  development  work  has 
been  done. 

Sotoyome  Magnesite  Company ;  T.  Merchant,  Healdsburg,  manager.  The 
deposit  is  10  miles  northwest  of  Healdsburg,  on  the  Ed.  Norton  ranch, 
on  Dry  Creek.  The  magnesite  occurs  in  an  irregular  deposit,  seemingly 
a  series  of  loose  boulders  overlying  a  serpentine  formation,  and  is  over- 
laid by  a  clay  formation,  which  is  in  turn  overlaid  by  2  feet  of  black 
soil.  The  cut  exposes  a  boulder  face  of  magnesite,  about  16  feet  wide. 
The  magnesite  at  present  on  the  dump  has  a  considerable  silica  content. 
There  is  no  outcrop,  and  it  is  necessary  to  remove  considerable  soil  to 
expose  the  deposit. 

STANISLAUS  COUNTY. 
American  Magnesite  Company.      (See  page  330.) 

TEHAMA  COUNTY. 

To  the  east  of  the  chromite  belt  (see  page  272)  lies  one  of  magnesite, 
but  this  deposit  has  never  been  sufficiently  investigated  to  determine 
its  commercial  value. 

TULARE  COUNTY. 

Large  magnesite  deposits  occur  on  the  top  of  the  first  range  of  foot- 
hills of  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains,  about  3  miles  northeast  of  Porter- 
ville,  on  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad,  the  nearest  railway  point. 
Magnesite  has  been  quarried  and  shipped  from  here  for  a  number  of 
years.  Part  of  the  magnesite  is  conveyed  by  tramway  and  chute  to  the 
kiln,  where  it  is  calcined  and  shipped  as  magnesia.  Part  of  it  is  hauled 
by  wagon  to  Porterville  and  shipped  as  magnesite.  At  present  all  the 
product  is  shipped  by  \V.  P.  Bartlett,  Porterville,  Tulare  County.     A 


'.V.i4  STinCTlRAl,    AND    IXmSTKIM.    MATERIALS    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

considerable  portion  of  it  is  sent  to  the  Western  Carbonic  Acid  Gas 
Conii)aiiy,  GOB  Merchant  street,  San  Francisco. 

The  magnesite  occurs  in  a  schistose  serpentine  mass,  which  is  impreg- 
nated with  magnesite  veins,  and  contains  some  basalt  and  (lial)ase 
intrusions. 

Some  magnesite  has  been  quarried  from  veins  having  a  north  and 
south  trend  on  the  hillside  just  above  the  magnesia  kiln,  but  at  present 
all  the  product  is  obtained  from  the  hill  one  fourth  to  one  half  mile 
northeast  of  the  kiln,  where  the  serpentine  is  tilled  with  a  network  of 
veins  which  in  places  form  nearly  half  of  the  rock  mass. 

The  first  workings  along  the  tramway,  less  than  one  half  mile  north- 
east of  the  kiln,  are  two  tunnels  on  two  prominent  veins.  The  first 
tunnel  has  been  run  in  about  300  feet  north  on  a  vein  trending  north 
and  south,  and  another  about  50  feet  north  of  the  first  has  been  run  in 
about  50  feet  on  a  vein  trending  N.  60°  W.,  which  intersects  the  first 
vein  less  than  100  feet  beyond  the  end  of  the  tunnel.  In  each  tunnel 
the  white  magnesite  forms  irregular  veins  from  2  to  4  feet  thick  in 
places,  inclosing  masses  of  serpentine.  The  wall  rock  on  each  side  of 
the  vein  contains  many  small  veins,  some  of  which  are  2  or  3  inches 
thick. 

On  the  hill,  from  90  to  100  feet  above  the  level  of  the  tunnels,  an  open 
cut  has  been  made  through  the  crest  of  the  ridge  on  these  same  veins 
after  they  have  united.  The  vein  here  is  from  3  to  8  feet  thick,  inclosing 
some  country  rock  in  place. 

For  a  distance  of  about  300  feet  east  from  the  vein  above  mentioned 
the  rock  contains  but  little  magnesite  in  workable  deposits. 

From  a  point  about  300  feet  east  of  the  vein  to  the  east  end  of  the 
hill,  several  hundred  feet  farther,  the  rock  mass  is  very  rich  in  magne- 
site. A  large  blanket  vein,  varying  in  structure  at  different  points, 
underlies  the  whole  east  end  of  the  liill,  and  has  been  quarried  at  a 
n'undjer  of  places;  short  tunnels,  from  10  to  20  feet  in  length,  have  also 
been  run  into  the  hill.  On  the  north  side  it  is  from  5  to  6  feet  thick, 
inclosing  a  mass  of  dark  green  serpentine  from  2  to  3  feet  thick,  which 
in  places  contains  so  many  veins  of  pure  magnesite  that  it  can  all  be 
profitably  quarried  and  hand  picked. 

The  magnesite,  being  more  durable  than  the  inclosing  serpentine, 
stands  out  as  prominent  white  streaks  over  the  surface,  projecting  in 
some  places  a  foot  or  more  above  the  surface,  like  quartz  veins.  The 
magnesite  industry  will  be  a  profitable  one  here  apparently  for  many 
years  to  come. 


MANGANESE— ALAMEDA,    COLUSA,    MERCED.  IVS'^ 


MANGANESE, 


ALAMEDA  COUNTY. 

Bartlett  Mine,  in  See.  6,  T.  4  S.,  R.  4  E.;  is  in  a  small  canon  branching- 
west  from  jMitchell's  Canon,  which  is  in  itself  a  tributary  of  Corral 
Hollow.     Idle  for  many  years. 

Blackjack  Mine;  H.  J.  Overacker,  owner;  12  miles  southeast  of  Liv- 
ermore,  on  the  Arroyo  Mocho  road,  in  N.  E.  ^  of  Sec.  14,  T.  4  S.,  R.  8  E. 
It  was  opened  in  1885,  and  has  been  worked  intermittently,  about  50 
tons  having  been  shipped.  The  ore  occurs  as  irregular  kidneys  in 
siliceous  shales,  and  is  exposed  by  three  short  cuts  and  tunnels. 

Fratis  Mine  (Estacia  Mine)  is  8  miles  southeast  of  Livermore,  on  the 
Cedar  Mountain  road.  The  ore  body  is  8  feet  wide,  and  is  exposed  by 
a  small  cut.     Eight  or  ten  tons  of  low-grade  ore  have  been  taken  out. 

Merchant  Mine;  Merchant  Estate,  Livermore,  owner;  operated  by 
A.  J.  and  J.  W.  Merchant.  It  is  located  9  miles  southeast  of  Livermore 
on  the  west  side  of  the  Arroyo  Mocho  road,  in  Sec.  9,  T.  4  S.,  R.  3  E. 
It  was  opened  in  1888,  and  has  been  worked  intermittently  since. 
About  25  tons  were  taken  out  in  September,  1904.  The  ore  is  soft  and 
of  high  grade,  and  occurs  in  contorted  beds  of  chert,  dipping  about  45 
degrees  west,  with  a  general  north  and  south  strike.  It  is  developed  by 
two  short  tunnels,  which  expose  a  4-foot  ledge.  At  the  surface  only  a 
6-inch  cropping  is  discernible.  The  ore  has  been  stoped  down  about 
25  feet. 

Merchant  Brothers'  Mill. — A.  J.  and  J.  W.  Merchant  own  a  small  mill 
in  Livermore    for    grinding    and   concentrating   manganese   ore.      The 
capacity  is  about  8  tons  a  day,  and  steam  power  is  used. 

COLUSA  COUNTY. 

Manganese  was  prospected  about  fifteen  years  ago  by  J.  P.  Rathbun 
(now  resident  of  College  City)  in  Sec.  4,  T.  17  N.,  R.  7  W.,  M.  D.  M. 
The  deposit  was  afterwards  abandoned. 

MERCED  COUNTY. 

Briggs  Mine;  N.  C.  Briggs,  Hollister,  San  Benito  County,  owner.  In 
Sec.  16,  T.  lo  S.,  R.  9  E.,  on  the  east  slope  of  the  Mount  Diablo  range. 
A  deposit  of  manganese  ore  is  claimed  to  show  on  the  suface  over  a 
wudth  of  from  100  to  200  feet.  Only  very  little  development  work  lias 
been  done. 


336  STKrCTrKAL    and    IXDISTKIAL    materials    of    CALIFORNIA. 

PLACER  COUNTY. 

Daniel  Russell,  Colfax.  In  Sec.  85,  T.  15  N.,  R.  9  E.,  under  Cape  Horn. 
The  indications  of  a  deposit  are  sufficient  to  induce  prospecting  and 
development,  but  no  effort  has  been  made  to  expose  the  mineral  in 
deposit. 

RIVERSIDE  COUNTY. 

Charles  P.  Carter,  Elsinore.  A  deposit  claimed  to  contain  high-grade 
manganese  ore,  in  granite  and  schist  country  rock,  about  6  miles  north- 
east of  Elsinore,  near  the  Santa  Fe  Railway.  To  some  extent  developed 
by  shafts,  tunnels,  and  open  cuts. 

SAN  BENITO  COUNTY. 

Hendricks  Mine;  N.  C.  Briggs  et  al.,  HoUister,  owners.  In  Sec.  24,  T.  13  S., 
R.  8  E.,  about  17  miles  east  of  Tres  Pinos,  in  the  Movmt  Diablo  range. 
A  deposit  of  manganese  ore,  claimed  to  be  of  extensive  surface  area,  and 
stated  to  be  of  fair  grade,  but  sufficient  development  work  has  not  been 
done  to  justify  an  opinion  regarding  the  extent  and  permanency  of  the 
deposit. 

SAN  LUIS  OBISPO  COUNTY. 

Antonio  Staneusuch,  in  Sees.  6  and  7,  T.  31  S.,  R.  12  E.,  M.  D.  M.,  in 
the  Los  Osos  Mountains.  Some  deposits  of  manganese  ore  have  been 
uncovered  in  the  metamorphic  Franciscan  sandstone.  Sufficient  work 
has  not  been  done,  however,  to  justify  an  opinion  regarding  the  extent 
of  the  deposits,  but  considering  the  small  amount  of  work  done,  a  satis- 
factory amount  of  a  rather  good  grade  of  manganese  ore  has  been 
excavated. 

SANTA  CLARA  COUNTY. 

Ala  Mountain  Mine;  Merchant  Estate,  Livermore,  owner.  In  Sec.  28, 
T.  5  S.,  R.  4  E.  The  vein  of  manganese  ore  is  afeout  4  feet  wide  at  the 
outcrop  and  dips  slightly  to  the  west,  with  a  general  northwest  and 
southeast  strike.  The  walls  are  a  siliceous  shale.  The  vein  has  been 
exposed  by  an  open  cut  and  a  short  tunnel.  About  32  tons  were  shipped 
to  Livermore. 

Black  Bear  Mine;  1).  P.  Doak,  San  Francisco,  owner.  In  Sec.  34, 
T.  5  S.,  R.  4  E.,  near  the  summit  of  the  west  slope  of  the  Arroyo  Mocho 
Valley.  Considerable  development  work  has  been  done  in  the  last  few 
years.  A  small  cut  near  the  sunnnit  exposes  a  3-foot  vein  of  good  ore, 
which  has  a  north  and  south  strike  and  dips  slightly  to  the  west.  About 
200  yards  belowthese  workings,  another  small  cut  exposes  a  30-inch  vein  of 
ore,  with  an  east  ancUvest  strike  and  an  almost  perpendicular  dip.     This 


MICA  — BUTTE,   VENTURA.  337 

vt'in  is  crossed  by  a  vein  with  a  north  and  south  strike  and  dipping  to  the 
east.  Still  lower  on  the  hillside  a  tunnel  exposes  another  30-inch  vein, 
with  an  cast  and  west  strike  and  dipping  about  60  degrees  north.  There 
are  about  20  tons  of  ore  upon  the  dump. 

Doak  Mine  No.  2;  same  owner.  On  the  section  line  between  Sees.  22 
and  27,  T.  5  S.,  R.  4  E.  About  25  tons  were  taken  out  by  open  cuts 
and  hauled  to  Livermore. 

Fable  Mine,  about  26  miles  southeast  of  Livermore,  in  a  small  canon 
tributary  to  the  Arroyo  Mocho,  at  Camp  Jessie.  The  mine  lies  about 
100  yards  up  this  canon  from  the  mill,  which  is  located  on  the  Arroyo 
Mocho  road.  The  ore  occurs  as  a  blanket  vein,  varying  in  thickness 
from  1  to  6  feet,  and  following  the  general  contour  of  the  hill.  It 
occurs  in  contorted  siliceous  shales,  w^hich  are  extensively  stained  by 
the  manganese.  The  blanket  has  been  worked  away  for  about  30  feet 
along  the  vein,  by  removing  the  overburden.  Further  mining  was 
carried  on  by  means  of  a  tunnel,  which  was  closed  by  a  locked  door. 
The  ore  was  hauled  in  mine  cars  about  100  yards  to  the  mill,  where  it 
was  crushed  before  being  shipped.  The  mill  was  also  locked,  so  that 
the  field  assistant  was  unable  to  enter.  The  entire  plant  had  been  idle 
for  some  time. 

SONOMA  COUNTY. 

Shaw  Mine;  J.  E.  Shaw,  Cloverdale,  owner;  about  7  miles  northwest 
of  Cloverdale.  A  high-grade  manganese  ore  (pyrolusite)  outcrops  about 
10  feet  in  width,  in  a  general  northwest  course.  About  60  tons  of  ore 
have  been  extracted  by  means  of  open  cuts,  and  it  still  lies  on  the  dump. 
Only  assessment  work  has  been  done  the  last  few  years. 


MICA. 

BUTTE  COUNTY. 

J.  M.  Douglass,  of  Merrimac,  reports  that  mica  occurs  in  Butte  County 
in  Sees.  16  and  17,  T.  22  N.,  R.  6^E. 

VENTURA  COUNTY. 

Mount  Alamo  Mica  Company;  AW  Borrowe,  president,  36  Geary  street, 
San  Francisco.  In  Sees.  12,  13,  and  24,  T.  17  N.,  R.  20  W.,  S.  B.  M. 
The  country  rock  is  granite,  gneiss,  and  mica  schist.  The  mica  lies  in 
a  feldspar  gangue,  between  a  granite  hanging  and  a  mica  schist  foot 
wall.  It  is  a  muscovite.  An  analysis  by  L.  Falkenau  gives:  SiOj, 
22— BUL.  38 


338  STKUCTUUAL    AXD    IXDISTKIAL    MATKKIALS    UF    CALIFORNIA. 

43  per  cent;  FeO,  trace;  Al.Os,  40  per  cent;  CaCO«,  1  per  cent;  MgO, 
.73  per  cent:  K,0,  9.3  per  cent;  H,0,  5.4  per  cent.  As  yet  no  lai-c 
sheets  liave  \)vvn  fotmd;  some  3  by  4  inches  have  been  mined,  l)ut  the 
jiroduct  is  hirgely  scrap  mica.  The  material  is  used  as  follows:  ground, 
ioY  lubricating;  in  the  manufacture  of  rooting  and  wall  paper,  rul:)l)er, 
etc.;  also  in  small  sheets  for  the  manufacture  of  flexible  mica  plates, 
boards,  washers,  electrical  insulation  material,  etc.,  for  which  purpose 
these  small  sheets  of  irregular  form  are  pressed  together  under  very 
high  pressure. 


MINERAL  PAINT. 


BUTTE  COUNTY. 

Chico  Ochre  and  Metallic  Company;  Park  Henshaw,  secretary,  Chico. 
In  Sees.  5  and  6,  T.  23  N.,  R.  4  E.  The  company  has  mined  no  ochre 
nor  produced  mineral  paint  for  two  years.  Mr.  Henshaw  stated  that 
the  operations  conducted  had  proven  the  value  of  the  material,  and 
also  demonstrated  the  necessity  for  the  practice  of  greater  economy  in 
production,  and  that  it  is  the  purpose  of  the  company  to  resume  opera- 
tions on  a  more  economic  and  extensive  scale.  The  product  brought 
the  same  price  as  the  French  ochre,  and  no  complaint  as  to  the 
quality  was  ever  received  by  the  producers.  The  market  included  San 
Francisco,  Los  Angeles,  Portland,  and  Seattle. 

The  company  owns  400  acres  of  ground,  in  which  the  mine  is  situated. 
The  mine  was  worked  by  a  tunnel  200  feet  in  and  400  feet  below  the 
surface,  and  by  an  open  cut  of  60  feet. 

CALAVERAS  COUNTY. 

Late  Ochre  Mine;  Miss  E.  E.  Late,  Valley  Springs,  owner.  One  half 
mile  west  of  Valley  Springs.  The  pits  are  on  the  croppings  of  a  l)rlt 
of  clay  ochre,  occurring  in  upturned  shales  and  extending  in  a  general 
northwest  and  southeast  direction  across  the  foothills.  The  ochre 
varies  in  color  from  a  liglit  yellow  to  a  dark  reddish  hue.  Several  car- 
loads were  shipped  to  San  Francisco  during  the  two  seasons  in  which 
the  pits  were  operated.  The  workings  have  been  idle  for  about  ten 
years. 

LOS  ANGELES  COUNTY. 

Two  or  three  miles  north  of  Kedondo,  on  tlie  coast,  there  are  some 
bluffs  of  very  fine,  pure  clays,  of  yellow,  brown,  and  ochre  tints,  very 
suitable  for  mineral  paints,  for  wliich  they  have  been  successfully 
tested  liy  practical  ])aintcrs.  (See  IXth  Report  of  tlie  California  State 
Mining  Bureau,  p.  20S.) 


MINERAL    PAINT  — NAPA,    NEVADA,    RIVERSIDE.  1539 

NAPA  COUNTY. 

Carl  Brown  Paint  Mine;  Carl  Brown,  Calistoga,  owner.  Located  about 
2  miles  south  of  Calistoga,  on  Benali  Mountain.  Mr.  Brown  has  mined 
raw  sienna,  red  oxide  of  iron,  and  kaolin  on  his  place. 

Paint  Mine  and  Milling  Company;  Charles  Hoover,  Calistoga,  owner. 
The  mine  is  located  near  the  sunnnit  of  a  pinnacle  peak,  1^  miles  east  of 
Calistoga.  Formerly  the  paint  was  shipped  to  San  Francisco  to  be 
nulled.  Two  small  pits  have  been  opened  in  the  light  yellow  ochre, 
•  which,  when  exposed  to  the  atmosphere,  slakes  and  covers  the  sides  of 
the  pits  with  loose  talus.     Closed  since  1902. 

NEVADA  COUNTY. 

Spence  Mineral  Company;  Karl  Howard,  president,  330  Pine  street,  San 
Francisco.  The  mine  and  plant  are  situated  at  Spenceville,  in  Sec.  25, 
T.  15  N.,  R.  6  E.  The  plant  has  recently  been  idle,  but  resumption  is 
contemplated.  The  paint  material  is  a  brownish  red  oxide  of  iron  pro- 
duced from  the  residue  of  iron  pyrite  ores  mined  for  their  copper  values. 
In  the  mine  dump  are  several  thousand  tons  of  this  residue,  from  which 
the  copper  values  have  been  extracted.  While  the  mine  was  worked  by 
shaft  and  incline,  the  bulk  of  the  ore  now  awaiting  treatment  for  paint 
values  was  extracted  from  a  pit  150  feet  long,  60  feet  wide,  and  1 50  feet 
deep.  The  paint  produced  was  disposed  of  to  the  San  Francisco  trade, 
and  commanded  a  ready  market.  The  first  price  obtained  was  $18  per 
ton,  ])ut  the  price  of  the  last  shipment  was  raised  to  $20.  (See  Bulletin 
No.  23,  California  State  Mining  Bureau.) 

RIVERSIDE  COUNTY. 

George  W.  Lord,  Corona.  In  Sec.  14,  T.  4  S.,  R.  7  W.,  about  500  yards 
southeast  of  the  Paint  Mine,  is  a  ledge  of  yellow  ochre,  stated  to  be  8 
feet  wide,  in  a  deposit  of  fire  clay.  The  ochre  is  light-colored,  fine- 
grained, but  contains  minute  inclusions. 

Paint  Mine;  Corona  Pressed  Brick  and  Terra  Cotta  Company,  owner; 
formerly  owned  by  George  W.  Lord.  In  Sees.  10, 11,  14,  and  15,  T.  4  S., 
R.  7  W.,  S.  B.  M. 

National  Paint  and  Color  Company;  William  Dyer,  manager,  Ramona 
and  Olive  streets,  Corona.  Manufactures  about  twenty  various  colors — 
ochre,  red  oxide,  vermilion  red,  grays,  etc.  The  works  are  equipped  with 
all  required  machinery,  a  15-horsepower  engine  and  35-horsepower  boiler, 
using  oil  as  fuel.  The  company  owns  extensive  clay  deposits  near 
Corona,  among  which  is  a  tract  of  about  20  acres  containing  about  5  feet 
of  ochre,  stated  to  be  of  a  very  choice  quality. 


340  STRUCTURAL    AND    INDUSTRIAL    ALVTERLVLS   OF    CALIFORNIA, 

SISKIYOU  COUNTY. 

In  Sees.  V.)  and  20,  T.  4<j  N.,  R.  10  W.,  on  tlio  north  side  of  the 
Klamath  River,  runs  a  bed  of  l)reccia,  dipping  toward  the  river  at 
about  45  degrees.  Tlie  cementing  material  is  a  red  ochre  clay,  which 
was  used  formerly  by  the  Indians  as  paint. 

SONOMA  COUNTY. 

Brown's  Ochre  Mine;  M.  C.  Meeker,  Camp  Meeker,  owner.  Located  at 
Ochre,  a  station  on  the  North  Shore  Railroad.  This  mine  was  opened 
in  1898  and  lias  been  operated  intermittently  since.  The  ochre  was 
shipped  to  W.  P.  Fuller  &  Co.,  of  San  Francisco.  It  occurs  as  a  bedded 
deposit;  a  face  about  50  feet  wide  has  been  exposed. 

Healdsburg  Paint  Company's  Mine;  T.  S.  Merchant,  Healdsburg, 
manager.  It  lies  a1)out  10  miles  (by  road)  south  of  Healdsburg,  on 
Porter  Creek,  in  T.  8  N.,  R.  10  W.  The  ore  is  a  low-grade  hematite, 
higli  in  silica.  It  outcrops  over  the  hill,  with  a  course  sliglitly  north  of 
east,  and  averages  60  feet  in  width.  The  ore  body  is  extensively  frac- 
tured and  is  soft  in  spots,  while  quartz  stringers  in  places  make  it 
necessary  to  sort  the  ore  and  to  throw  a  portion  out  as  waste.  It  was 
originally  opened  by  a  tunnel,  which  was  driven  in  al)Out  100  feet  in  a 
general  easterly  direction.  An  upraise  was  then  driven  to  the  surface, 
and  the  ore  has  since  been  mined  in  an  open  cut,  sloped  down  this 
chute  and  loaded  into  a  mine  car,  which  takes  it  out  of  the  tunnel  to 
the  bins.  The  present  open  cut  ranges  from  10  to  20  feet  in  depth,  and 
has  been  directed  more  in  the  nature  of  development  work  than  for 
mere  mining  purposes.  The  sorted  ore  is  hauled  ])y  wagon  to  the  eom- 
pany's  mill  on  the  Santa  Rosa  road,  one  half  mile  south  of  Healdsburg. 
Here  the  ore  is  first  crushed  in  a  small  jaw  crusher,  and  then  thoroughly 
dried  in  a  cylindrical  drier  of  their  own  patent.  It  is  next  fed  to  a 
5-stanip  mill,  crushing  dry  with  1000-pound  stamps  dropping  8^  inches, 
after  which  it  is  passed  through  sets  of  burr  stones  and  is  then  bolted 
through  No.  200  silk  to  insure  a  uniform  grade  of  fineness.  At  present, 
two  shades  of  })aint  are  marketed — "Indian  red  metallic"  and  a  lighter 
shade  "Venetian  ri'd.''  The  darker  shade  is  made  by  mixing  a  black 
carbonaceous  shale  under  the  stamps.  Power  is  derived  from  a  75-liorse- 
power  engine  and  boiler.  The  capacity  of  the  mill  is  from  24  to  30 
barrels  per  day. 

Occidental.— M.  C  Meeker  states  that  there  is  a  40-acre  dejHisit  of 
ochre  west  of  the  hotel  at  Occidental,  which  was  iirospectt'd  by  an 
Oakland  company  several  years  ago. 


MINEKAl.  i'AINT  — STANISLAUS   COUNTY. 


341 


STANISLAUS  COUNTY. 

Gallup  Ranch;  Mrs.  M.  A.  (iallup,  Stockton,  owner.  In  8ec.  1,  T.  2  8., 
Iv.  1-')  E.  Ochre  was  shipped  from  this  deposit,  first  in  1887,  again  in 
1891,  and  in  1899,  but  stopped  because  of  expensive  wagon  haul.  The 
Sierra  Railway  now  passes  within  3^  miles  of  the  deposit.  The  ochre 
bed  covers  several  acres. 


n.L.   Xo.  H4.     LKWIS  VOYLK'S  OCHRE  MINE,  KNKJUT'S  FERRY, 
STAXISLAl'S  COUNTY. 

Pentland  Ochre  Mine;  Henry  B.  Pentland  estate,  owner.  In  Sec.  28 
T.  1  S.,  R.  12  E.,  about  one  (quarter  of  a  mile  southwest  of  Knight's 
Ferry.  The  beds  of  ochre  are  similar  to  that  in  the  Voyle  mine,  except 
the  ochre  is  of  a  fainter  color.  No  shipments  have  been  made  for  about 
ten  years. 

Voyle  Mine;  Lewis  Voyle,  owner.  Located  in  a  snuiU  gulch  one 
quarter  mile  north  of  Knight's  Ferry.     It  is  operated  under  bond  each 


342  STRUCTURAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

summer  by  George  Kaehler  of  Fresno,  the  work  commencing  about  the 
middle  of  April.  The  ochre  occurs  in  a  nearly  flat  bed,  averaging  about 
4  feet  in  thickness,  and  overlies  a  compact  blue  clay.  It  is  overlaid  by 
a  6-inch  bed  of  iron  ore,  which  in  turn  is  covered  by  a  great  thick- 
ness of  gravel.  Both  a  yellow  and  a  reddish  ochre  are  available,  but 
only  the  former  is  shipped  in  quantities.  The  ochre  is  mined  by 
means  of  short  tunnels  on  either  side  of  the  gulch,  and  sacked  at  mouths 
of  tunnels  ready  for  shipment. 

TRINITY  COUNTY, 

T.  Bowerman,  Minersville.  In  Sec.  15,  T.  35  N.,  R.  8  W.,  M.  D.  M.,  on 
the  east  side  of  the  east  fork  of  Stewart's  Fork,  is  a  body  of  red  ochre, 
used  as  mineral  paint.  The  ochre  shows  the  blocky  structure  of  the 
country  rock,  a  highly  weathered  deposit  of  igneous  origin.  This  mate- 
rial has  been  used  locally. 

Southern  Pacific  Railroad  Company  owns  a  deposit  of  similar  material 
in  Sec.  9,  T.  35  N.,  R.  8  W.,  M.  D.  M. 

YUBA  COUNTY. 

Dempsey  Ranch,  in  Sec.  3,  T.  15  N.,  R.  6  E.;  the  development  work 
was  done  several  years  ago.  The  weathered  and  rain-beaten  red  ochre 
still  on  the  dump  gives  some  indications  of  a  fair  quality. 

Yellow  Ochre  is  exposed  in  small  croppings  in  Sec.  29,  T.  20  N.,  R.  8  E., 
one  mile  west  of  Strawberrv  Vallev. 


PAVING  BLOCKS* 


NAPA  COUNTY. 
Zollner  Paving  Block  Quarry,  formerly  the  Olsen  Quarry.     It  lies  about 
2|  miles  southeast  of  Napa,  and  has  been  idle  for  the  past  three  years. 

RIVERSIDE  COUNTY. 
See  Granite,  pages  40  to  47. 

SAN  BERNARDINO  COUNTY. 
See  Granite,  pages  48  to  53. 

SOLANO  COUNTY. 
Cordelia  Quarry.     See  Macadam,  pages  325  and  326. 


PAVING   BLOCKS— SONOMA   COUNTY.  843 

SONOMA  COUNTY. 

The  quarrying  of  paving  blocks  has  been  a  very  important  industry 
in  Sonoma  County,  but  owing  to  the  introduction  of  bituminous  rock 
pavement  the  demand  has  decreased  each  year.  There  is  a  slight  in- 
crease of  demand  at  present.  The  principal  quarries  are  near  Santa 
Rosa,  Sonoma,  and  Petaluma.  The  rock  quarried  for  paving  blocks  is 
erroneously  called  basalt.  It  is  a  dark  gray  trachyte.  The  lower  por- 
tion is  often  a  heavy  deposit  of  tuff  of  varying  shades,  and  somewdiat 
vesicular.     Some  of  the  stone  is  used  for  building  purposes. 

Bacigalupi  Quarry:  N.  Bacigalupi,  315  Fourth  street,  Santa  Rosa, 
owner.  In  the  northern  part  of  Sonoma.  At  present  three  men  are 
employed  getting  out  paving  blocks. 

Boca  Quarry;  Boca  Brothers,  Glen  Ellen,  owners.  Located  one  half 
mile  east  of  Glen  Ellen.  No  paving  blocks  have  been  produced  for 
about  four  years. 

City  Improvement  Company's  Quarry  (formerly  the  Violetti  Quarry). 
It  is  one  half  mile  southwest  of  Melitta,  and  the  blocks  are  shipped  from 
there.  This  quarry  is  worked  in  conjunction  with  the  McDonald 
Quarry,  and  is  in  charge  of  B.  W.  Lester,  of  Santa  Rosa. 

Cooney  Quarry;  James  Cooney,  owner.  Five  miles  northeast  of  Peta- 
luma.    Worked  intermittently. 

Craig  Quarry;  D.  X.  Craig,  owner.  Two  miles  north  of  Penngrove, 
on  east  side  of  road  to  Santa  Rosa.  The  quarry  is  operated  on  royalty. 
About  50,000  paving  blocks  are  produced  a  year,  as  well  as  stone  for 
curbings,  gutter  rocks,  and  bridges. 

Davis  Quarry;  AVarren  Davis,  owner.  About  3  miles  northeast  of 
Penngrove.     Idle  for  past  five  years. 

Dickinson  Quarry;  D.  S.  Dickinson,  owner.  On  the  Dickinson  ranch, 
7  miles  northeast  of  Petaluma.     Idle  for  past  seven  years. 

Elliott  Quarry;  Part  of  the  McDonald  ranch,  Baku  Siding.     Idle. 

Flinn  &  Treacy  Basalt  Block  Quarry;  Flinn  <fc  Treacy,  302  Montgomery 
street,  San  Francisco,  owners.  At  Olsen  Siding,  near  Melitta,  on  the 
Southern  Pacific  Railroad.  The  quarry  has  been  operated  constantly 
for  three  years,  producing  about  40,000  blocks  per  month. 

Frugley  Quarry;  N.  Bacigalupi,  of  Santa  Rosa,  lessee.  On  the  Rincon 
Valley  road,  6  miles  northeast  of  Santa  Rosa.  It  produced  al)out 
50,000  blocks  last  year.  The  blocks  are  hauled  2^  miles  to  Baku  Siding. 
Two  nwn  are  at  work. 


344  STRUCTURAL    AND    INDUSTKIAI,    .MATERIALS    OF    CALIFORNLV. 

Hardin  Quarry:  L.  B.  Hardin,  owner.  It  is  5  miles  northeast  of  Peta- 
lunia,  and  has  heen  idle  abont  two  years. 

John  Hugert  Quarry,  8  miles  east  of  Melitta,  on  Joe  Bowers'  property. 
From  two  to  eight  men  are  employed,  and  the  blocks  are  shipped  from 
Melitta. 

Hutchison  Quarries. — The  Borg  Quarry  is  one  half  mile  south  of  Borg 
Siding,  and  the  Annadel  Quarry  is  one  mile  south  of  Annadel  Station- 
Thomas  Hutchison  of  Santa  Rosa  operates  both  quarries  and  worked 
them  a  little  during  the  summer  of  1904,  but  they  are  idle  at  present. 

Lichau  Quarry  (formerly  the  Beason  Quarry);  A.  C.  Lichau,  owner. 
It  is  4  miles  northeast  of  Penngrove,  and  has  been  idle  for  about 
seven  years. 

John  Lynch  Quarry,  6  miles  east  of  Petaluma;  has  been  idle  for 
several  years. 

McDonald  Quarry;  Capt.  J.  McDonald,  San  Francisco,  owner.  It  is  3 
miles  east  of  Santa  Rosa.  A  portion  of  this  quarry  is  leased  to  N. 
Bacigalupi,  of  Santa  Rosa.  He  has  four  men  at  work,  and  produces 
about  50,000  blocks  a  year. 

A  portion  is  also  leased  to  the  City  Street  Improvement  Company  of 
San  Francisco;  B.  W.  Lester,  410  Santa  Rosa  avenue,  Santa  Rosa,  super- 
intendent. They  produce  about  400,000  blocks  a  year,  as  well  as  flag- 
stones, curbing,  and  building  stone.  The  Carnegie  Library  of  Santa 
Rosa  and  the  California  Nortliwestern  Railway  depot  in  Santa  Rosa 
were  built  of  rock  from  this  quarry.  The  stone  is  shipped  from  Baku 
Siding,  on  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad. 

Metone  Quarry;  Mr.  Metone,  owner.  It  is  85  miles  west  of  Healds- 
burg.  The  roek  is  dark  blue  trachyte.  P.  Maroni  has  worked  the 
quarry  intermittently  for  building  stone  and  paving  blocks.  He  fur- 
nished considerable  stone  to  the  army  department  at  the  Presidio  and 
Fort  Baker. 

F.  Milani  Quarry,  2  miles  north  of  Sonoma,  just  beyond  the  Schocken 
quarry  faces.  Two  men  are  employed  to  get  out  paving  blocks,  and 
occasionally  some  building  stone  is  quarried. 

Norris  Quarry;  C.  Norris,  owner.  It  is  5  miles  north  of  Santa  Rosa,  in 
Rineon  Valley.  Twenty  men  are  at  work  getting  out  paving  blocks  and 
curbing  rock.     They  make  about  250,000  blocks  a  year. 

Petroncelli  Quarry;  Frank  Petroncelli,  owner.  It  is  half  a  mile  south- 
west of  Kcnwooel,  and  is  worked  intermittently.  Five  men  are  employed. 
They  produce  about  ;)0,0()0  i>aving  blocks  a  year,  and  also  some  building 
stone  and  gutter  rocks. 


PAVING   BLOCKS  — SONOMA  COUNTY.  84,") 

Roberts  Quarry;  Frank  Roberts,  owner.  It  is  about  3  miles  north  of 
Penngrove.     Idle  for  the  past  seven  years. 

Roy  Bert  Quarry;  N.  Bacigalupi,  Santa  Rosa,  lessee.  It  is  4  miles 
northeast  of  Santa  Rosa,  in  Rincon  Valley.  Four  men  are  employed. 
They  produce  about  75,000  blocks  a  year. 

Santa  Rosa  Basalt  Rock  Quarry;  Captain  McDonald,  of  Santa  Rosa, 
owner.     Leased  out  and  operated  on  a  royalty  basis, 

Schocken  Quarry;  S.  Schocken,  Sonoma,  owner.  This  is  the  largest 
quarr}'  being  operated  in  the  vicinity  of  Sonoma,  and  is  located  1^  miles 
north  of  the  town.  The  rock  occurs  in  boulders  of  various  sizes  and 
shapes,  ranging  from  1  to  20  feet  in  cross-section.  About  ten  men  are 
at  work  getting  out  gutter  rock  and  paving  blocks,  and  they  average 
about  10,000  blocks  a  month. 

This  and  nearby  quarries  have  been  worked  for  many  years,  and 
great  dumps  of  chips  cover  the  steep  hillsides.  This  apparent  waste 
rock  would,  with  very  little  crushing,  make  a  very  good  material  for 
macadam  or  concrete  purposes. 

Stacey  Quarry;  S.  Stacey,  Kenwood,  owner.  This  quarry  is  one  half 
mile  south  of  Lawndale,  a  station  on  the  Southern  Pacific  railroad, 
northwest  of  Kenwood.  Twelve  men  are  at  work  in  quarry,  and  they 
produce  about  200,000  blocks  a  year. 

Swank  Quarry  (formerly  the  Clute  Quarry);  J.  W.  SAvank,  Santa  Rosa, 
owner.  In  Sec.  13,  T.  7  N.,  R.  8  W.  Formerly  paving  blocks  were 
quarried,  but  stone  is  now  used  for  foundations  and  bulkheads. 

Union  Construction  Company,  207  Montgomery  street,  San  Francisco. 
The  quarry  is  in  Sec.  3,  T.  4  N.,  R.  7  W.  The  rock  is  a  basalt,  and  is 
used  for  macadam,  concrete,  and  paving  blocks.  The  crusher  is  located 
at  foot  of  hill  by  roadside,  and  the  rock  is  brought  from  the  quarry  at 
the  summit  by  a  tram.  The  crushed  rock  is  shipped  by  both  rail  and 
schooner.     Twenty  men  are  at  work. 

H.  Weyl  Quarry,  operated  by  H.  Stagnassa.  About  2  miles  north  of 
Sonoma.  Only  paving  blocks  are  produced,  and  these  are  shipped  from 
the  toAvn.  The  rock  in  the  hills  north  of  the  town  of  Sonoma  is  mostly 
a  dark  bluish,  close-grained  basalt,  but  it  weathers  rapidly  to  a  dark 
reddish  color. 

Wilkinson  Quarry,  on  the  McNiel  ranch,  4  miles  north  of  Penngrove. 
It  has  been  idle  for  a  number  of  years. 

Wymore  Quarry,  one  mile  south  of  Melitta,  on  Mr.  Wymore's  property, 
but  it  is  operated  l)y  Louis  Laurent,  of  JNIelitta.  Sixteen  men  are 
employed  in  the  quarry.     Tli  'v  pro  luce  500,000  blocks  a  year. 


3-H')  STRUCTIRAL    AND    IXDISTRIAL    MATERIALS    OF    CALIFORNIA. 


PLATINUM, 


Pure  platinum  is  a  silvery  white  metal,  with  a  specific  gravity  of 
21.5.  It  is  the  heaviest  metal  occurring  in  nature,  with  the  exception 
of  iridosmium.  It  is  almost  as  hard  as  iron,  and  very  malleable. 
Platinum  does  not  amalgamate  with  quicksilver;  is  not  dissolved  by 
potassium  cyanide  when  cold;  is  not  attacked  by  acids,  except  the 
mixture  of  nitric  and  hydrochloric  acids  known  as  aqua  regia;  and  is 
more  difficult  to  melt  than  gold.  Platinum  is  most  readily  distin- 
guished as  follows:  (1)  By  its  great  weight — in  panning  it  remains 
even  behind  the  gold  in  the  pan;  (2)  by  its  white  color— it  is  whiter 
than  lead  and  is  distinguished  from  amalgam  by  its  smooth  surface, 
whereas  the  surface  of  amalgam,  as  seen  under  a  good  glass,  is  rough; 
{3)  by  its  resistance  to  nitric  acid  as  compared  with  native  silver  or 
lead. 

Native  platinum  has  been  found  most  frequently  in  gold-bearing 
sands.  On  account  of  its  weight  it  remains  in  the  sluices  with  gold 
und  other  heavy  material.  The  native  platinum  is  usually  very  impure. 
Occasionally  it  contains  so  much  iron,  chromite,  and  other  impurities 
as  to  be  dark  in  color  and  not  easily  distinguished  from  grains  of 
chromite  with  which  it  is  very  frequently  associated.  It  often  contains 
iridosmine,  which  occurs  as  flat  angular  scales,  while  platinum  grains 
are  usually  rounded  like  gold  dust.  Generally,  platinum  grains  are 
smaller  than  gold  grains.     Large  nuggets  are  very  rare. 

More  platinum  is  obtained  from  California  than  from  any  other 
State  in  the  Union;  and  it  occurs  in  this  State  in  more  localities  than 
elsewhere  in  either  North  or  South  America.  The  product  of  this  State 
for  1904  was  as  follows: 

Value. 

Butto  County.-- |1,CX)0  00 

Del  Norte  County 1«  00 

Humboldt  County 140  00 

PlacerCounty 375  00 

Siskiyou  County.-. 21  IX) 

Stanislaus  County.- -.- --        '20  00 

Trinity  County 275  00 

Total -- -- -.--$1,849  00 

It  will  be  noted  that  whereas  formerly  Trinity  County  made  the 
largest  annual  output  of  tliis  metal,  Butte  County  now  makes  the 
largest  output,  wliich  is  principally  owing  to  the  fact  that  in  tlie 
dredging  operations  account  is  kept  of  the  amount  of  platinum  saved, 
and  some  attempt  is  made  to  save  it. 


PLATIXIM— OCCURRENCE  IN  CALIFORNIA. 


:U7 


Platinum  has  been  reported  in  California  from  the  following  places, 
and  doubtless  occurs  in  other  localities  where  little  or  no  attention  has 
been  paid  to  saving  it.  This  shows  a  distribution  of  thirty-eight 
localities  in  fifteen  different  counties  of  the  State: 


Locality. 


County. 


Value  of 
Platinum 
per  Ton  of 
Concen- 
trated 
Sands. 


Value  of 
Platinum 
contained 
for  Each 
Dollar  in 
Gold. 


Remarks 


Chico   -. Butte 

Magalia  Butte 

Onn-ille Butte 


MokelumneHill <  Calaveras  . 

Crescent  City ■  Del  Norte- 
Smith  River Del  Norte. 

South  Fork,  Smith  River    Del  Norte. 

Wilson  Creek Humboldt 

Stone  Lagoon  (beach) Humboldt 


China  Flat Humboldt 

Orleans.   Humboldt 

Oold  Bluff  beach  north  of 

Areata Humboldt 


Little  River  beach 


Mendocino 


Michigan  Bluff 

Genesee  

Beach 

Santa  Barbara  beach 

Lompoc  beach 

Santa  Cruz  beach  .__ 

Beegum  district 

Sawver's  Bar 

OakBar 

Fort  Jones 

Klamath  River 

Rock  Ranch 

Callahan     

Hornbrook    

Ha])pv  Camp 

Cecilvilie 

Beegum 

Trinity  Center 

Burnt  Ranch 

Big  Bar 

Junction  City  

North  Fork.'. 

Hawkins  Bar . 

Havfork  district 


Camptonville. 


Placer  

Plumas 

San  Luis  Obispo  - 
Santa  Barbara  ._. 
Santa  Barbara  .-. 

Santa  Cruz 

Shasta  

Siskiyou 

Siskiyou 

Siskiyou 

Siskiyou 

Siskiyou 

Siskiyou 

Siskiyou  ... 

Siskiyou 

Siskiyou 

Tehama  

Trinity 

Trinity 

Trinity 

Trinity 

Trinity 

Trinity 

Trinitv 


Yuba 


$5  46 
30 


02 
04 
54 
618  31 
02 


177  08 
6  87 


34 

06 


2  30 
54 
07 

2  40 
51 

7  02 

18 

50  97 

2  01 


28 

13  09 

3  75 

1,934  18 


4  05 


32 


$0  08 
01 


002 

17 

07 

02 

08 


38 
50 


01 

Trace. 


31 

12 

001 

51 

26 

34 

06 

48 

14 


79 
04 
11 


34 


04 


Found  frequently 
in  dredging  opera- 
tions. 


Has  yielded  plati- 
num in  commer- 
cially appreciable 
quantity. 


Platinum  is  very 
line  grained. 

Has  yielded  plati- 
num. 


Promising  localitv. 

Do. 

Do. 
Very  fine  grains. 
Promising  district. 


Promising  district. 


Plentiful. 

Platinum   contains 
much  iridosmium. 


During  the  last  session  of  Congress  an  appropriation  was  made  to 
enable  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  to  investigate  the  black 
sands  of  placer  mines  in  this  country,  especially  with  a  view  of  finding 
the  amount  of  platinum  contained.  This  investigation  was  placed  in 
the  hands  of  Dr.  David  T.  Day,  Chief  of  the  Division  of  Mineral 
Resources  of  the  Survey.     In  connection  with  the  mining  exhibit  at  the 


348  STRUCTURAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL    MATERIALS   OP    CALIFORNIA. 

Lewis  and  Clark  Exposition  at  Portland,  Or.,  concentration  experiments 
were  carried  on  all  smnnier  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  Day.  Of  the 
many  samples  of  black  sand  received  several  hundred  specimens  were 
tested  to  ascertain  their  contents  of  gold  and  platinum.  In  a  prelim- 
inary report  Dr.  Day  gives  the  following  results  obtained  from  the 
assays  of  the  black  sands  from  various  localities  in  California: 


Amount  of   Gold  and  Platinum  contained  in   Black   Sand   Concentrates  from   various 

Placer  Mining  Districts  in  California. 

[Ounces  per  ton. J 


Locality. 


County. 


Oroville - 

Alvarado  placer  mine,  Butte  Creek 

Buchanan  Hill 

Pcuvine  Creek 

Empire-.-    

Wild  Goose  mine --- 

Orleans 

Sec.  7,  T.  16N..  R.  12  W ---- 

Rough  and  Ready  township .--   

Taylor  mine,  North  Fork  American  River,  Coltax... 

Soiithwest  of  Auburn 

Gold  Run 

Gold  Blossom  mine,  Butcher  Ranch  mining  district - 

American  River -..   

Nelson  Creek -    

Boulder  Nest  mine  on  Grizzly  Creek,  Genesee  district 

Rock  Island  Hill  mine 

Little  Grizzly  mine 

La  Porte  ..  '  .- 

\'an  Duzen  Canon,  Holcomb . 

Gem  mine,  Sacramento  River,  north  of  Redding 

Gypsy  mine,  Shasta  district 

Fox  Creek 

Grouse  Creek.. 

Happv  Camp  district 

Junction  City  mining  district 

South  Fork  and  Trinity  River 

T.  5N.,  R.  7E : 


Gold. 


Butte 

Butte 

Butte 

Butte 

Butte 

Calaveras 

Humboldt 

JNIendocino    .-- 

Nevada 

Placer  

Placer  

Placer  

Placer ._ 

Placer  

Plumas    ...  ... 

Plumas 

Plumas 

Plumas 

Plumas --- 

San  Bernardino 

Shasta 

Shasta ..- 

Siskiyou  

Siskiyou 

Siskiyou 

Trinity 

Trinity 

Trinity  .   


19.94 

6.22 

1.09 

7.03 

.08 

39.08 

19.00 

Trace 

5.60 

29.2H 

24.14 

37.61 

191.60 

126.90 

1.45 

1.44 

10.80 

Trace 

2.98 

.12 

.64 

8.29 

.72 

10.31 

None 

28.43 

9.02 

4.1)0 


Plati- 
num. 


27.45 

.17 

.08 

.83 

Trace 

.35 

4.0O 

Trace 

.52 

L27 

1.48 

8.78 

3.36 

9.67 

.12 

.66 

.16 

Trace 

.21 

.06 

.28 

.25 

Trace 

.18 

.82 

25.80 

1.28 

4.(11 


As  before  stated,  previous  to  1904  most  of  the  platinum  obtained  in 
this  State  was  derived  from  Trinity  County. 


TRINITY  COUNTY. 

Platinum  is  found  in  a  great  number  of  placer  mines  in  Trinity 
County,  but  more  especially  in  a  belt  from  10  to  12  miles  wide,  from 
Junction  ('ity  westward  down  Trinity  River;  from  there  the  platinum 
l>elt  runs  in  about  a  southerly  direction,  covering  the  east  side  of  Hay- 
fork Valley  up  to  the  east  fork  of  the  Hayfork.  The  gold  of  the  placer 
mines  of  this  vicinity  carries  invarial)ly  some  platinuiiL  The  ))i'lt 
then  turns  a  little  to  the  soutlnVest,  including  Salt,  Post  and  Rattle- 
snake creeks.  All  the  placer  mines  in  the  south  fork  below  Rattlesnake 
Creek  carry  more  or  less  platinum. 

Ill   the  south   folk    near   nv:i:in)o,  ;m<l    in  the  Marsh  ct  Ham  claim, 


PYRITES;  QUARTZ  CRYSTALS.  349 

near  Junction  City,  the  largest  nuggets,  up  to  one  ounce,  have  been 
found.  One  clean-up  in  the  latter  claim  gave  about  7  ounces  of  platinum 
to  240  ounces  of  gold.  The  platinum  is  always  found  in  well-rounded 
grains;  in  the  vicinity  of  Hayfork,  it  occurs  as  shot. 

(See  also  Bulletin  No.  36,  California  State  Mining  Bureau.) 


PYRITES- 


ALAMEDA  COUNTY. 

Alma  Mine;  Stauffer  Chemical  Company,  318  Front  street,  San  Fran- 
cisco, owners.  Located  4  miles  east  of  Broadway,  Oakland,  on  the 
Redwood  Caiion  road,  on  the  old  Fritz  Boehmer  ranch.  The  mine  was 
opened  about  1892.  There  are  seven  tunnels  (the  longest  being  about 
500  feet),  and  about  2000  feet  of  drifts.  The  solid  body  of  pyritic  ore 
is  about  360  feet  long,  300  feet  wide,  and  averages  about  80  feet  in 
thickness,  following  in  a  general  way  the  topography  of  the  hill.  The 
character  of  the  ore  varies,  but  it  averages  about  55  per  cent  of  sulphur, 
from  3  to  4  per  cent  of  copper,  and  carries  $2  in  gold.  The  ore  is 
hauled  by  wagon  to  Leona  Heights  station  and  shipped  to  the  com- 
pany's chemical  works  at  Stege,  or  to  the  Peyton  Chemical  Company 
or  the  Flemming  Chemical  Company,  both  of  San  Francisco,  where  the 
sulphur  content  is  used  principally  in  the  manufacture  of  sulphuric 
acid.  (See  Bulletin  No.  23,  California  State  Mining  Bureau,  "The 
Copper  Resources  of  California,"  page  144.) 

Leona  Heights  Mine,  owned  and  operated  by  the  California  Improve- 
ment Company,  under  control  of  the  Realty  Syndicate  of  Oakland, 
F.  M.  Smith,  president.  Located  to  the  south  of  the  Alma  Mine,  and  on 
the  strike  of  its  ore-bearing  zone.  The  ore  body  is  similarly  situated 
and  is  similar  in  character  to  that  of  the  above  mine.  It  is  developed 
bv  a  200-foot  tunnel.     The  ore  averages  about  12  feet  in  thickness. 


QUARTZ  CRYSTALS, 


(See  Bulletin  No.  37,  California  State  Mining  Bureau.) 

CALAVERAS  COUNTY* 

Green  Mountain  Mine;  J.  J.  McSorley,  superintendent.  In  Sec.  24, 
T.  5  N.,  R.  11  E.,  about  2  miles  south  of  Mokelumne  Hill.  Some  fine 
specimens  of  quartz  crystals  have  been  shipped  for  several  years  to 
New  York  for  art  purposes. 


350  STRUCTURAL    AND    IXOrSTUlAL    MATERIALS    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

EL  DORADO  COUNTY. 
(See  page  65,  Bulletin  No.  37,  California  State  Mining  Bureau.) 

PLUMAS  COUNTY. 

Quartz  crystals  are  reported  in  the  limestone  formation  at  Nelson 
Point,  east  of  north  from  La  Porte,  a  distance  of  22  miles.  No  atten- 
tion, however,  has  been  given  to  their  commercial  value. 


SOAPSTONE— TALC. 


Talc  is  a  hydrous  silicate  of  magnesia  (4  MgO,  5  SiO,.,  HjO)  that 
occurs  in  different  varieties,  of  which  soapstone  is  one  of  the  most 
important. 

Soapstone  is  a  harder,  more  compact  variet}-,  and  is  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  many  articles  such  as  bath  and  laundry  tubs,  fire- 
backs  for  stoves,  hearthstones,  mantels,  sinks,  griddles,  slate  pencils, 
gas  tips,  switchboards  for  electric  plants,  and  other  articles. 

Talc  is  used  as  powder,  or  flour  talc,  and  as  pieces  sawed  into  various 
sizes  and  shapes.  The  flour  talc  is  used  in  fireproof  paints,  lubri- 
cants, many  of  the  cheaper  soaps,  electric  insulators,  boiler  and  steam- 
pipe  coverings,  foundry  facings,  for  the  dressing  of  skins,  and  in  the 
manufacture  of  dynamite,  toilet  powder,  and  paper.  (See  Bureau  of 
Census,  Mines  and  Quarries,  1903,  p.  1065.) 

ALAMEDA  COUNTY. 

Gray  Eagle  Talc  Claim  ;  A.  J.  Merchant,  Livermore,  owner.  In  Sec.  32, 
T.  4  S.,  U.  4  E.,  20  miles  southeast  of  Livermore.  The  talc  is  light 
green  in  color,  and  outcrops  in  several  places  in  small  seams  in  serpen- 
tine.    The  claim  has  been  opened  by  a  small  pit. 

BUTTE  COUNTY. 

SOAPSTONE. 

In  Butte  County  soapstone  has  been  employed  only  for  local  struc- 
tural purposes,  chiefly  for  flrebacks  in  the  neighborhood  of  Flea  Valley 
and  Clear  Creek.  The  belt  of  soapstone  occurrences  extends  from  Pike 
City,  in  the  southwest  corner  of  Sierra  County,  through  Yuba  and  the 
southwest  corner  of  Phimas  to  Magalia,  in  Butte  County.  The  chief 
occurrences  are  in  Sec.  21,  T.  21  N.,  R.  3  E.,  E.  Taylor,  Clear  Creek  P.  O. ; 


SOxVPSTONE,  ETC.— CALAVERAS,   GLENN,  LOS  ANGEL,ES.  351 

Sec.  35,  T.  23  N.,  R.  4  E.;  Sec.  4,  T.  21  N.,  R.  5  E.,  J.  Bohannon,  Yankee 
Hill  P.  0.  ^^'ithin  this  area  of  soapstone  occurrences  there  are  also 
asbestos  and  talc.  There  has  been  no  practical  development  of  any  of 
these  materials. 

Edward  Martin,  Brush  Creek  P.  0.,  reports  a  deposit  of  soapstone  in 
Sees.  7  and  8,  T.  21  N.,  R.  6  E. 

TALC. 

Talc  occurs  chiefly  within  the  area  described  above. 

Chico  Ochre  and  Metallic  Company;  Park  Henshaw,  Chico,  secretary. 
In  Sec.  6,  T.  22  N.,  R.  4  E.,  talc  was  observed  lying  near  the  ochre,  and 
talc  float  and  croppings  were  encountered.  It  has  not  been  developed 
nor  prospected. 

J.  A.  Clark,  owner.  In  Sec.  3,  T.  21  N.,  R.  5  E.,  in  the  Big  Bend  of 
the  North  Fork  of  Feather  River,  occurs  a  deposit  of  talc  of  the  tailor's 
chalk  variety.  The  talc  occurs  in  narrow  layers,  in  serpentine  trending 
northwest  and  southeast,  dipping  to  the  northeast. 

CALAVERAS  COUNTY. 

Ed.  Black's  Claim,  2^  miles  west  of  Murphys,  on  the  French  Gulch 
road.  Some  talc  has  been  taken  out  for  local  use  in  building  chimneys, 
and  fireplaces. 

Vallecito  — One  and  a  half  miles  southwest  of  Vallecito  a  50-foot 
cropping  of  drab-colored  talc  is  crossed  by  the  wagon  road.  No  regular 
quarry  has  ever  been  opened,  but  it  is  dug  out  as  needed  for  firebacks 
and  lioiler  linings. 

GLENN  COUNTY. 

Talc  occurs  in  the  eastern  edge  of  Glenn  County,  underlying  the  ser- 
pentine formation  that  extends  from  T.  22  N.,  R.  7  W.,  southerly  into 
Colusa  County. 

Alexander  Brown,  Oakland,  owner.  In  T.  18  N.,  R.  6  W.,  various  crop- 
pings indicate  the  presence  of  a  good  quality  of  talc  of  the  tailor's 
chalk  variety.  The  exposures,  which  are  made  by  the  flow  of  Salt 
Creek,  are  associated  with  the  blue  and  light-colored  clays. 

LOS  ANGELES  COUNTY. 

Banning  Company,  593  Pacific  Electric  Building,  Los  Angeles.  At 
Empire  Landing,  Santa  Catalina  Island,  soapstone  is  found  in  conjunc- 
tion with  the  serpentine.  It  has  a  grayish  color  and  can  be  easily 
worked.  (See  also  Serpentine.)  Steatite  (French  chalk)  of  a  good 
grade  is  also  found  in  tlie  same  vicinity. 


352  STRUCTIUAL    AND    INDllSTRIAI.    MATERIALS    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

PLACER  COUNTY. 

D.  Russell,  Colfax.  In  Sec.  85,  T.  15  N.,  R.  9  E.,  under  Cape  Horn,  is 
a  cU'])osit  of  talc  that  has  never  been  thorough  1}^  prospected  nor  any 
effort  made  toward  development.  The  material  is  exposed  in  small 
outcroppings  that  indicate  a  good  quality. 


RIVERSIDE  COUNTY. 

F.  A.  Stephens,  Winchester.  Some  superficial  work  has  been  done  on 
deposits  of  white,  scaly  talc,  about  3  miles  southwest  of  Winchester. 
(See  Xlllth  Report  of  the  California  State  Mining  Bureau,  p.  639.) 

SIERRA  COUNTY. 

Soapstone  of  a  structural  character  has  been  quarried  for  local  use  at 
the  Alaska  Quartz  Mine  (George  St.  John,  Pike  City,  superintendent), 
near  Pike  City,  in  Sec.  8,  T.  18  N.,  R.  9  E.  This  dike  of  soapstone  is 
300  feet  wide,  strikes  nearly  north  and  south,  and  is  part  of  the  belt 
mentioned  above  (see  Butte  County,  page  350).  The  furnaces  and  the 
foundation  bed  for  the  hoist  were  constructed  twenty  years  ago  of  this 
soapstone.  These  structures  are  still  standing,  and  have  been  recently 
used.  The  soapstone  is  of  whitish  tint,  weathers  brown,  resists  the 
elements,  is  hardened  by  the  action  of  fire,  but  is  wasted  by  friction 
with  other  material.  It  is  easily  cut  with  a  common  saw.  Other 
structures  have  also  been  satisfactorily  constructed  of  this  material. 

SISKIYOU  COUNTY. 

SOAPSTONE. 

Soapstone  is  found   in  several  jilaces  in  Siskiyou  County. 

E.  Hunt,  Fort  Jones,  owner.  In  Sec.  12,  T.  42  N.,  R.  9  W.  The  soap- 
stone  is  found  in  schist,  interstratified  with  beds  of  limestone  from 
1  to  3  inches  wide. 

A.  Robertson,  Fort  Jones,  owner.  In  Sec.  1,  T.  42  N.,  R!  9  W.  Soap- 
stone  is  shown  by  shallow  diggings  on  the  top  of  a  serpentine  hill.  The 
workings  are  insufficient  to  show  either  the  extent  or  the  character  of 
the  soapstone. 

A  large  belt  of  soapstone  is  reported  from  south  of  Marble  INIountain, 
near  the  head  of  Wolley  Creek,  in  the  northeast  part  of  T.  1.)  N., 
R.  8  E.,  H.  M. 

A  large  exposure  of  soapstone  is  found  in  tlic  northeast  sections  of 
T.  45  N.,  R.  11  W..  southeast  of  Ilambur,-;-  \h\v.  Jiaving  a  course  N.  50° 
E.     It  can  be  traced  toward   the  ridge  west  of   Scott  River.     On   the 


SOAPSTONE,   ETC. — TRINITY,   TUOLUMNE,  YUBA,  353 

divide  it  is  from  40  to  50  feet  wide.  The  soapstone  is  of  very  good 
quality,  and  resists  the  effect  of  fire  for  years  in  fireplaces  without  any 
deterioration,  resembling  pressed  fireln-ick.  It  is  also  used  in  sheets  one 
half  to  three  quarters  of  an  inch  thick  for  stovebacks. 

TALC. 

J.  Conners,  Etna,  owner.  In  Sec.  32,  T.  42  N.,  R.  9  W.,  a  short  cut 
above  the  ditch  of  the  Etna  Development  Company  shows  a  narrow  Ijelt 
of  serpentine,  in  whicli  a  deposit  of  talc  is  found,  very  pure  and  without 
any  grit. 

G.  K.  Crowley  and  E.  Caldwell,  Eugene,  Or.,  and  others,  owners,  in 
Sec.  3,  T.  48  X.,  R.  8  W.  In  the  Cottonwood  Mountains  is  a  body  of 
ochreous-colored  talc  30  feet  wide.  It  has  been  to  some  extent  exca- 
vated on  the  top  of  the  divide  between  Beaver  Creek  and  Bumblebee 
Creek,  and  can  be  traced  southeast  to  the  latter.  It  has  no  grit.  Its 
light  ochreous  color  is  due  to  iron,  which,  however,  does  not  interfere 
with  its  refractory  character. 

TRINITY  COUNTY. 

On  Brown's  Mountain,  in  Sec.  21,  T.  33  N.,  R.  9  W.,  M.  D.  M.,  is  a 
cropping  of  soapstone.  The  color  is  light  gray,  with  numerous  specks 
of  ochre.  Part  of  the  material  is  steatite.  It  is  obtained  by  sawing 
the  uncovered  blocks,  and  is  used  as  fireproof  material  in  fireplaces, 
etc.  Apparently,  it  does  not  weather  on  exposure  to  the  air,  nor 
harden.     When  put  in  the  fire,  it  does  not  disintegrate. 

TUOLUMNE  COUNTY. 

Dr.  F.  T.  Davis,  Box  413,  Sonora,  owner.     In  Sec.  32,  T.  34  N.,  R.  15  E., 

M.  D.  M.,  9  miles  north  of  Sonora,  is  an  outcrop  of  a  greenish-white 
talc,  nearly  200  feet  in  width. 

YUBA  COUNTY. 

Soapstone  is  of  frequent  occurrence  in  Yuba  County,  and  occasional 
local  uses  have  been  made  of  it  for  copings  and  firebacks.  The  prin- 
cipal occurrences  are: 

W.  S.  Godfrey,  Camptonvillc.     Sec.  35,  T.  19  N.,  R.  8  E.,  M.  D.  M. 

J.  D.  Jaynes,  Camptonville.  Sec.  10,  T.  18  X.,  R.  8  E.,  :\I.  D.  M.  A 
strong  cropping  of  soapstone. 

In  the  vicinity  of  Challenge,  T.  19  X.,  R.  7  E.,  M.  D.  M.;  and  near 
Oak  Valley,  T.  19  X".,  R.  8  E.,  M.  D.  M.,  croppings  of  soapstone  are 
found. 

23— RUL.  38 


354  STRUCTURAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS    OP    CALIFORNIA. 


SULPHUR, 


COLUSA     COUNTY. 

Elgin  Mine,  Suli>liiir  Creek  District.  Elgin  Quicksilver  Mines,  owner; 
C.  F.  Hiun})hrey,  president,  137  Montgomery  street,  San  Francisco. 
Attempts  have  been  made  to  distill  suljihur  from  the  rocks  in  this 
mine.  (See  "Quicksilver  Resources  of  California,''  Bulletin  No.  27, 
California  State  Mining  Bureau,  p.  43.) 

TEHAMA  COUNTY. 

In  the  northeastern  part  of  the  county,  on  the  south  slope  of  Lawson 
Butte,  at  Bompus  Hell,  and  Supan's  sulphur  works,  are  very  strong 
hot  springs,  the  waters  of  wliich  contain  a  great  amount  of  sulphur, 
which  is  deposited  in  cones,  covering  an  area  about  one  mile  long  east 
and  west,  and  about  half  a  mile  wide.  This  sulphur  occurs  partly  in 
large  crystals. 

VENTURA  COUNTY. 

Dr.  W.  L.  Watts  reports  sulphur  in  the  Sulphur  Mountains,  3  miles 
east  of  Fillmore.  (See  Bulletin  No.  19,  California  State  Mining 
Bureau,  p.  86.) 


TUNGSTEN, 


Tungsten  is  used  prin<'ii)ally  in  the  manufacture  of  tool  steel.  It  is 
added  to  the  steel  in  the  form  of  ferro-tungsten.  Generally  tungsten 
steel  contains  from  2  to  5  per  cent  of  tungsten,  but  Mushet's  steel  con- 
tains 7.8  per  cent  of  tungsten.  Also,  for  hardening  a  copper-aluminum 
alloy.  It  is  used  for  small-caliber  projectiles.  Tungsten  bronze  is 
used  for  coating  metals.  Sodium  tungstates  are  used  for  dyeing  and  as 
a  tir('-])rotecting  ingredient  in  wearing  apparel. 

Metallic  tungsten  varies  mueli  in  ))rice.  Quotations  July.  1905,  were: 
ferro-tungsten  (37  i)er  cent),  45  cents  per  i)ound;  tungsten,  .1^1.25  per 
])ound. 

Tungsten  or<'s  are  sold  per  unit  of  tungstic  trioxide;  to  be  marketable 
it  must  contain  at  least  45  per  cent  WO3;  the  price  per  unit  increases 
with  the  percentage. 

Tungsten  ores  are  mined  in  the  Cnited  States  in  Arizona,  California, 
( 'dlnrado.  and  bhalio. 


TUNGSTEN;   ZINC.  355 

KERN  COUNTY. 

Selu'cliti'  is  reportc'tl  to  liavf  Ik'cu  found  at  a  depth  of  250  feet  in  the 
k'dge  of  a  gold  nune  2  miles  west  of  the  Biickl)oard  mine. 

Churchill.  .Tohanneshnvg.  Kern  County. 

R.  E.  Graham,  Kandsl)nrg.      Four  claims. 

Papoose  Claim,  F\ands])urg  District;  Thomas  McCarthy  and  C.  S. 
Taylor,  owners;  C.  S.  Taylor,  Johannesburg,  manager.  The  claim  was 
located  April  13,  1900,  and  since  that  time  the  owners  have  opened  a 
surface  cut  for  about  400  feet  along  the  ledge  and  sunk  two  shafts,  one 
50  feet  and  the  other  20  feet,  both  on  the  ledge,  which  is  nearly  perpen- 
dicular. The  ore  is  scheelite  and  is  claimed  to  assay  between  60  and  70 
per  cent  of  tungstic  acid.  The  vein  varies  in  width  from  6  to  20  inches. 
A  carload  of  this  ore  was  recently  shipped  to  Germany. 

J.  N.  Thompson,  Tehachapi.     A  deposit  of  scheelite  near  St.  Elmo. 

SAN  BERNAPODINO  COUNTY. 

South  of  Johannesburg,  running  west  to  the  Kern  County  line,  over 
an  area  about  one  mile  long  and  half  a  mile  wdde,  occurrences  of  tungsten 
are  found.  In  the  gulches  chunks  of  scheelite  are  found  in  the  granitic 
wash,  and  separated  by  dry  washing.  The  scheelite  is  distributed 
apparently  through  the  country  rock,  a  white  decomposed  granite,  in 
numerous  narrow  seams,  without  any  regular  orientation.  Boulders 
or  fragments,  some  Aveighing  150  pounds,  are  found  on  the  surface. 
Where  sunk  on  the  ledges,  inclusions  of  scheelite  are  found  in  both 
walls. 

Guadalupe  Tungsten  Mine,  about  4  miles  from  the  town  of  Manvel. 
The  owners  claim  that  the  ore  shows  60  per  cent  of  tungstic  oxide  and 
that  14000  has  been  expended  upon  development  work. 


ZINC. 


SHASTA  COUNTY. 

Kentuck  Mine,  Herbert  Bass  and  I).  Brandstetter,  Montgomery  Creek 
P.  U..  owners.  In  Sec.  21,  T.  34  X.,  I{.  1  \V.;  elevation,  1925  feet.  A 
body  of  ore  carrying  zinc  l>lende  and  galena  has  been  developed  to  a 
slight  extent.  A  tunnel  70  feet  long  has  been  run  in  an  easterly  direc- 
tion on  a  ledge  al)out  4  feet  wide,  dipping  north.  The  hanging  wall  is 
too  decomposed  to  give  its  precise  character.     The  foot  wall  is  aj)]»ar- 


356  STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

ently  a  shale.  About  20  feet  from  the  entrance  of  th(>  tunnel  a  shaft 
40  feet  deep  has  been  sunk.  The  shaft  and  the  tunnel  past  the  shaft 
were  inaceessilile.  The  ore  on  the  dump  from  the  shaft  shows  oalena 
and  zinc  blende.  About  30  feet  west  of  the  tunnel  entrance,  on  the 
opposite  side  of  a  sliallow  ravine,  an  open  cut  aljout  20  feet  long  has 
been  run  westward,  from  which  ore  similar  to  that  found  in  tlie  entrance 
to  the  tunnel  has  been  taken.  It  is  reported  that  this  ore  has  been 
traced  for  a  considerable  distance  east  of  this  deposit,  and  kidneys  of 
similar  ore  have  been  found  on  uroun*!  belonging  to  the  Afterthought 
mine,  5  to  6  miles  west. 

G.  H.  Lambson,  L.  Bass  et  al.,  Baird  P.  O.,  owners.  In  Sec.  21,  T.  34  N., 
R.  4  W.  A  shallow  cut  about  15  feet  long,  course  N.  30^^  E.,  shows 
a  well-defined  vein  of  ([uartz,  strike  X.  45°  \V.,  dipping  northeast^ 
carrying  some  zinc  l)lende  and  galena. 

Specimens  of  zinc  ore  are  found  in  the  Museum  of  the  California  State 
Mining  Bureau  labeled  as  coming  from  the  following  places: 

Inyo  County — Smithsonite  and  Cerrussite  from  the  Modoc  mine. 
A\'illemite  from  the  Ygnacio  mine,  Cerro  Gordo. 

Mariposa  County' — Zinc  blende. 

San  Bernardino  County — Calamite  from  the  (')ificiirn  mine,  neai' 
Daggett. 


SUPPLEMENT. 


(357) 


LIST  OF  SPECIMENS 


IN   THE 


MUSEUM  OF  THE  STATE  MINING  BUREAU 


OF 


MINERAL  SUBSTANCES  ENUMERATED  IN  THIS  BULLETIN* 


ANTIMONY. 

Location.  Donor. 

Calaveras  County — 

-Mokeluinne  Hill  ...Frank  Cuiiiniiiigs;. 

Inyo  County — 

Cerro  Gordo. 
Death  Valley,  north 

end Dr.  Chase. 

Lottie  ^line Jos.   Davidson   et  al. 

Panamint  ]\Iine George  K.  Phillips. 

Kern  County — 

Buffalo  Mine Charles  E.  Sherman. 

Caliente  Smith  &  Brown. 

Havilah A.  Blanc. 

Havilah William  Menzel. 

Kernville .Dr.  D.  G.  George. 

LittleCalienteSpgs.  A.  Blanc. 

Moiave  H.    E.   Cunningham. 

RuW  Mine Hickey,  Cunningham 

&  McVicar. 
San  Emidio  Mine..S.  Boushey. 

Los  Angeles  County — 

Lancaster James  P.  Ward. 

Los  Angeles  (7  miles 
from) ..Thomas    G.   Hunter. 

Mono  County — 

Comanche  ^Mine  ...Joseph  Wasson. 

Comet  Mine. 

Diana  .Mine. 

Kenick  Mine  H.  ;M.  Levy. 

Napa  County — 
Manhattan  ^line  ..R.  B.  Knox. 

Riverside  County — 

South  Riverside John  N.  Anderson. 

San  Benito  County  — 

Alta   Mine  (Sec.  lid, 

T.  11  S.,  R.  7  E., 

M.  D.  M.) Daniel  Ambrose. 

Ambrose  Mine W.  L.  Watts. 

HoUister Chas.  Bronson. 

Hollister L.  Lanzweert. 

HoUister Mr.  Collins. 

Hollister C.  C.  Jones. 

McLeoci. 
Sam  Mine. 
Shriver  Mine. 


ANTIMONY— Continued. 

Location.  Donor. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County- 
Angel    and    Baker 

Mine' Myron  Angel. 

Cambria. 

San  Simeon  (Sec.  38, 

T.  27  S.,  R.  9  E., 

M.  D.  M.). 

Santa  Clara  County— 

Gilroy. 

Sierra  County — 
Downieville Richard  Sparling 

Tulare  County — 

Mammoth  Mine  ...S.  H.  George. 
Mineral   King   Dis- 
trict...  G.  W.  Brown. 


ARTIFICIAL  STONE. 

Contra  Costa  County — 

Antioch       (pressed 
brick) Golden  Gate  Co. 

Los  Angeles  County — 
ChatsworthPark  ..H.  Clements  Co. 

Los  Angeles L.  A.  Pres'd  Brick  Co. 

Los  Angeles Western  Art  Tile  Wks. 

Tropico Pacific  Art  Tile  Co. 

Placer  County — 

Lincoln  (firebrick). John  Landis. 

San  Francisco- 
San  Francisco Ransome      Artificial 

Stone  Co. 

Santa  Clara  County- 
San    Jos6    (pressed 

brick) Peterson     tV:     Karts- 

choke. 

Santa  Cruz  County — 

Santa  Cruz  (1)rick)   W.  T.  Hatch. 

(;;.7.i) 


360 


STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


ASBESTOS. 
LiH'iitioii.  Donor. 

Amador  County— 
Sutter  Creek E.  C.  Voorhie^. 

Butte  County — 

Forbestown Norton  A:  Eckmanii. 

Oroville R.  J.  Perrin. 

Red  Hill. 

El  Dorado  County — 

Kt-lsey  District S.  E.  Holcomb. 

Fresno  County — 
Coalinga .Geo.    H.    Battenfeld. 


Inyo  County- 


.F.  B.  S.  Keeler. 


Madera  County — 
Fine  Gold  Gulch... Mrs.  A.  M.  Ulyard. 
Fresno  Flat. 

Mariposa  County- 
Bear  Valley Edward  M.  Price. 

Mount  Bullion Mark  Brumagini. 

Placer  County — 

Iowa  Hill Mr.  Tlielfal. 

Morning  Star  Mine.  J.  H.  Neff. 
Pritchai-d  Mine H.  G.  Staab. 

San  Benito  County — 
Hollister George  Vaughn . 

San  Bernardino  County— 

Barstow. 

San  Diego  County — 

Elsinore J.  D.  Hoff. 

San  Jacinto  ^Its.  ..Chalmers  Scott. 

Shasta  County — 

L.  Wellendorf. 

Hazel  Creek B.  F.  Miller. 

Sierra  County — 

Gonsolitlatod  Mine. Robert  Stuart. 


Siskiyou  County — 
Sisson  

Trinity  County  — 
Minersville. 

Tulare  County — 

White  River  ... 

Yolo  County  — 
California  Mine 


W.  H.  Sheblev. 


...S.  G.  George. 
...R.  G.  Hart. 


BARYTES. 


Calaveras  County  — 

Satellite        Copper 
Mine -II.  1>.  Raiileli. 

Contra  Costa  County — 

Mt.  Diablo I.  W.  Xellis. 


BARYTES—Continued. 

Location.  Donor. 

El  Dorado  County — 
Georgetown  (10  mi. 


above) 


A.  L.  Burbridge. 


Inyo  County — 

Bishop  Creek W.  B.  McSwiney. 

Detiance  Mine. 

Lake  County — 
Glenbrook H.  B.  Aldrich. 

Los  Angeles  County— 

Azusa \V.  H.  Adams. 

Mono  County- 
Mammoth         Mine 
(Mineral  Hill). 

Orange  County- 
San  .Toaquin  Ranch -J.  Irvine. 

San  Bernardino  County — 

Calico R.  Gribben. 

Daggett. 

Needles... P.  J.  Mclntyre. 

Santa  Barbara  County — 

Santa  Maria F.  Fugler. 

Shasta  County — 

Copper  City. 

Copper  City .  F.  McMillan. 

Lost  Horse  Mine. 

Siskiyou  County^ 
Callahan's  Ranch...!.  P.  O'Gorinan. 

Trinity  County — 
Hay  Fork  P.  0.  (15 
miles  below). 


BASALT. 

Fresno  County — 
King's  Creek R.  Reynolds. 

Mono  County- 
Green  Creek. 

San  Bernardino  County — 
Calico J.  R.  Scupham. 

Santa  Barbara  County — 

San  Miguel  Island. 
Santa  Cruz  Island. 

Siskiyou  County — 

Diinsiiiuir. 

Sonoma  County— 
Mt.  Pisgah  (Quarry  (Petalunia). 

Yolo  County— 

Pulali  Canon   James  T.  Isli. 


SPECIMENS  IN  MITSEUM  OF  STATE  MINING  BUREAU. 


361 


BAUXITE. 
Loiiiiion.  Donor. 

Riverside  County — 

Riverside J.  H.  McKnight. 

Yuba  County — 
Smarts ville I.  H.  Dempsey. 

CEMENT. 

Alameda  County — 

Niles H.  T.  Holmes  it  Co. 

Sunol  Valley Pedro  de  Saisset. 

Washingt'n'Corn's  C.  R.  Merrill. 

Contra  Costa  County — 

Byron  Spring?;. 
Stewartsville  (^  mi.  east  of). 

Humboldt  County — 
Yager Thomas  Dickinson. 


CLAYS-  Continued. 

Lopiition.  Donor. 

Butte  County^ 

Chico B.  A.  Harrison. 

Oroville(pipeclay)_Norton  it  Eokmann. 

Calaveras  County — 

Big  Trees A.  Jaquith. 

Mokelumne  Hill., .George  Muthe. 

Contra  Costa  County — 

Byron  Springs 


Mt.  Diablo. 


....H.  T.  Holmes  &  Co. 


Kern  County- 


J.  A.  Lytle. 


Lake  County  - 
Glenbrook H.  A.  Aldrich. 

Los  Angeles  County— 

Lo:<  Angeles George  W.  Hazzard. 

Riverside  County — 

South   Riverside  (6 
miles  S.  W.  of)---Frazer  Bros. 

San  Bernardino  County— 

Colton California     Portland 

Cement  Co. 

Santa  Barbara  County- 
Moore's  Ranch. 

Santa  Clara  County — 

Madrone    (7     miles 
east  of )   William  Clark. 

Santa  Cruz  County — 

Santa  Cruz California     Portland 

Cement  Co. 

Solano  County— 

Benicia H.  T.  Holmes  it  Co. 


El  Dorado  County — 

Georgetown W.  F.  Flick. 

Newton. 

Placerville W.  F.  Flick. 

Fresno  County — 
Oil  Creek  Caiion. 

Humboldt  County — 
Eureka  James  B.  Brown. 


Inyo  County — 
Independence  .. 


.J.  D.  Hudigin. 


Kern  County- 
Rosamond  Tod  Robinson. 

Lake  County — 

Glenbrook H.  A.  Aldrich. 

Kelsevville C.  C.  Reynolds. 

Soda  Bay Charles  Goodwin. 

Sulphur  Banks. 

Los  Angeles  County- 
Los  Angeles E.  W.  Doss. 

Marin  County — 
Duncan's  Mills R.  H.  Sinton. 

Mendocino  County — 
Point  Arena C.  I.  Ross. 

Modoc  County — 
Adin. 


CLAYS. 

Alameda  County- 
Li  vermore  R.  Wegner. 

Oakland Alameda  Potterv. 


Mono  County— 

Bodie A.  Saderling. 

Bodie  .-- ---J.  P.  Morrow. 

Bodie W.  H.  C.  Matthews. 

Bodie S.  D.  Connell. 


Amador  County — 

Carbondale  (pot- 
ter's clay) A.  E.  Smith. 

Carbondaie  (stone- 
ware and  sewer- 
pipe  clay) Mrs.  W.  Irelan. 

Carbondale  (kaolin 

and  tire  clay) X.  Clark  &  Sons. 

lone.  [feldt. 

lone  Valley .Tudge     S.     Heyden- 

.Fackson...' Isaac  Blu.xome. 

Plvmouth ..E.  F.  Montgomery. 


Monterey  County- 
Indian  Creek. 
Jolon. 

Napa  County — 

('alistoga 


.G.  F.  Boynton. 


Calistoga H.  Steven. 


Nevada  County — 

Grass  Valley J.  W.  DeGolia. 

;... Mcllin  Ford. 


362 


STRUCTUKAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS    OF    CALIFORNIA. 


CLAYS— Continued. 

I.iiciiiioii.  Donor. 

Placer  County — 

Liiu'oln John  Lainlis. 

Lincoln _Cook  A  Spiiiks. 

Woiniar I!.  J.  Dunn. 

Yankee  .Tims i '.  Tiafion. 

Sacramento  County- 
Michigan  Bar..    _.  (jrhidiling,       INFcBcan 
\-  Co. 

San  Bernardino  County  — 

Daggett Hon.  .Tohii    Daggett. 

Fisli  Ponds. 

Halleck II.  L.  ^lorrow. 

San  Bernardino...  S.  S.  Simon. 

San  Diego  County — 
Kl  Cajon  .Mis. 

Eisinore Doihccr  \-  Hoff. 

San  Diego  (brick  clay). 
Terra  Cotta. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County- 
Arroyo  (irande. 
Las  Tablas  Creek. 
San  Miguel T.  P.  Clark. 


Santa  Barbara  County- 


T.  L.  Perrv. 


Shasta  County  — 
Castella _..L.  :\r.  Cirard. 

Sierra  County — 


F.  E.  Birge. 

Siskiyou  County — 

Yreka loliii  \Vlieeler. 

Sonoma  County — 

Agua  Caliente L.  W.  Mayer. 

Guerneville. 

Healdsburg P.  H.  Siiclfurd. 

Mark  West  Springs. 

Santa  Bosa  ..- A.  W.  Dana. 

Sonoma D.  \V.  Curtis. 

Stanislaus  County^ 

Crow's  Landing  ...D.  l'\iir(  bilds. 


Sutter  County- 
Slitter  Citv   . 


W.  C.  Smith. 


Trinity  County — 

Carrville . J.  A.  Little. 

Tuolumne  County- 
Alpha  Mine John  Collins. 

Sonora Louis  Blanding. 

Ventura  County — 

Spregel. Canon S.  V.  (iuibiisun. 


CHROMITE. 


Alameda  County— 

I  i\i  nglon       

Mi'ndeniiall   M  i  nr 


CHROMITE— Continued. 

Liiciitioii.  Donor. 

Amador  County — 

.lackson Isaac  Bluxome. 

.Mountain       Spring 
House J.  P.  Lambing. 

Butte  County — 

I'eiitz 


Norton  &  EckiiKum. 


Calaveras  County — 

l^'rench  Gulch .John  Soltuari. 

.^[urphys K.  H.  Shaeffle. 

Colusa  County — 

NewviUe I.  R.  Whitlock. 

T.  17  N.,  K.  (i  W I.  P.  Ratlilan-n. 

Del  Norte  County — 

French  Hill  Mine. .Tyson  Mining  Co. 

El  Dorado  County — 

Cobima I.  N.  Thorn. 

Ijatrobe Michael  Grogan. 

Shingle  Springs \V.  Bryant. 

Stigman's  Hill. 

Fresno  County— 

T.  U  S.,  R.  2:5  E. 

Lake  County — 

Middletown. 

Marin  County — 

Maillard  liaiudi. 

Mendocino  County  — 

Willits E.  Pi.  Shimmin. 

Ukiah. 


Napa  County — 

Chiles  Valley 


..D.  K.  Doble. 


E.  .1.   llieks. 


Placer  County — 

15urnt  Flat I.  C.   Rhodes. 

Sec.  21.  T.  14  N.,  R. 
it  E.  R.  L.  Dunn. 

Plumas  County — 

Meadow  Valley J.  A.  Ednian. 

San  Benito  County — 

Hollister Wm.  .lohnson. 

..JjOiiis  Oldham. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County — 

Capajoro  Creek. 

San  Luis  Obispo Luther  Wagoner. 

Santa  Clara  County— 

Greystone. 
Ijcxington. 

Ivos  Gatos... -A.  Barstow". 

San  .lose W.  H.  Sini]ison. 

Shasta  County — 

Chiomite K ruse  it  Euler. 

Hazel  Creek Mt.    Shasta    Chrome 

Mfg.  Co. 
Simins  Station. 


SPECIMENS  IN  MUSEUM  OF  STATE  MINING  BUREAU 
CHROMITE— Continued,  I 


363 


Lociitioii  Donor. 

Siskiyou  County— 

Yrekii(l.\nii.from). 

Solano  County — 
Fairtiekl Win.  Xeeley  Johnson. 

Sonoma  County — 

Clovenlale C.  Bowman. 

Geysers W.  Flick. 


Tehama  County- 


Trinity  County- 


.J.  A.  Heslewood. 
.Arch.  B.  McCaw. 


INFUSORIAL  EARTH. 

Calaveras  County — 
Near  Comanche C.  G.  Yale. 

Contra  Costa  County — 
Pinole  Station. 

Inyo  County— 
Lonr  Pine J.  M.  Cook. 


Kern  County — 


..W.  H.  Whorff. 


Lake  County- 
Lost  Spring  Ranch. H.  B.  Callahan. 

Los  Angeles  County — 

Santa  Monica A.  M.  Chase. 

S'ta  Catalinalsl'd-.C.  W.  Jarboc. 


Monterey  County — 


Napa  County — 
St.  Helena... 


.A.  Gonzales. 
_R.  E.  Wood. 


San  Benito  County — 

Bittcrwater  Ranch  .J.  H.  Matthews. 


San  Diego  County- 


.H.  Hanks. 


San  Joaquin  County — 

Staples  Ranch. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County — 
Port  Harford   Geo.  McNear. 

San  Mateo  County — 

San  Gregorio J.  Ralston. 

Santa  Barbara  County  - 

W.  W.  Finch. 

Santa  Clara  County — 
Cayetano  Ranch. __J.  E.  Bowman. 

Siskiyou  County— 
Yrcka H.  A.  Morse. 

Sonoma  County — 

Doolan  Mine H.  T.  Holmes. 

Petaluma. 


I  FULLER'S  EARTH. 

Location.  Donor, 

1  San  Bernardino  County — 

S.  S.  Simon. 

GLASS  SAND. 

Alameda  County— 

Liverniore. 

Los  Angeles  County— 


..L.  A.  Glass  Co. 


Riverside  County- 
Corona. 


San  Bernardino  County— 
C.  L.  Metzger. 

Trinity  County — 

Poison  Camp. 


GRANODIORITE. 

Amador  County — 

Amador  City. 

Calaveras  County — 

Indian  Creek. 

El  Dorado  County — 

Greenwood. 

Rattlesnake  Bar Frank  Rodrick. 

Lake  County- 
Lower  Lake P.  Christiansen. 

Mono  County — 
Mineral  Hill A.  J.  Jaquith. 

Placer  County- 
Sec.    15,    T.    18    N., 

R.  13  E. California  Iron  Co- 

Sec.   24,    T.    18    N., 
R.  13  E. 

Sacramento  County— 

Folsom. 

Santa  Clara  County — 
San  Jose Gay  Quarry. 

Tuolumne  County — 

Carters. 
Soulsbyvilie. 


GRAPHITE. 


Fresno  County — 


C.  D.  Coats. 


Humboldt  County— 
Eureka W.  Hutchins. 

Los  Angeles  County— 

Newhall. 
Verdiigo  Canon. 


364 


STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL    MATERIALS    OP    CALIFORNIA. 


GRAPHITE— Continued. 
l.ocjilion.  Donor. 

Mendocino  County — 

roim  Arena G.  B.  Dolman. 

Riverside  County  — 

Penis J.  Cliipnian. 

San  Bernardino  County — 
W.  H.  Anderson. 

Sonoma  County— 

Cazadero. 
Guerneville. 

Santa  Rosa J.  S.  Titus. 

Pine  Fiat Wni.  Raynor. 

Tehama  County- 

Manton L.  V.  Looniis. 

Tulare  County — 


.T.  H.  Redmond. 

Druinm  Vallev M.  Braverman. 


GRANITE. 

Calaveras  County — 

West  Point. 

Humboldt  County — 

Eureka. 
Mad  River. 

Inyo  County — 

Argus  Range. 

Los  Angeles  County — 

Little  Tejunga  Canon. 

Madera  County — 

Itayiiiond ___Kno\vles  A'  Hosmer. 

Raymond Pacific  Stone  Co. 

Mariposa  County — 
Yosemite  Valley. 

Marin  County — 

Porter's  Point. 

Nevada  County — 

Cry.stal  Lake. 

Placer  County — 

<_'isco. 

Lincoln  l^uai-rv. 

Penrvn  ." J.  11.  X.IT. 

Roeklin..-- F.  Williams. 

Yid)a  Pass. 

Sacramento  County- 
Near  Sacramento. 

San  Bernardino  County^ 

N'ietor St.  .loim's  (jnai'ry. 

X'ictnr  Sliearer's  (Quarry. 

San  Diego  County— 

Fosti-r W'aln-iiiaii  (Quarry. 

Temecula  Cafion. 
Mesa  Grande. 


GRANITE— Continued. 

Location.  l)oiior. 

San  Mateo  County — 

Ifalfuioon  15ay .Joseph  Presho. 

Tulare  County  — 

K.xeter Griffiths,     Owens     & 


Tuolumne  County 

Hyde  Ranch. 
Plueiux  Lake  _- 


Iluglies. 


lite  Co. 
.Plxenix    Lake   Gran- 


GYPSUM. 


I 


Contra  Costa  County- 

Antioch. 

Inyo  County- 
Clark's  Fork. 

Lassen  County- 
Susan  ville    


.J.  H.  Merrill. 


Los  Angeles  County — 

San  Pedro A.  K.  i5uck. 

Riverside  County — 

i      Adams  Blakely  De- 
posit.  ' L.  K.  Anbury. 

San  Bernardino  County  — 

F.  E.  Monteverde. 

San  Diego  County— 
Winton. 

Santa  Barbara  County- 
Santa  Rosa  Island. 

Tulare  County — 
White  River. 

Ventura  County- 
Ventura A.  (i.  Maus. 

IRON  ORE. 

Amador  County  — 

Irislitown Chapman  Miiu'. 

lone  Valley .TudgeS.  Heydenfeldt 

.Jackson 1.  l^luxonie. 

Sutter  Creek. 

Butte  County — 

liangor S.  A.  Sawtelle. 

Oroville S.  W.  Collins. 

Pentz Norton  it  Eckniann 

Calaveras  County  — 

Campo  Seco.- l^.  Ort'iigo. 

CaniJjO    Seco    (Iron 

;  .Monarch) C.  Berger. 

Campo  Seco ..Detert's  Mine. 

:Mini.hys... ...K.  H.  SliaefTle. 

.Murpiivs F.  Culling. 

Sec.     :<     T.    4    N., 

R.  10  E. A.  M.   riirift. 


Colusa  County — 

I      Smith  ville . 


11.  W,  WilL.n 


SPECIMENS  IN  MUSEUM  OF  STATE  MINING  BUREAU. 


365 


IRON  ORE- Continued. 

Lota  t  ion.  Donor. 

Del  Norte  County — 

Chas.  F.  Goodrii'h. 

El  Dorado  County  — 

Ooloma   F.  C.  Lravitt. 

Colonia  -- Geo.  AV.  Kimble. 

Diamond  Springs  ..N.  D.  Buckingham. 

Iron  King  M.  it  S.  Go. 

Latrobf. 

Shingle  Springs \\'.  Bryant. 

Fresno  County  — 
N.  E.  corner R.  Reynolds. 

Humboldt  County — 

Centerville. 

Little  River C.  E.  Beach. 

Rainbow  Ridge  ._..Dr.  R.  D.  Chase. 

Inyo  County  — 

Alvord  Station J.  S.  Graham. 

Big  Pine. 

Darwin. 

Old  Goso  District. 

Shepherd's  Canon. 

Kern  County — 

San  Emidio  (Sec.  17, 

T.  19  X.,  R.21W.)  C.  R.  Merriam. 
Two-to-One  Mine. 

Lake  County  — 
Glenbrook H.  A.  Aldrich. 

Lassen  County — 
Susanville L.  L.  Frost. 

Los  Angeles  County  — 

Xewhall. 
Ravenna  Station. 
Rancho    San    Fran- 
cisco   H.  G.  Newhall. 

Madera  County  - 

Mt.  Raymond. 

King's  Creek C.  J.  Beck. 

King's  Creek R.  Rej'nolds. 

Mariposa  County — 

Hornitos John  Mnller. 

Mt.  Hoffman J.  S.  Shilling. 

Napa  County — 

St.  Helena Dr.  J.  W.  Hood. 

St.  Helena E.  W.  Woodward. 

Nevada  County — 

Grass  Valley. 
Holden  Ledge 

(T.  iriX.,  R.  7  E., 

.M.  D.  M.) G.  A.  Holden. 

Placer  County — 

Clipper    Gap    Mine 

(Sec.  24,  T.  18  X., 

R.8E.,M.  D.  M.)_California  Iron  Co. 
Red  Hill  Mine 

(Sec.  15,  T.  l.S  X., 

R. 8 E.,M.D.M.). California  Iron  Co. 


IRON  ORE— Continued. 

Loration.  Donor. 

Plumas  County- 
Moonlight  Valley. 

Riverside  County — 

Riverside R.  P.  Chandler. 

San  Benito  County  — 
San     Benito      Iron 
Mine  (Sees.  31  and 
6,T.  16S.,R.  6E.)  Chas.  Sellers. 
Tres  Pinos Thomas  Wallace. 

San  Bernardino  County  — 

Banning C.  0.  Barker. 

Daggett    (3U    miles 

S.  E.  of) H.  W.  Lake. 

Halleck P.  W.  Campbell. 

Needles John  Denair. 

Oro  Grande  (Stoddart's  Mills). 
Ivawatt  ]\Its. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County — 
Arroyo  de  Choro_-_F.  Adams. 
San     Luis     Obispo 

(Harrington  Iron 

Co.) Ezra  Carpenter. 

Shasta  County — 

Iron  Mountain F.  McMillan. 

Junction     McCloud 

and  Pit  Rivers  ...Wni.  P.  Miller. 
Potter's  Iron  Mine  -E.  P.  Figg. 
Redding D.  G.  Reid. 


Sierra  County — 

Mohawk  Vallev- 


-  Sierra  Iron  Co. 


Sonoma  County— 

Cazadero F.  W.  Reynegom. 

Mark      West     Coal 

Mine J.  L.  Gordon. 

X^.  W.  corner L.  L.  Bullock. 

Tehama  County- 
Corning  Aitken  INIaggard. 

T.    28    and    31    N., 
R.  8  to  10  W J.  A.  Heslewood. 

Tulare  County — 

Visalia ...Wn).  Lavelle. 

Yolo  County — 
Capay ..   B.  Orenga. 

Yuba  County-  - 

-C.  Baird. 


Wheatland John  Landis. 


JASPER. 

Calaveras  County — 
Murphys  E.  Cutting. 

Fresno  County — 

Jacilitos  Creek. 

Inyo  County — 
Coso  District. 


366 


STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


JASPER— Continued. 

Location.  Ddiior. 

Lassen  County — 

..., L.  L.  Frost. 


Marin  County— 
Lagunitas  Creek. 

Mariposa  County- 
Bear  Yalk'V. 

Monterey  County- 
San  Miguel  Canon. 

Nevada  County- 
Nevada  City C.  X.  Cantiold. 

Placer  County — 

F.al(l  Prairie C.  Furdy. 


Plumas  County- 
Diadem  Mine  . 

San  Benito  County— 


.T.  A.  Ednian. 


...T.  B.  Smith. 


San  Francisco  County- 
Pot  rero. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County- 
Oceanic  Quicksilver  Mine. 

Shasta  County — 

Mt.  Shasta H.  E.  Josselyn. 

Siskiyou  County- 
Montague. 

LIMESTONE. 

Alpine  County — 
Woodfords ...R.  Barnes. 

Butte  County — 

Pentz. 

Calaveras  County — 
San  Andreas. 

Humboldt  County— 
Jacoby  Creek. 

Kern  County — 

Grizzly  Canon,  Te- 

haehapi .   Hendrickson'st^u'ry. 

Grizzly  Canon,  Te- 

hac-liaj)! Poirer  (Quarry. 

Suniniit  Lime  Co.-.Mrs.  I).  B.  Rogers. 

San  Etniilio •'.  B.  liarstow. 

Poso  Creek E.  Donnelly,  M.D. 

Madera  County — 
Mt.  Raymond. 

Mono  County  — 

Hut  Creek. 
Mono  I.iake. 

Monterey  County- 
Mill  Creek Uocklanil  l,iiiie  t^'ry. 

Soleda<l  (  Ht  mi.  south  of). 


LIMESTONE- Continued. 

Location.  Donor. 

Placer  County — 

Auhurii (i.  W.  Kinible. 

San  Benito  County — 

Bitter  water  Ranch  .H  on.  .1.  H.  Matthews. 
Cienega,  16  mi.  S.  E. 

of  Tres  Pinos  ....Mrs.  A.  E.  Bush. 

San  Bernardino  County — 

H.  T.  Holmes  it  Co. 

Ivanpah M.  D.  Katz. 

Oro  Grande Lyman's  (Quarry. 

Swartout  Cation    ..Marble  Limekiln  Co. 

San  Diego  County — 

Julian H.  O.  Siskler. 

San  Jacinto  (7  mi. 

west  of) J.  W.  Brian. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County — 

Carpenter  Ratich. 
Nipomo. 

Santa  Barbara  County — 
Moore's  Ranch. 

Santa  Clara  County — 

Ellis  Ranch. 
Guadaloupe  Quarry. 

Santa  Cruz  County — 

Blue        Crystalline 

(Quarry...   Davis  iV-  Cowell. 

Santa  Cruz. 

Shasta  County— 

Kennet Kennet  (Quarry. 

Siskiyou  County — 
Yreka James  T.  Skinner. 

Sonoma  County  — 
Geyserville Sonoma  Lime  Works. 

Tulare  County- 
Limekiln  M.  Braverman. 

Porterville    (6     mi. 
west  of) J.  D.  Field. 

LITHIA. 

San  Diego  County- 
Banner  L.N.  Bailey. 

Mesa  Grande. 
Pala,  Catcrina 

Mine Fred  M.  Sickler. 

Pala,  Vaiulerburg  ^Sline. 
Temecula  Cation. 

MARBLE. 

Amador  County— 

Ioiie(i"iii.  northof).!.  \V.  Loomis. 

.lackson A.  L.  Seager. 

N'olcano,       Carrara 
Quarry A.  L.  Seager. 

Butte  County — 
Pentz Norton  iV   l-kkmann. 


SPECIMENS  IN  MUSEUM  OF  STATE  MINING  BUREAU. 


367 


MARBLE-  Continued. 

LiH-ation.  linnnr. 

Calaveras  County — 

Deer  Park ..E.  J.  Caldwell 

Cave  City. 

San  Andreas  (Treat 

<iuarry) J.  V.   I'reat. 

Bear  ^lountain. 


Colusa  County— 

Sniithville .. 

El  Dorado  County — 
Indian  Diggings 


.H.  \V.  Wilioii. 


H.  Rees. 


Humboldt  County- 
Hear  River H.  Niebur. 

Inyo  County — 

D.  A.  Bender. 

Keeler  (Inyo   Mar- 
ble Co.) A.  L.  Seager. 

Kern  County — 

San  Eniidio  Canon. 

Tehachapi Bright's  Valley. 

Tehachapi Tehachapi    Building 

Stone  Co. 

Los  Angeles  County — 

Antelope  Valley  ...A.  L.  Seager. 

Los  Angeles    Dobinson  it  Fairohild 

Santa  Catalina  I'd   Smith  it  Youns-. 


Mariposa  County- 
Merced  River  .. 


-W.  F.  Rector. 


Mono  County- 
Bridgeport   (traver- 
tine)  S.  G.  Liner. 

Topaz  (Mono  Mar- 
ble Quarry) W.  E.  Lindley. 

Walker  River(Lind- 
sey's  Quarry) E.  W.  Lindsey. 

Nevada  County — 
Bear    Creek  (3  mi. 

from  Colfax)  J.  it  F.  Kesseler. 

Bloomtield,  Freeman's  Crossing. 

Placer  County — 
Auburn,  Cave  Val'y  Davis  &  Cowell. 

Auburn l.G.  H.  Hawes. 

Clipper  Gap. 

Colfax J.  C.  Rhoade. 

Sec.  In,  T.  1.3  X.,  R.  8  E.,  M.  D.  M. 

Riverside  County — 
Riverside  (Sky  Blue 
Quarry)....' Kretik  it  A'ertiska. 

San  Bernardino  County — 
Barstow.  [Brick  Stone  Co. 

Colton California  Mdrbleand 

Colton A.  L.  Seager. 

Fairchild's  Caiion    A.  Higbie. 

Oro  Grande Hill  ct  Brady. 

Victor Victor  Marble  Co. 

Santa  Clara  County— 

Llagar  Creek Tavlor  Rogers. 

Wright's  Ranch. 


MARBLE-  Continued. 

Location.  Diiiii>r. 

Siskiyou  County — 

Etna. 

Tulare  County — 

Pt)rterville    A.  L.  Seager. 

Tule  River Dr.  George. 

Tuolumne  County— 

Abby's  Ferry J.  it  F.  Kesseler. 

Columbia  ..*. Columbia  Marl)le  Co. 

Columbia    (Grant's 

Quarry) A.  L.  Seager. 

.1.  H.  Redmond. 


MICA. 


El  Dorado  County — 


.M.  Bovnton. 


Inyo  County  - 

Saratoga  District. 

Los  Angeles  County — 


J.  R.  Wolverton. 


Riverside  County — 

Walters. 

San  Diego  County — 

Temecula  Canon. 

Siskiyou  County — 
Oro  Fino .7.  'SI.  Conner. 


Ventura  County— 


Mt.  Alamo  iMin.  Co. 


MAGNESITE. 


Lake  County- 


Napa  County — 


F.  McMillan. 
.1.  Z.  Davis. 


San  Diego  County  — 


-A.  Blanc. 


San  Luis  Obispo  County — 
Port  Harford. 

Santa  Barbara  County  — 

._   T.  G.  Moraga. 


Santa  Clara  County - 


-C.  C.  Derbv. 


MANGANESE. 

Alameda  County — 

Corral  Hollow. 
Livermore    (Arroyo 

Mocho  Mine).-.'-.  Ad.  Sommers. 
Livermore  (Sec.  3(t, 

T.  4   S.,  R.  4  E., 

M.  D.  M.) .7.  W.  Hearst. 

Livermore  (Railroad  Mine). 


368 


STRUCTURAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OP    CALIFORNIA. 


MANGANESE— Continued. 

Lofiitioii.  Donor. 

Calaveras  County — 

Angels  Camii  .  -  L.  M.  Cogswell. 

Millon. 

Riiilroiul  Flat M.  II.  PeoU. 

Milton  (Toughnut  Mine). 

San  Andreas- \V.  I>.  .\llen. 

Del  Norte  County— 
Crescent  City L.  F.  Cooper. 

El  Dorado  County- 
Greenwood.-- A  J  ex.  Keller. 


Glenn  County- 
Elk  Creek. - 


Winchester  Pviffe. 


Lake  County  — 
Climax  (.lohn  Keed 

Mine)  .-- --.  W.  C.  Hart. 

Glenbrook H.  A.  Aldricli. 

Los  Angeles  County- 
Banning  J.  -M.  (iilnian. 

Madera  County  — 

Fresno  Flat, 

Marin  County- 
San  Geroninio Maillard  Ranch. 

Tomales Peter  Morrissey. 

Sausalito R.  H.  Sinton. 

Mariposa  County— 

Hnnter  Valley J.  W.   Wilcox. 

Mendocino  County — 

Elk  A.  L.  Field. 

Westport R.  H.  Sinton. 


Monterey  County  - 
Soledad       (Chalone 

District) 

Soledad. 


H.  F.  Melville. 


Napa  County — 

Mount  St.  Helena..  F.  H.  Hausniann. 

Moore  Creek R.  A.  Coleman. 

St.  Helena John  Graham. 

St.  Helena F.  W.  Keeney. 

Nevada  County— 

Swcetland  Creek  Mine. 

Placer  County- 
Auburn  .- -.Alexander  Keller. 

Yankee  .Tim's Charles  Trafton. 

Plumas  County- 

Mumfonl's  Hill I.  A.  Ivlman. 

Riverside  County — 

I'.lsinore  (<>  miles  X.  \].). 

San  Benito  County- 
Cleveland  .Mine  (2(t  mi.  K.  of'Tres  Pinos). 
Hendricks  ^line  ..S.  Hendricks. 


MANGANESE-Continued. 
Locntioii.  I)iHi(ir. 

San  Bernardino  County— 

Harstow .1.  M.  Itedfern. 

Colton Mcintosh  A'  Co. 

E.  C.  Seymour. 

San  Diego  County  — 

Julian      (80      miles 

south  of) Joseph  Marks. 

Winchester H.  H.  Raggencann> 

San  Francisco  County  - 

Hunter's  Point H.  Burncll. 

Potrero  George  Smith. 

St.  Mary's  College. -P.  .T.  Healy. 

San  Joaquin  County  - 

('aire  Mine. 

Tracy  (9  miles  west 

of) Jenkin  Richards. 

San  Mateo  County  — 
Baden W\  E.  Iber. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County- 
Ranch  of  P.  B.  Prefumo. 

Santa  Barbara  County  - 

San  Rafael  Mountains. 

Santa  Clara  County  — 

Faville  Mine. 

Holm's  Ranch  .   ...E.  C.  Ilohn. 

Penetencia  Creek. 

.lames  Enright. 

Siskiyou  County- 
Sawyer's  Bar E.  V.  Burke. 

Sonoma  County  — 

Cloverdale S.  A.  Raymond. 

Freestone W.  J.  Wooley. 

Gucrneville G.  Watson. 

Mark  West  Springs.  J.  L.  Jordan. 

Santa  Rosa.   C.  W.  Frost. 

Santa  Rosa Alfred  W.  Dana. 

Stanislaus  County— 

Radovich  Mine L.  Radovich. 

Tuolumne  County- 
Columbia  Kiuipp's  Ranch. 

Sonora H.  S.  Macomber. 

Summervillc     (Sec. 

U/r.  1N.,R.1()E., 

M.  I).  M.) W.  A.  Lewis. 


Tulare  County — 
Lemon  (irove  ..- 
Traver 


.J.  S.  Eastwood. 
.W.  R.  Corrington. 


MINERAL  PAINT. 

Alameda  County — 

Laundry  Farm   A.  Bardet. 

Mission"  San  Josi"'  ..W.  U.  Hughes. 

Alpine  County- 
Monitor Lewis  Chahners. 


SPECIMENS  IN  MUSEUM  OF  STATE  MINING  BUREAU. 


369 


MINERAL  PAINT— Continued. 
Loratioii.  Donor. 

Calaveras  County — 
Valley  Springs Vulcanized  Fiber  Co. 

El  Dorado  County— 

Sliinglt'  Springs William  Troop. 

Humboldt  County — 

Ferndale. 

Placer  County- 
Rio  Hill. 

Santa  Barbara  County — 

Samuel  Staddon. 

San  Bernardino  County— 

W.  Stockton. 

Santa  Clara  County — 
Gilroy O.  X.  Xelf-on. 

Siskiyou  County — 
Bailey  Ranch. 

Sonoma  County — 

Heaklsburg. 

Santa  Rosa A.  W.  Dana. 

Stanislaus  County — 
Knight's  Ferrj'. 

Ventura  County — 
D.  S.  Bowers. 

ONYX. 

Colusa  County — 

Sulphur  Creek Frank  Green. 

Kern  County- 
Mineral  Springs    .-S.  G.  George,  M.D. 
Mojave F.  Braasch. 

Lake  County- 
Eel  River E.  Wilson. 

Los  Angeles  County — 

Santa  Catalina  Island. 
Little  Castaca  Cailon. 

Mendocino  County — 
Fort  Bragg. 

Mono  County  — 

Bridgejiurt. 

Napa  County — 
Zem  Zein A.  G.  Gilbert. 

Orange  County — 

Santa  Ana  Range. -George  F.  Hoyt. 
Sugar  Loaf  Mt. George  F.  Hoyt. 

Placer  County — 
Gold  Run Mrs.  E.  Miller. 

Riverside  County  — 

Riverside Skv  Blue  ^tarble  and 

Onyx  Co. 

24— BUL.    38 


ONYX- Continued. 

Location.  Donor. 

San  Bernardino  County — 

Colton California  Marble  and 

Building  Stone  Co. 
Ore  Grande Hill  &  Brady. 

San  Diego  County — 

Los        Penasquitos 
Creek W.  H.  Martin. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County — 

Sec.  9,  T.  32  S.,  R. 

15  E.,  M.  D.  M Ezra  Carpenter. 

San  Luis  Obispo  .  ..Kesseler  A:  Co. 
J.  Z.  Davis. 

Santa  Clara  County — 

San  Josd A.  J.  Col. 

Siskiyou  County — 

Berry ville M.  E.  Hammond 

Dunsmuir. 

Yreka F.  G.  Hearn. 

Solano  County — 

Suisun Dickie  Ranch. 

Suisun  . Henry  G.  Hanks. 

Suisun J.  it  F.  Kesseler. 

Suisun F.  M.  Swan. 

Vacaville D.  P.  Belknap. 

Sonoma  County  — 

Healdsburg George  Madeira. 

Geyserville  A.  H.  Ingham. 

Tehama  County — 

Tuscan  ^Mineral  Springs. 

Tulare  County — 

Three  Rivers M.  Braverman. 

J.  A.  Lvtle. 


PLATINUM. 

Butte  County — 

Cherokee      (Spring 
Valley  Mine) Louis  Glass. 

Del  Norte  County— 

Happv  Camp) H.  A.  Bowen. 

Klamath  River R.  W.  Miller. 

Humboldt  County — 

Upper  Gold  Bluff  __Dr.  J.  W.  Wood. 

Siskiyou  County — 
Happy  Camp O.  C.  Pope. 

Trinity  County — 
Chapman  iV'  Fisher 

Mine George  Chapman. 

.Tunction  City 

(French  Mine)--_E.  Saladin. 
Taylor  Flat  (Highland  Bar  Mine). 

Ventura  County — 
.Tames  A.  Never. 


370 


STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OP    CALIFORNIA. 


PYRITES. 

Location.  lidiior. 

Amador  County — 

Amador  City  (May- 

HowHT  Mine) '..A.  B.  Swan. 

Calaveras  County — 

Angels Angels  ^line. 

Knox      it      Osborn 

Mine Knox  it  Osborn. 

Kreling  Mine Edwin  Davidson. 

Napa  County — 
Pope  Valley Etna  ^line. 

Nevada  County- 
Grass  Valley Betsy  Mine. 

Placer  County— 
Aulnirn MissF.  Von  Lindner. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County — 

Sunderland    Quick- 
silver ]Mine Luther  Wagoner. 

Shasta  County — 

Delta,  Tom  Xeal  Mt.  [per  iSIine. 
Black  Diamond  Cop- 

Siskiyou  County— 
Dunsmuir  John  Gorman. 

Sonoma  County — 
Healdsburg ...George  Madeira. 

Tuolumne  County — 
Tiittletown  Patterson  Mine   (Al- 
fred Wright). 
Trinity  County — 

Oregon  Gitlch William  M.  [.owe. 

QUARTZ  CRYSTALS. 

Amador  County — 

Oleta Tyler's  Ranch. 

Volcano W.  Q.  Mason. 

Butte  County — 
Gold  Bank  Mine._-H.  P.  Stow. 
J.  Z.  Davis. 

Calaveras  County — 

Chili  Gulch F.  McSorley. 

Mokelumne  HilL..Sam  Sonnelfeld. 


El  Dorado  County— 


-K.  W.  Jlulfon 


Placerville   (20    mi. 
north  of) J.  Z.  Davis. 

Inyo  County— 

Modoc  ^line. 

Union  District S.  D.  Woodland. 

Mariposa  County- 
Mount  Bullion T.  W.  Brumagim. 

Mount  i'.ullion Mrs.  M.  K.  Potthast. 

Mono  County — 
Bodic. 
Bodie Noondav  Mine. 


QUARTZ  CRYSTALS— Continued. 

Liic-ition.  DoiKir. 

Napa  County— 
Calistoga  B.  Tucker. 

Plumas  County— 
H.  Engels. 

Sacramento  County — 

Folsom 1.  X.  Chovinski. 


Sierra  County — 

Bald  Mountain  Mine. 

Tuolumne  County — 

Jamestown G.  A.  Leland. 

Sonora Golden  Gate  Mine. 

Tulare  County — 

BullPiun  Meadows. H.  Hughes. 

Visalia M.  Braverman. 

Yokohl  Valley Thomas  Osborn. 


RHYOLITE. 

Calaveras  County — 

Valley  Spring  Peak. 

San  Bernardino  County — 

Calico. 
Vanderbilt. 


SANDSTONE. 

Alameda  County— 

Altamont. 

Niles J.  D.  Farwell. 

San  Leandro F.  Bavheller. 

Amador  County  — 

lone A.  Abbott. 

lone H.  O'Neil. 

Colusa  County — 

Sites. 

Contra  Costa  County — 

Martinez. 

Port  Costa G.  W.  McNear,  Jr. 

Fresno  County — 

Sec.  21,  T.  21  S.,  K.  14  E. 

Humboldt  County— 
Euri'ka  George  C.  Sarvis. 

Kern  County — 

San  Emidio  Cailon. George   11.   Schmidt. 
Tehacliaiii Tehachapi    Building 


ehacliapi 
Stone  Co. 


Los  Angeles  County — 

Chatswortli  Park  ..Cal.  Construction  Co. 
East  Los  Angeles  ..Soutirrn  LedgeStone 
San  Fernando.  ICo. 


Marin  County — 

San  Rafael . 


J.  W.  C.  Maxwell. 


SPECliMENS  IN  MUSEUM  OF  STATE  MINING  BUREAU. 


371 


SANDSTONE— Continued. 
I.oratinii.  Donor. 

Napa  County — 
Napa  J.  J.  Nowsonie. 

San  Francisco  County — 

San  Francisco Gray  Brothers. 

San  Mateo  County — 

Pcj^cadero  Creek  .-.Judge  Hastie. 

Redwood  Citv W.  G.  Brittoii. 

San  Miguel  .1 O.  E.  Brady. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County — 
Arroyo  Grande. 

Santa  Barbara  County — 

Santa  Barbara. 

Santa  Clara  County — 

Goodricli  Quarry, 
Stanford  Quarry. 

Santa  Cruz  County — 
Santa  Cruz J.  L.  Thurber. 

Shasta  County — 

Clear  Creek California  Sandstone 

and  Construct'n  Co. 
Redding. 

Siskiyou  County — 

Henley. 
Yreka'. 

Solano  County— 
Suisun.   C.  P.  Reeves. 

Ventura  County — 

miniore. George  J.  Henley. 

Sespe Los  Angeles  Granite 

and  Construct'n  Co. 

Yolo  County — 
Putah  Cafion. 


SOAPSTONE. 


Amador  County- 


-L.  H.  Brown. 


Calaveras  County — 

Murphys  E.  H.  Schaeffle. 

Sheep  Ranch. 

El  Dorado  County^ 
Kelsey  District. 

Inyo  County — 
Death  Valley. 

Los  Angeles  County — 

Santa  t'atalina  I'd  .T.  I'.  Lukens. 

Mariposa  County — 

Coulterville W.  J.  McCarthy. 

Lewis R.  :M.  Collins.  " 

Napa  County — 
Chiles John  Johnson. 


SOAPSTONE— Continued, 

Lorntion.  Donor. 

Placer  County— 

Colfax Stockbridge  Soaps'ne 

Works. 
H.  T.  Holmes  &  Co. 


San  Diego  County- 

Escondido 


.A.  W.  Prav, 


Santa  Clara  County  — 

Ml.  Hamilton. 

Shasta  County — 

Delta. 

Siskiyou  County — 
Hamburgh Daniel  Caldwell. 

Tehama  County— 
Manton L.  Y.  Loomis. 

Trinity  County — 

Weaverville. 

Tuolumne  County — 
Robinson's  Ferry  ..F.  F.  McArdle. 

Sonora J.  F.  Faxon. 

J.  H.  Redmond. 

Tulare  County — 
Tule  River S.  G.  George,  M.D. 

Ventura  County — 

Talc  Mine S.  S.  Simon. 

Ventura    Rock  Soap 

Co. 


Yuba  County — 


.C.  Baird. 


SLATE, 

El  Dorado  County- 
Chili  Bar California  Slate   Co. 

Eureka  Slate  Quarry. 

Fair  Play Jas.  A.  Scott. 

Kelsey Strable  Slate  Co. 

Mariposa  County- 
Pacific  Slate  Co.  ...S.  S.  Burge. 


SERPENTINE. 

Amador  County — 
Cora  Belle  Mine  ...Richard  A.  Weiss. 

Calaveras  County — 

Valley  Springs J.  D.  Cook. 

Lake  County— 
Kelseyville. 

Mendocino  County- 
Eel  River. 

Monterey  County — 
Black  Diamond  Mine. 


372 


STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS    OP    CALIFORNIA. 


SERPENTINE— Continued. 

Location.  i)ont)r. 
Placer  County- 
Forest  Hill  Divide. G.  F.  Stone. 
E.  W.  Haslow. 

San  Francisco  County — 
Loni'  Mountain. 
Fort  Toint. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County- 
San  Simeon  ( 14  mi.  X.  W.  of). 

Santa  Barbara  County — 

Goleta. 

Sierra  County — 

I>o\\  nit'ville Ti'legraph  Drift  Min- 
ing Co. 
Sonoma  County — 

Healdsburg. 

Tulare  County — 

F  razor  Vallcv. 


SULPHUR. 

Calaveras  County — 
Copperopolis. 

Colusa  County — 

Sulpliur  Creek 

(Bromley's  Mine)  W.  L.  Bromley 
Sulphur  Creek  (^fanzanita  Mine). 

Inyo  County- - 

Defiance  ^line. 
Little  Lake. 


Kern  County - 


W.  H.  Green. 


Bakerslield  (40  mi. 

west  of) Sunset  Co.,  lessee. 

Sec.  28,  T.  11  N.,  R. 

2:nv.  John  Hambleton. 

Lake  County- 
Sulphur  Bank Henry  S.  Durden. 

Lassen  County — 
Lassen  Butte .T.  A.  Heslewood. 

Sonoma  County — 

Geysers. 

Ventura  County — 

Santa  Paula  (Suli)lnir  Mt.). 
Sespe ...\V.  W.  Young. 


Kern  County- 

Kcrnvilie  - 


Mariposa  County— 

Wanl's  Kanch  .. 

San  Mateo  County- 
Point  !<aii  Pedro 


SYENITE. 
A.  Blanc. 

A.  II.  Ward. 

D.  L.  Stone. 


TRACHYTE. 

I.Ol!ltic>ll. 

Calaveras  County — 
West  Point. 

Marin  County — 

San  Rafael T. 


Donor. 


Klliutt. 


Napa  County — 

St.  Helena  . 


.Mrs.  \\'.   H.   (irattan. 


San  Bernardino  County- 


Da  ggett. 
Vanderhilt. 


San  Luis  Obispo  County- 
Arroyo  Grande. 

Lee's' Ranch Charles  Lee. 

Morro. 

Sonoma  County — 
Sonoma J.  H.  Cutter. 

TUFF. 

Calaveras  County — 

Angels. 
Campo  Seco. 
Mokelumne  Hill. 

El  Dorado  County- 
Diamond  Springs. -Dr.  W.  C.  Morgan. 


Mono  County- 


.D.  A.  Bender. 


Napa  County — 

Napa  John  R.  Roe. 

J.  H.  Francis. 

Santa  Barbara  County — 

Moore's  llanch. 

Tehama  County — 

Red  Bluff. 

TUNGSTEN.  '^ 

Humboldt  County— 

I'hireka F.  McGowan. 

Kern  County- 

Kandsburg,     Baltic 

MiningCo. C.  H.  Wynn. 

Los  Angeles  County — 

Sierra  Madre Mr.  t^iiitzow. 

Madera  County — 

Kaymond  (!i  miles  from). 

Mariposa  County — 

lUiciianan  .._ R.  B.  Thomas. 

San  Bernardino  County — 

Manvel T.  Le  Cvr. 


San  Diego  County — 

.1  ulian  .    _ .. 


..A.  .1.  liiirnett. 


Siskiyou  County — 
Scott  Bar .Martin  Andrews. 


SPECIMENS  IN  MUSEUM  OF  STATE  MINING  BUREAU. 


373 


ZINC. 

Location.  DoiKir. 

Fresno  County — 
Comstock  ^liiif. 

Inyo  County — 
Cerro  Gordo Ygnacio  Mine. 

Los  Angeles  County — 

Santa  Catalina  I'd  .Silver  Canon. 
Santa  Catalina  I'd. Small  Hill  :\Iine. 


Madera  County — 

Advance  Mine Thomas  Agnew. 

Honiestake  INIine  ..H.  Clercde  Landrcss. 


ZINC— Continued. 

LdcutidH.  Donor. 

Mono  County — 
Bunker  Hill  Mine  .A.  McNabl). 

Orange  County- 
Santiago  Canon Blue  Light  Mine. 

San  Bernardino  County — 
Daggett Cuticura  !Mine. 

San  Mateo  County — 

Martin's  Ranch G.  Rich. 

Shasta  County— 

Furnaceville Afterthought     Mine. 

North  Cow  Creek  ..S.  S.  Sweet. 


QUARRIES  AND  MINES 

IN  ADDITION  TO  THOSE  MENTIONED  IN  THE  BODY  OF 

THIS  BULLETIN. 


ANTIMONY. 

Name  ni  Quarry,  Mine,  Etc.                        Town.  Ullicial  Owner. 

Inyo  County — 
A.  W.  Eibeiichutz Ballavat A.  W.  Eibeschutz,  Independence. 

Kern  County— 

Mojave  Antimony  Co A.    Blanc,   care   of    B.    Pasquale,    12:; 

Geary  street,  San  Francisco. 

San  Eniidio Bakerstiekl.. Kern  County  Land   Co.,  Bakcrstield  ; 

H.  A.  Jastro,  superintendent. 

ASBESTOS. 
Calaveras  County— 
Mapiiesia  Asbestos  Supply  Co 119  Spear  street,  San  Francisco. 

El  Dorado  County- 
French  Hill Greenwood A.  J.  Johnston  and  E.  S.  Hadley,  oOO 

Montgomery  street,  San  Francisco. 

F.  B.  Norton Georgetown Mr.  Norton,  Auburn,  Cal. 

BRICK. 
Alameda  County — 
N.  Clark  i^:  Sons Alameda 17  Spear  street,  San  Francisco. 

Butte  County — 
,T.  A.  Walker Nimshew. 

Contra  Costa  County- 
Demur  it  Coleman Point  Biclimond. 

Humboldt  County— 

Areata  I'.rickyard Areata P.  M.  Tracy,  owner. 

Crowe  Bros. '__   Eureka. 

Eureka  Brickyard Eureka ...Jolin  Porter,  superintendent. 

Lentill Eureka Leased  by  .1.  Porter. 

Fortuna  Brickyard Eureka. ...lames  Thompson  iV:  Sons. 

Kern  County — 

.Tohn  K oar  it  Son Kern  City. 

Kern  County  Brick  and  Con- 
tract Co.  ."- Bakcrstield M.  C.  Fariium. 

Kings  County — 

Ilanfurd  P.rick  Co.  - Han  ford. I.  IL  .lolmson,  manager. 

Los  Angeles  County — 

G.  Alexander San  Pedro .S42  San  Pedro  avenue,  Santa  Cruz. 

California  Ornamental  Brick 

Co - San  Pedro H.  ('.  Ward,  Los  Angeles. 

Los    Angeles  Stoneware  and 

Sewer  Pipe  Co. Los  Angeles    :5'20  X.  Avenue  2(5,  Los  Angeles. 

St.  Louis  Firebrick  and  Clay 

Co....    Los  Angeles  .   ..  Tlios.  Milclull,  Third  st.,  Los  Angeles. 

Soutbern  California  Potteryl   x  ^=  4„„^i,..  (.1.  F.  Tomaseck  .V  Son,  4S  McKinlev 

and  Fireclay  Works f  1-os  Angeks ■     avenue,  Los  Angeles. 

Wbiilicr  r>rick  Co Wliitticr. lolin  Cala.  owner. 

(:171) 


ADDITIONAL  QUARRIES  AND  MINES.  375 

BRICK— Continued. 

Xiinio  of  (J\iarry.  Mine,  Ktc.  'I'dwii.  Official  Owner. 

Mendocino  County — 

1.  .V:  F.  H.  Betz Fort  Bragg Postoffice  Box  55. 

John  Standacher ...Mendocino. 

John  Brower Porno. 

W.  N.  Briggs Ukiah. 

Riverside  County — 

Corona     Pressed     Brick    and 

Terra  Cotta  Co Corona 4.34  Stinison  Block,  Los  Angeles. 

California  Clay  M'fg  Co. 

San  Diego  County — 
X'nioii  P>rick  Co San  Diego J.  R.  Wade,  superintendent. 

Santa  Clara  County — 

H.  Dreischmeyer,  Jr San  Jose. 

Garden  City  Brick  Co. San  Jose H.  M.  Stammer,  Box  768. 

Wheeland  Brick  Co Mountain  View. .309  Merchants'  Exc'ge,  San  Francisco. 

D.  J.  Bryon San  Jose. 

Remillaid  Brick  Co San  Jos^ J.  P.  Gelinas,  secretary,  Oakland. 

San  Jos^  Brick  Co. San  Jose J.  M.  O'Keefe,  sec'y,  8  N.  First  st.,  San 

Jos^.     San  Francisco  office:  802  Mu- 
tual Bank  Building. 
Solano  County — 

Port  Costa  Brick  Co. Port  Costa. 

Yuba  County — 
Swain  i^:  Hudson Marysville. 

CHROME. 
Tehama  County — 

Frank  Henderson Paskenta. 

Byron  W.  Hatch Paskenta. 

Jesse  Walcott  --_   Paskenta. 

Trinity  County— 
J.  T.  Hailstone  et  al Hayfork. 

CLAY. 
Riverside  County — 

Standard  Pottery  Works Soutli  Riverside  .411   N.   Ave.  20,  Los  Angeles:   W.  H. 

Brown,  manager  and  secretary. 

Southern  California  Pottery  f   ^„„ti,  r;,.o,.  .;^..      iJ-  F.  Tomaseck  &  Son,  878  E.  Fortv- 
and  Fire  Clay  AVorks  ___"-*   ^^°^"'^  Kuersiae  .  -^     ^^g^^^^i  street,  Los  Angeles. 

Santa  Cruz  County — 
C.  B.  Hodge Santa  Cruz  ._  ...L.  C.  Hodge,  supt.,  24  Otis  street. 

Tulare  County — 
^lurphy  it  Bailey Mile. Hy.  Murphy,  superintendent. 

FULLER'S    EARTH. 
Kings  County— 
C.  A.  Buyd Coalinga  (Fresno  County). 

GLASS  SAND. 
Amador  County — 

X.  Clark  .V;  Sons Carbondale Office,  17  Spear  street,  San   Francisco. 

Riverside  County- 
Corona  Pressed  Brick  Co. Corona. 


376  STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OP    CALIFORNIA. 

GRANITE.  •- 

Niiiuo  uf  Quitriy,  Mine,  Ktc.                   Town.  official  Owner. 

Madera  County — 
Day  (iraiiilc  (Juarry Raymond  ,_ J.  G.  i^-  I.  N.  Day. 

Placer  County— 

D.    A.     Kdlterts    (Quarry    and 

Stone  Co '. Penryn D.  A.  Roberts,  Colnia,  San  Mateo  Co. 

S.  Casperi Lincoln Box  91. 

R.  H.  Copp Rocklin. 

liyrnc  Bros. Lincoln M.  Byrne. 

San  Diego  County— 

American  Marble  and  Gran-)   a.,,^  n;^^r.  (Office,  San  Pedro  and  Seventli  sts. 

ite  Works (  *'"i  ^i^go j     Covas  .t  Escalli,  proprietors. 

Santa  Clara  County— 
T.  O'Xeil  iV:  Vo San  Jose 37(i  First  street. 

Sonoma  County — 
.Mary  T.  Hayes Agua  Caliente. 


GYPSUM. 
Orange  County — 

The  Irvine  Co. Tuslin  City I.    Irvine,  Standard    Fertilizer   Co.   of 

Corona,  lessee. 


INFUSORIAL  EARTH. 
Tulare  County — 
Thomas  Mine Exeter. 


LIME. 
Butte  County- 
West  Brancli Pentz A.   Parrisli. 

Kern  County — 

Hy.  Seeger Tehachapi. 

Snider  &  Co. — Tehachapi. 

Central  Lime  Co ...303  Henne  Building,  Los  Angeles. 

Los  Angeles  County  — 
L.  C.  Tilghnian Llano. 

Mono  County — 

Muiio  Lime  Co Bodie II.  C.  Blaneliard. 

San  Bernardino  County— 

R.  H.  Atwood Halleck. 

.Tos.  L.  Sherer  iV:  Co Vietorville Oflice,  Stevenson,  off  Fourteenth  street, 

San  Francisco. 

Santa  Cruz  County— 
De  Dero  t^uarry Santa  Cruz R.  De  Dero. 


LITHIA  MICA  AND  LEPIDOLITE. 
San  Diego  County- 

N.  G;  Douglas  and  R.  O.  liul- 

.terlield 1523  .Tames  Building.  New  York. 

F.  F.  Griffith  and  C.  Stubon- 

rauch..   !*34  N.  Alameda  street,  Los  Angeles. 

Gav.'c  Blakelv Pala ...Gav  A-  Blakeiy,  Rcdlands. 

Gem... '. Pala C.'M.  Stevens  it  Co.,  203  Tajo  Build- 
ing, lios  Angeles. 


ADDITIONAL  QUARRIES  AND  MINES.  377 

MACADAM. 
Xaiue  of  Qu.Hry,  Mine,  Etc.                    Town.  Official  Owner, 

Alameda  County — 
Red  Rock Oakland W.  H.  Maxwell. 

Los  Angeles  County — 

Faivcliild-Gilmore-Wilton  Co.  Los  Angeles 204  Bryson  Block,  Los  Angeles. 

F.  D.  Laiitevman. 

Madera  County — 

Raymond  Granite  Co. Tenth  and  Division  streets;  Avel  Hos- 

mer,  secretary,  San  Francisco. 
Placer  County — 
Adolph  Penru Rocklin. 

Riverside  County — 

Barber  Asphalt  Co - Carl  F.  Adams,  321  Henne  Bnilding, 

Los  Angeles. 
San  Francisco  County — 

City  Street  Improvement  Co.  .San  Francisco-.. J. W.  McDonald,  secretary,  Mills  Build- 
ing, San  Francisco. 
Santa  Cruz  County — 

Holmes  Lime  Co Felton 24  Sacramento  street,  San  Francisco. 

W.  E.  Miller Santa  Cruz 28  Church  street,  Santa  Cruz. 

Solano  County — 

Pacific  Portland  Cement  Co... Suisun M.  Kidd,  Rialto  Bldg.,  San  Francisco. 

Union  Construction  Co Petaluma 702  F  street.  Petaluma. 


MANGANESE. 
San  Joaquin  County — 

Lorraine  M.  Co. Tesla 515  Safe  Deposit  Bldg.,  San  Francisco. 

Plumas  County — 
Penrose ^leadow  Valley.. .J.  A.  p]dman. 


MARBLE. 
San  Bernardino  County — 
.Tos.  Sherer  tt  Co. 

MINERAL    PAINT. 
Butte  County  — 

Monitor  and  El  Dorado Chico H.  Epperson. 

Calaveras  County — 

Happy  Jack  and  Ochre Valley  Springs  ..S.   E.   Unger,   825  Battery  street,  San 

Francisco. 
Penn  Chemical  Works Campo  Seco A.  C.  Harmon,  supt.  of  works. 

Napa  County — 
C.  R.  Look Napa. 


PAVING    BLOCKS. 
Riverside  County — 

Sierra  Granite  Co. Corona  ...  .T.  .T.  Clark.  Oro  Grande  P.  O. 

Barber  Asphalt  Paving  Co Corona .515  Pacific  Electric  Building. 

Fairchild-Gilmorc-WiltonCo.  Riverside  (also 

San  Bernardino)-E.  W.  Gilmore,  superintendent. 

Victor  Quarry Victorville  .1.  H.  Hargraves. 

Joseph  Sherer  it  Co.   ..  Victorville  Tenth  and  Bryant  sts.,  San  Francisco. 

Sonoma  County — 
A.  Pinelli Sonoma. 


378  STRUCTIKAI.    AM)    i  NDISI'KI  A  l>    MATERIALS    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

PYRITES. 

Niiiiu' iif  WiiiuTy.  Miuf,  I'Ar.                    Town.  Ullicial  Owuur. 

Alameda  County — 
George  D.  McKiiiiion   _.    1 10<i  P.inadwa.x-,  Oaklaml. 

Nevada  County— 

Spciu-c  -Mineral  Co..  -  -  SiKMiccvillc C.  Howard,  ;5Hi)  Pine  8t.,  San  Fi'ancisco. 

Shasta  County — 

Mounlaiii  (_'op]ier  Co.  -  -Keswick.    Lewis    T.     \\'rij,dit,    (!(l4     ^lontgoniery 

street,  San  Francisco. 


QUARTZ  CRYSTALS. 
Placer  County— 
Shadv  Run  Minin>;C().    Sliadv  Run     Tohn  .lackson,  42  E.  Main  st.,  Stockton. 


SANDSTONE. 
Los  Angeles  County — 

Chatsworth  Park 324  E.  Market  street,  Los  Angeles;  H. 

Clement  &:  Co.,  214  Bay  st.,  L.  A. 

Santa  Barbara  County — 

.John  Gaggis Santa  Barbara. 

Fred  Henderson Santa  Barbara. 

T.  M.  Hogan Santa  Barbara. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County — 

Los  Berros  Stone  tiuarry San  Luis  Obispo -Los  Berros  Stone  Co.,  221  Collins  st., 

Los  Angeles;  Dave  O'Xeil,  sunt. 
P.  Moore Arroyo  Grande. .Leased  to  the  Los  Berros  Stone  Co. 


SOAPSTONE  AND  TALC. 
Butte  County— 
E.  Taylor Clear  Creek. 

Shasta  County — 

\V.  P.  ('(inaut Castella. 


TUNGSTEN. 
Kern  County — 

Baltic  Mining  Co Ilandsburg C.  H.  Wynn. 


APPENDIX. 


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CALIFORNIA  STATE  MINING  BUREAU. 


This  institution  aims  to  be  the  chief  source  of  reliable  information 
about  the  mineral  resources  and  mining  industries  of  California. 

It  is  encouraged  in  its  work  by  the  fact  that  its  publications  have 
been  in  such  demand  that  large  editions  are  soon  exhausted.  In  fact, 
copies  of  them  now  command  high  prices  in  the  market. 

The  publications,  as  soon  as  issued,  find  their  way  to  the  scientific, 
public,  and  private  libraries  of  all  countries. 

STATE  MINERALOGIST. 

The  California  State  jNIining  Bureau  is  under  the  supervision  of 
Hon.  Lewis  E.  Aubury,   State  Mineralogist. 

It  is  supported  by  legislative  appropriations,  and  in  some  degree 
performs  work  similar  to  that  of  the  geological  surveys  of  other  States ; 
but  its  purposes  and  functions  are  mainly  practical,  the  scientific  work 
being  clearly  subordinate  to  the  economic  phases  of  the  mineral  field, 
as  shown  by  the  organic  law  governing  the  Bureau,  which  is  as  follows : 

Sec.  4.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  State  Mineralogist  to  make,  facilitate,  and 
encourage  special  studies  of  the  mineral  resources  and  mineral  industries  of  the 
State.  It  shall  be  his  duty  :  To  collect  statistics  concerning  the  occurrence  of  the 
economically  important  minerals  and  the  methods  pursued  in  making  their  valu- 
able constituents  available  for  commercial  use ;  to  make  a  collection  of  typical 
geological  and  miueralogical  specimens,  especially  those  of  economic  or  commercial 
importance,  such  collection  constituting  the  Museum  of  the  State  Mining  Bureau  ; 
to  provide  a  library  of  books,  reports,  drawings,  bearing  upon  the  mineral  industries, 
the  sciences  of  mineralogy  and  geology  and  the  arts  of  mining  and  metallurgy,  such 
library  constituting  the  Library  of  the  State  Mining  Bureau  ;  to  make  a  collection 
of  models,  di-a\vings,  and  descriptions  of  the  mechanical  appliances  used  in  mining 
and  metallurgical  processes  ;  to  preserve  and  so  maintain  such  collections  and  library 
as  to  make  them  available  for  reference  and  examination,  and  open  to  public  inspec- 
tion at  reasonable  hours ;  to  maintain,  in  effect,  a  bureau  of  information  concern- 
ing the  mineral  industries  of  this  State,  to  consist  of  such  collections  and  library, 
and  to  arrange,  classify,  catalogue,  and  index  the  data  therein  contained,  in  a 
manner  to  make  the  information  available  to  those  desiring  it,  and  to  provide  a 
custodian  specially  qualified  to  promote  this  purpose;  to  make  a  biennial  report  to 
the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Mining  Bureau,  setting  forth  the  important  results 
of  his  work,  and  to  issue  from  time  to  time  such  bulletins  as  he  may  deem 
advisable  concerning  the  statistics  and  technology  of  the  mineral  industries  of  this 
State. 

THE  BULLETINS. 

The  field  covered  by  the  books  issued  under  this  title  is  shown  in 
the  list  of  publications.  Each  bulletin  deals  with  only  one  phase  of 
mining.  Many  of  them  are  elaborately  illastrated  with  engravings 
and  maps.  Only  a  nominal  price  is  asked,  in  order  that  those  who 
need  them  most  may  obtain  a  copy. 

mi) 


382  STRUCTURAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OP    CALIFORNIA. 


THE  REGISTERS  OF  MINES. 

The  Registers  of  IMines  form  practically  both  a  State  and  a  County 
directory  of  the  mines  of  California,  each  county  being  represented  in 
a  separate  pamphlet.  Those  who  wish  to  learn  the  essential  facts  about 
any  particular  mine  are  referred  to  them.  The  facts  and  figures  are 
given  in  tabular  form,  and  are  accompanied  by  a  topogi'aphical  map  of 
the  county  on  a  large  scale,  showing  location  of  each  mineral  deposit, 
towns,  railroads,  roads,  power  lines,  ditches,  etc. 

HOME  OF  THE  BUREAU 

The  Mining  Bureau  occupies  the  north  half  of  the  third  floor  of 
the  Ferry  Building,  in  San  Francisco.  All  visitors  and  residents  are 
invited  to  inspect  the  Museum,  Library,  and  other  rooms  of  the  Bureau 
and  gain  a  personal  knowledge  of  its  operations. 

THE  MUSEUM. 

The  Museum  now  contains  over  16,000  specimens,  carefully  labeled 
and  attractively  arranged  in  showcases  in  a  great,  well-lighted  hall, 
where  they  can  be  easily  studied.  The  collection  of  ores  from  Cali- 
fornia mines  is  of  course  very  extensive,  and  is  supplemented  by  many 
cases  of  characteristic  ores  from  the  principal  mining  districts  of  the 
world.  The  educational  value  of  the  exhibit  is  constantly  increased 
by  substituting  the  best  specimens  obtainable  for  those  of  less  value. 

These  mineral  collections  are  not  only  interesting,  beautiful,  and  in 
every  way  attractive  to  the  sightseers  of  all  classes,  but  are  also  educa- 
tional. They  show  to  manufacturers,  miners,  capitalists,  and  others 
the  character  and  quality  of  the  economic  minerals  of  the  State,  and 
where  they  are  found.  Plans  have  been  formulated  to  extend  the 
usefulness  of  the  exhibit  by  special  collections,  such  as  one  showing  the 
chemical  composition  of  minerals ;  another  showing  the  mineralogical 
composition  of  the  sedimentary,  metamorphic,  and  igneous  rocks  of  the 
State ;  the  petroleum-bearing  formations,  ore  bodies,  and  their  country 
rocks,  etc. 

Besides  the  mineral  specimens,  there  are  many  models,  maps,  photo- 
graphs, and  diagrams  illustrating  the  modei'n  practice  of  mining, 
milling,  and  concentrating,  and  the  technology  of  the  mineral  indus- 
tries. An  educational  series  of  specimens  for  high  schools  has  been 
inaugurated,  and  new  plans  are  being  formulated  that  will  make  the 
Museum  even  more  useful  in  the  future  than  in  the  past.  Its  popu- 
larity is  shown  by  the  fact  that  over  100,000  visitors  registered  last 
year,  while  many  failed  to  leave  any  record  of  their  visit. 


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384  STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL    MATERIALS   OP    CALIFORNIA. 

THE  LIBRARY. 

This  is  the  mining  reference  library  of  the  State,  constantly  con- 
sulted by  mining  men,  and  contains  between  4000  and  5000  volumes 
of  selected  works,  in  addition  to  the  numerous  publications  of  the 
Bureau  itself.  On  its  shelves  will  be  found  reports  on  geology,  min- 
eralogy, mining,  etc.,  published  by  states,  governments,  and  indi- 
viduals ;  the  reports  of  scientific  societies  at  home  and  abroad ; 
encyclopaedias,  scientific  papers,  and  magazines;  mining  publications; 
and  the  current  literature  of  mining  ever  needed  in  a  reference  library. 

Manufacturers'  catalogues  of  mining  and  milling  machinery  bj-" 
California  firms  are  kept  on  file.  The  Registers  of  Mines  form  an 
up-to-date  directory  for  investor  and  manufacturer. 

The  librarian's  desk  is  the  general  bureau  of  information,  where 
visitors  from  all  parts  of  the  world  are  ever  seeking  information  about 
all  parts  of  California. 

READING-ROOM. 

This  is  a  part  of  the  Library  Department  and  is  supplied  with  over 
one  hundred  current  publications.  Visitors  will  find  here  various 
California  papers  and  leading  mining  journals  from  all  over  the  world. 

The  library  and  Reading-Room  are  open  to  the  public  from  9  a.  m. 
to  5  p.  M.  daily,  except  Sundays  and  holidays,  and  from  9  a.  ir.  to  12  m. 
on  Saturdays. 

THE  LABORATORY, 

Tliis  clei)artiuent  identifies  for  the  prospector  the  minerals  hi'  finds. 
and  tells  him  the  nature  of  the  wall  rocks  or  dikes  he  may  encounter 
in  his  workings;  but  this  department  does  not  do  assaying  nor  compete 
with  private  assayers.  The  prasence  of  minerals  is  determined,  but 
not  the  percentage  present.  No  charges  for  this  service  are  made  to 
any  r&sident  of  the  State.  Many  of  the  inquiries  made  of  this  depart- 
ment have  brought  capital  to  the  development  of  new  districts.  IMany 
technical  questions  have  been  asked  and  answered  as  to  the  best 
chemical  and  mechanical  processes  of  handling  ores  and  raw  material. 
The  laboratory  is  well  equipped. 

THE  DRAUGHTING-ROOM. 
In  this  room  are  prepared  scores  of  maps,  from  the  small  ones  filling 
only  a  part  of  a  page,  to  the  largest  County  and  State  maps;  and  the 
numerous  illustrations,  other  than  photographs,  that  are  constantly 
being  required  for  the  Bulletins  and  Registers  of  Mines.  In  this  room, 
also,  will  be  found  a  very  complete  collection  of  maps  of  all  kinds 
relating  to  the  industries  of  the  State,  and  one  of  the  important  duties 
of  the  department  is  to  make  such  additions  and  corrections  as  will 
keep  the  maps  up  to  date.  The  .seeker  after  information  inciuires  here 
if  he  wishes  to  know  about  the  geology  or  topography  of  any  district; 
about  the  locations  of  the  new  camps,  or  positions  of  old  or  abandoned 


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386 


STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS    OF    CALIFORNIA. 


ones;  about  railroads,  stage  roads,  and  trails;  or  about  the  working 
drawings  of  anything  connected  with  mining. 

MINERAL  STATISTICS. 

One  of  the  features  of  this  institution  is  its  mineral  statistics.  Their 
annual  compilation  by  the  State  Mining  Bureau  began  in  1893.  No 
other  State  in  the  Union  attempts  so  elaborate  a  record,  expends  so 
much  labor  and  money  on  its  compilation,  or  secures  so  accurate  a  one. 

The  State  Mining  Bureau  keeps  a  careful,  up-to-date,  and  reliable 
but  confidential  register  of  every  producing  mine,  mine-owner,  and 
mineral  industry  in  the  State.  From  them  are  secured,  under  pledge 
of  secrecy,  reports  of  output,  etc.,  and  all  other  available  sources  of 
information  are  u.sed  in  checking,  verifying,  and  supplementing  the 
information  so  gained.  This  information  is  published  m  an  annual 
tabulated,  statistical,  single-sheet  bulletin,  showing  the  mineral  pro- 
duction by  both  substances  and  counties. 

TOTAL  GOLD  PRODUCT  OF  CALIFORNIA-1848-1904^ 


1848 

$245,301 

1849 

10,151,360 

1850 

41,273,106 

1851 

75,938,232 

1852 

81,294,700 

1853 

67,613,487 

1854 

69,433,931 

1855 

55,485,395 

1856 

57,509,411 

1857 

43,628,172 

1858 

46,591,140 

1859 

45,846,599 

1860 

44,095,163 

1861- 

41,884,995 

1862 

38,854,668 

1863 

1864 

1865 

1866 

1867 

1868 

1869 

1870 

1871 

1872 

1873 

1874 

1875 

1876-  - 
1877 


$23 
24 
17 
17 
18 
17 
18 
17 
17 
15 
15 
17 

.  16 
15 

.  16 


501,736 
;071,423 
,930,858 
,123,867 
,265,452 
,555,867 
,229,044 
,458,133 
,477,885 
1,482,194 
019,210 
264,836 
,876,009 
1,610,723 
,501,268 


1878 $18,839,141 

1879 19,626,6;54 

1880 20,030,761 

1881 19,223,155 

1882 17,146,416 

1883-  .-.  24,316,873 

1884  ...  13,600,000 

1885 12,661,044 

1886 14,716,506 

1887   .-  13,588,614 

1888 12,750,000 

1889.  ...  11,212,913 

1890 12,309,793 

1891 12,728.869 

1892 12,571,900 


1893 $12,422,811 

1894 13,923,281 

1895 15,334,317 

1896 17,181,562 


1897 

1898 

1899. 

19(Xt 

1901. 

1902 . 

1903 

1904. 


15,871,401 
15,906,478 
15,336,031 
15,863,355 
16,989,044 
16,910,320 
16,471,264 
19,109,000 


Total  --$1,414,856,268 


COUNTY  RANK  IN  GOLD  PRODUCT  IN   1904. 

While  -old  is  still  the  leading  mining  product,  its  yield  no  longer 
puts  the  greatest  gold-producing  county  in  the  first  place.  The  petro- 
leum of  Kern  County  and  the  copper  of  Shasta  give  them  precedence. 
Gold  is  more  widely  distributed  than  any  other  substance  thus  tar 
mined  in  California;  34  counties  out  of  the  57  in  the  State  showing  a 
...old  viold  in  190-t,  and  it  is  known  to  exist  in  several  others.  1  he 
order  in  rank  of  the  counties  of  the  State,  in  the  production  of  gold 
alone,  is  at  present  as  follows :  


1.  Nevada.. 

2.  Amador 

3.  Butte 

4.  Calaveras 

5.  Tuoluinnc 

6.  Kern 

7.  Shasta     

8.  Siskivou  

9.  Placer 

10.  S.  Bernardino 
U.  Trinity  .  .-- 
12.  Kl  Dorado.  ... 
i:i.  Mariposa 


..$3 

9 


,130 
,(K)0 
,932 

,789 

,r)63 

,42(i 
,031 
892 
778 
595 
574 
474 
429 


304 

,573 

5.52 

184 

,907 

523 

429 

,685 

,355 

,828 

814 

994 

771 


14.  Sacramento  - 
1.5.  Sierra  

16.  San  Diego--- 

17.  riiimas 

18.  ISIono 

19.  Invo 

20.  Yxiba 

21.  Lassen  

22.  Madera 

23.  Hiiml)oldt    .- 

24.  Stanislaus 

25.  Los  Angeles . 

26.  Fresno 


$419,287 

374,763 

334,697 

270,439 

2(i8,93(t 

1.50,474 

139,528 

ll(i,993 

75,303 

(12, 061 

50,000 

12,402 

7,809 


Riverside $7,488 


28. 

Del  Norte 

7,3«) 

29. 

Monterey 

(>.941 

.30. 

Alpine 

4,827 

31. 

Ventura  .  

2,700 

32. 

Tulare. 

1,U10 

33. 

San  Luis  Obispo 

630 

34 

Mendocino  . .  .- 

75 

Unapportioned 

114,835 

Total  .. 


$19,109,600 


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388  STRUCTURAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL   MATERIALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


TOTAL  MINERAL  PRODUCT  OF  CALIFORNIA   FOR   1904. 

The  following  table  shows  the  yield  and  value  of  mineral  substances 

of  California  for  1904,  as  per  returns  received  at  the  State  Mining 
Bureau,  San  Francisco,  in  answer  to  inquiries  sent  to  producers : 

Quantity.  Value. 

Asbestos -- 10  tons  $162 

Asphalt - 5(5,187    "  672,910 

Bisnnitli 20    "  2,400 

Bimminotis  Rock 45,280     "  175,680 

Borax  (Crude)    ... 45,647     "  698,810 

Cement 969,538  bbls.  1,539,807 

Chrome 123  tons  1,845 

Chiys  (Brick) 281,750  M  1,994,740 

Clays  (Pottery)...     84,149  tons  81,952 

Coal 79,(«32     '■  376,4it4 

Copper ---.29,974,154  lbs.  3,969,995 

Fuller's  Earth 500  tons  9,500 

GlassSand 10,004     "  12,276 

Gold 19,109,600 

Granite ...       520,687  cu.  ft.  467,472 

Infusorial  Earth 6,950  tons  112,282 

Gypsum - 8,350    "  56,592 

Lead 124,000  lbs.  5,270 

Lithia  Mica 641  tons  25,000 

Lime. 579,451  bbls.  571,749 

Limestone 40,207  tons  87,207 

Macadam .-i32,690    "  414,668 

Manganese 60    "  900 

Magnesite  (Crude) 2,850    "  9,298 

Marble r>5,401  cu.  f  t.  94,208 

Mica 50tons  3,000 

Mineral  Paint -.. 270    "  1,985 

Mineral  Water 2,430,320  gals.  496,946 

Natural  Gas 144,4.37  M  cu.  ft.  91,085 

Paving  Blocks ..-.          3,977  :\r  161,752 

Petroleum 29,736,003  bbls.  8,317,809 

Platinum 1,849 

Pyrites 15,043  tons  62,!)92 

Quicksilver 28,876  flasks  1,086,323 

Rubble 1,764,208  tons  1,227,209 

Salt 95,968    "  187,3a) 

Sandstone 363,487  cu.  ft.  567,181 

Serpentine 200  tons  2,310 

Soda - - 12,000    "  18,000 

Silver (Cmn.  value)  873,525 

Slate 6,000squares  50,000 

Soapstone 228  tons  2,,S15 

Tourmaline. 65, (XX) 

OtherGcms 71,000 

Total  vahu- .^3,778.348 


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390  STRUCTURAL    AND    INDUSTRIAL    MATERIALS    OF    CALIP^ORNLV. 


MINING  BUREAU  PUBLICATIONS. 

Publications  of  this  Bureau  will  be  sent  on  receipt  of  the  requisite 
amount  and  postage.  Only  stamps,  coin  or  money  orders  will  be 
accepted  in  payment.     (All  iiuhlications  not  mentioned  are  exhausted.) 

Attention  is  respectfully  called  to  that  portion  of  Section  8,  amend- 
ment to  the  INIining  Bureau  Act,  approved  March  10,  1903,  which  states: 

"The  Board  (Board  of  Trustees)  is  hereby  empowered  to  fix  a  price 
upon,  and  to  dispose  of  to  the  public,  at  such  price,  any  and  all  pub- 
lications of  the  Bureau,  including-  reports,  bulletins,  maps,  registers, 
etc.  The  sum  derived  from  such  disposition  must  be  accounted  for  and 
used  a.s  a  revolving  printing  and  publishing  fund  for  other  reports, 
bulletins,  maps,  registers,  etc.  The  prices  fixed  must  approximate 
the  actual  cost  of  printing  and  issuing  the  respective  reports,  bulletins, 
maps,  registers,  etc.,  without  reference  to  the  cost  of  obtaining  and 
preparing  the  information  embraced  therein." 

Price.      Postage. 

Report  XI— 18!t2,  First  Biennial |1  00  |0  15 

Report  XIII— 18SI6,  Third  Biennial 100  20 

Bulletin  No.    0— "Gold  Mill  Practices  in  California"  (3d  edition) 511  04 

Bulletin  No.    9— "Mine  Drainage,  Pumps,  etc.,"  bound 60  08 

Bulletin  Xo.  15— "Map  of  Oil  City  Oil  Fields,  Fresno  County,  Cal." 05  02 

Bulletin  Xo.  16 — "Genesis  of  Petroleum  and  Asphaltum  in  California," 

(3d  edition)   -.  30  03 

Bulletin  Xo.  23— "Copper  Resources  of  California" 50  12 

Bulletin  Xo.  24— "Saline  Deposits  of  California" 50  10 

Bulletin  Xo.  27— "Quicksilver  Resources  of  California" 75  08 

Bulletin  Xo.  30 — "Bibliography  Relating  to  the  Geology,  Pahieontology 

and  Mineral  Resources  of  California,  including  List  of  Maps" 50  10 

Bulletin  Xo.  31 — "Chemical  Analyses  of  California  Petroleum" 02 

Bulletin  Xo.  32— "Production  and  Use  of  California  Petroleum".. 75  08 

Bulletin  Xo.  36— "Gold  Dredging  in  California" 50  06 

Bulletin  Xo.  37— "Gems  and  .Jewelers'  Materials  of  California" 50  06 

Bulletin  Xo.  39— "Mineral  Production  of  California"— li(04 ...  02 

Bulletin  Xo.  40— "Mineral  Production  of  California  for  18  Years" ...  02 

Bulletin  Xo.  41— "Mines  and  Minerals  of  California" ...  t»4 

Reconnaissance  of  tlie  Colorado  Desert  Mining  District 15  02 

Map  of  Desert  Portion  Southern  California 10  02 

Map  of  Mother  Lode 05  02 

Gold  Proditction  in  California  from  1848  to  1905... ...  02 

Register  of  Mines,  with  Map,  Siskiyou  County 25  08 

Register  of  Mines,  with  Map,  Trinitj'  County 25  08 

Register  of  Mines,  witli  Map,  Lake  County 25  08 

Register  of  Mines,  with  Map,  Xevada  County 25  08 

Register  of  Mines,  with  Map,  Placer  County. 25  08 

Register  of  Mines,  with  Map,  El  Dorado  County 25  08 

Register  of  Mines,  with  Map,  Inyo  County 25  08 

Register  of  Mines,  with  Map,  Shasta  County _ 25  08 

Register  of  Mines,  with  Map,  San  Bernardino  County 25  08 

Register  of  Mines,  witli  Map,  San  Diego  County 25  08 

Register  of  Mines,  with  Map,  Sierra  County 25  08 


STATE   MINING  BUREAU  PUBLICATIONS.  391 

Price.      Postage. 

Register  of  Mines,  with  Map,  Amador  County. ?0  25  i^O  08 

Register  of  Minos,  with  >rap,  Tnolumne  County .- 25  08 

Register  of  Mines,  with  Map,  Butte  County.. 25  08 

Register  of  Mines,  with  Map,  Mariposa  County —  25  08 

Register  of  ^[ines,  with  ^fap.  Kern  County    25  08 

Register  of  Mines,  with  Map,  Yuba  County 25  08 

Register  of  Oil  Wells,  with  Map,  Los  Angeles  City 35  02 

Mineral  and  Relief  Map  of  California... 25  05 

Mapof  Plumas  County 25  08 

Map  of  Calaveras  County 25  08 

Map  Showing  Location  of  Copper  Deposit>  in  California 05  02 

Reconnaissance  of  the  Colorado  Desert  ^Mining  District 15  04 

In  Preparation : 

^lap  and  Register  of  Santa  Barl)ara  County. 

Samples  (limited  to  three  at  one  time)  of  any  mineral  found  in  the 
State  may  be  sent  to  the  Bureau  for  identification,  and  the  same  will 
be  classified  free  of  charge.  It  must  be  imderstood,  however,  that 
no  assays,  or  quantitative  determinations  will  1)6  made.  Samples  should 
be  in  lump  form  if  possible,  and  marked  plainly  on  outside  of  package 
with  name  of  sender,  postoffice  address,  etc.  A  letter  should  accom- 
pany sample,  and  a  stamp  should  be  inclosed  for  reply. 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Ackerman  marble  deposit 102 

Atlams-Blakely   gypsum  deposit 28G 

Aguillon   trachyte   quarry 162 

Aheani    granite    quarry 34 

Ah    Louis'    brickyard 255 

Ala  Mountain  manganese 336 

Alabaster   Cave   lime 67,  68 

Alameda   County — Brick 242,  374  [ 

Cement    361  I 

Chrome    266,  267,  362 

Glass  Sand 276,  363 

^lacadam 311,  315.  377 

Magnesite    327 

Manganese    335,  367 

Mineral    Paint 368 

Pyrites     349,378  , 

Sandstone    116,  117,  370  | 

Soapstone    350 

Alarm  iron  mine 299 

Alexander    brickyard 374 

Allen  granite  quarry 40 

Alma  pyrites  mine 347 

Alpine    County — Lime 366 

Mineral    Paint 368 

Alpine  Plaster  Co 284,  285 

Altamont  sandstone  quarry 116.  117 

Alta  Lime  and  Brick  Co 256 

Alum  Rock  macadam  quarry 323 

Alvarez  gypsum  deposit 286 

Amador    County— Asbestos 261,  360 

Chrome    362 

Clays     206-210,  361 

Glass  Sand 375 

Granodiorite   363 

Iron    364 

Lime     64,65 

Marble     96,97,366 

Pyrites     370 

Quartz    Crystals 370 

Sandstone    117,  370 

Serpentine    147,  371 

Slate 149,150 

Soapstone    371 

Amblygonite.      (See  Lithia.) 
America  Excelsior  Co.'s  asbestos  de- 
posit     263 

American   Lithia  Co 308,  309,  310 

American  Magnesite  Co 327,  330,  331 


Page. 
American  Marble  and  Granite  Co. .  .  .  376 
Anderson  &  Sandquist  Pottery  Co. .  .   21.3 

Angulo's  sandstone  quarry 133 

Antelope  Valley  marble  quarry lOO 

Antioch  macadam  quarry 316 

Antimony     260 

Calaveras   County 359,  374 

Inyo    County 359,  374 

Kern   County 359,  .374 

Los  Angeles  County 359 

Mono  County 3.59 

Napa  County 359 

Riverside    County 359 

San  Luis  Obispo  County 359 

Santa  Clara  County 359 

Sierra   County 359 

Tulare    County 359 

San   Benito   County 260,  359 

Arch,    Composite Frontispiece 

Areata    brickyard 374 

Artificial  Stone.    {See  Cement  Products) 

Asbestos,   Amador   County 261,  360 

Butte    County 261,  262,  360 

El  Dorado  County 262,  360,  374 

Fresno    County 262,  360 

Inyo    County 360 

Madera  County 360 

Mariposa    County 360 

Placer  County 262,  360^ 

Riverside    County 263 

San  Benito  County 360 

San  Bernardino  County 263,  360 

San  Diego  County 263,  360 

Shasta    County 360 

Sierra   County 263,  360 

Siskiyou   County 264,  360 

Trinity    County 264,  360 

Tulare    County 360 

Yolo    County 264,  360 

Yuba   County 264 

Asphalt.    {See  Letter  of  Transmit- 
TAX,  5.) 

.Vtwood  lime  quarry 376 

Attwood's   clay   deposit 226 

Auburn  marble  quarry 101 

Babcock  granite  quarry 52 

Bacigalupi  paving-blocks  quarry....   343 
Baden  Brick  Co 255.  256 

(393) 


394 


INDEX. 


Page,  i 

"Rnird   iron   deposit 301 

I'.aivei-stiold  Sandstone  Brick  Co,   1G7,  108 
Balaam   infusorial  earth  mine.  .  .298,  294 

I'mIiIc  'Pimirsteii  Minini;  Co .".IS 

I'.nnk  of  [..ompoc  infusorial  earth  de- 
posit     295 

Banning    Co.'s    infusorial    earth    d(^- 

posit     •_".»! 

Serpentine    quarry 147 

Soapstone    quarry .Mai 

P>arbe"s  lime  quarry 70 

Barber  Asphalt  Co.'s  macadam .".77 

Barber  Asphalt  Co.'s  pavinj;-  blocks.    .".77 
Barstow  lime  and  marble  quarry...   102 

Bartlett   manganese   mine 337 

Bary tes    204,  300 

Calaveras   County 300 

Contra  Costa  County 300 

El  Dorado  County 300 

Inyo  County 300 

Lake    County 300 

Los  Angeles  County 300 

Mono  County 300 

Orange    County .300 

San  Bernardino  County 300 

Santa  Barbara  County 300 

Shasta  County 300 

Siskiyou   County 300 

Trinity    County 300 

liasalt— Napa    County 158,  300 

Fresno  County 300 

Mono  County 300 

Santa  Barbara  County 300 

San  Bernardino  County 300 

Siskiyou    County 300 

Sonoma  County 300 

Yolo  County 300 

Bauxite    205,  301 

Kivei'side    County 301 

Yuba  County 301 

Bay  City  Brick  Co 254 

Bear  River  marble 100 

Beckett's  infusorial  earth  deposit...   293 

Benicia  crushed  stone  quarry 325 

Berg  &  O.xby  Brick  Co 243,  244 

Berkeley   Kock  Co 311 

Best   paving-block   quarry 345 

Betts  brickyard .".75 

Big  liend  marble  quarry 98 

Big  Trees   iron   mine 297 

T'.ishoi)"s   I'eak   tulT  ((uarry 158,  159 

I'.ixiiy's    infusorial   earth   deposit....   291 

Black  Bear  manganese  mine 330 

TUack   .Tack   manganese   mine 337 

I'.hick  Diamond  iron  mine .304 

Blackburn  clay   deposit 22(i 

Blackhawk    Mt.    marble 102 


Page. 

Black's    talc    claim 351 

Blair  macadam  quarries 311 

Blake  &  Bilger  macadam  quarries.  .  .   312 

Blasting   system,    Knox 24 

Blue    Rock    quarry 320 

Bly  Bros,  granite  ([uarry 43,  44 

Boca  paving-block  iiuarry 343 

Bohannon    Ranch    clay 211 

Bonanza   King  marble  (juarry 102 

Borax.     (See  Letter  of  Transmit- 
tal, 5.) 

liordenheim    brickyard 242 

Bowerman    paint    mine 343 

Bouchard  &  Son  granite  quarry....     34 

Boyd  fuller's  earth  deposit 375 

Brick.     Burning 240 

Classification    of 241 

Drying     239 

Hand-made     234 

Kilns    240,241 

INIachine-molded    234-239 

Manufacture     233 

Brick    Clay,    Analyses 232 

Industry   232-259 

Mixing     233 

Weathering 233 

Alameda  County 242.  374 

Butte  County 242,  .374 

Colusa     County 242 

Contra  Costa  County 242.  359.  374 

Fresno    County 242,  243 

Glenn    County 243 

Humboldt  County 374 

Kern  County 374 

Kings    County 243,  374 

Los  Angeles  County 243-249.  374 

Madera  County 249 

Marin    County 249.  2.50 

iNIendocino    County .".7.5 

Merced    County 250 

^Monterey    County 250 

Nevada   County 250.  251 

Orange    County 251,  252 

Placer  County 359 

Kivorsido    County 252,  253,  375 

Sacramento    County 253 

San    Bernardino   County 2.53,  254 

San  Diego  County 254.  375 

San    Francisco    County 254 

San  Joaquin   County 2.54.  255 

San   Luis   Obispo   County 250 

Santa  Clara  County 359,  375 

Santa  Cruz  County 3.59 

Shasta    County 250,  257 

Solano  County 258,  .375 

Sonoma    County 258 

Tehama     County 2.58 


INDEX. 


895 


Page. 

P.rick   Clay,   Tnlaro   County 2a9 

Yolo    County 259 

Yuba  County 25U,  o75 

I'.riok — Sandstone    and    Lime.  ...  106,  IGT 

Contra  Costa  County I»i6.  107 

Kern    County 107,  108 

Los    Angeles    County 168 

Monterey    County 109 

Sonoma    County 170 

Briggs's    brickyard 875 

Briggs's    manganese    mine 335 

Broadway   rook   quarry 312 

Bridge's    granite   quarry 34 

Brower's  brickyard 375 

Brown   marble   quarry 99 

Brown  ocher  mine 340 

Brown  talc  claim 351 

Brown  trachyte  quarry 155 

Brown.stone    quarry 50,  51 

Branson  &   Carter  brickyard 259 

Brush  magnesite  deposit 331 

Bryon's  brickyard 375 

Building     Blocks.        {See     Cement 

Products.) 
Building  Stone.     (See  Stone.) 

Bull    quarry 318 

Bundock   stoneware   works 225 

Burns   4&   Stockman's   lime  deposit.  .     77 

Butte  County— Asbestos 201,  360 

Barytes    264 

Brick  Clays 242,  374 

Chrome    207,  362 

Clays   211,361 

Fuller's     Earth 273 

Granite    26 

(xypsum     283 

Iron   297,364 

Lime    • 65.  366,  376 

Marble    98,360 

Mica     337 

Mineral  Paint .338,  377 

Platinum     346,  347,  348,  369 

Portland    Cement 178 

Quartz    Crystals 370 

Soapstone   .350,  351.  378 

Tufif    154 

Byrne    Bros,    granite 376 

Cadiz  marble  deposit 102 

Caen   tuff   quarry 159 

Calaveras    County — Antimony 359 

Barytes   360 

Chrome    207,  302 

Clay     211,212,301 

Grauodiorite     303 

Granite    .364 

Infusorial     Earth .363 

Iron     297,304 


Page. 

Calaveras    County — .Tasi)er 365 

Lime    05,  00,  366 

Manganese    368 

INIarble    98,  99,  367 

Mineral   Paint 338,  309,  377 

Platinum     347,  348 

Pyrites    370 

Quartz    Crystals 349,  370 

Rhyolite    370 

Sandstone    117 

Serpentine     371 

Soapstone    ,351,  371 

Sulphur     372 

Trachyte     372 

Tuff    154,  372 

Calcareous   Tufa 265 

Caldwell  marble  quarry 98,  99 

California  Clay  Mfg.  Co 213.375 

California  Construction  Co 318 

California   Concrete   Rock   Co 168 

California  Fireproof  Construction  Co.    230 

California  Fuller's  Earth  Co 274 

California  Gypsum  and  Mineral  Com- 
pany   284,288 

California  Lime  and  Cement  Co. ...  79 
California  Ornamental  Brick  Co..  108,  374 
California  Pottery  and  Brick  Co. .  .  .  2.58 
California   Pottery   and  Terra   Cotta 

Co 202 

California  Portland  Cement  Co.  77,  102, 

103,  104.  183,  184,  220.  227 

California    Slate    Co 130 

Camarillo    quarry 327 

Camp  Cady  gypsum  deposit 287 

Capistrano  lime  deposit 73 

Capital  Sewer-Pipe  Works 225 

Carbondale    clay 200.  207 

Carl  Brown  paint  mine 339 

Carmel  Development  Co.  glass  sand.   278 

Carnegie  Brick  and  Pottery  Co 202 

Carnegie  Brick  and  Terra  Cotta  Co.     227 

Carnegie   shale  pit 227 

Carrara   marble   quarry 90,  97 

Carter    clay    deposit 222 

Carter  manganese  mine 330 

Casa  Blanca  quarries 44,  45,  46 

Carroll's  iron  mine 297 

Casperi  granite  quarry 370 

Cassel's  sandstone  quarry 1.33, 134 

Casserly    asbestos    mine 263 

Caterina   lithia    mine .".10 

Cave  Canon  iron  deposit 299 

Cave  Valley  lime  deposit OS 

Cedar  Creek  clay  deposit 219 

Cement.    Analyses 177,  182,  185,  188 

Burning     176 

Composition    171,  175 


396 


INDEX. 


Page.  I 

Cemcut,  Factories  in  California 178  ! 

Grinding    177 

Industry   in  California 171-189 

Kilns    176 

Literatiiro    on 178 

Manufacture     175 

Mixing   175,  176 

Products    165,  170 

Production    172 

Portland     171-189 

Tests    of 174,  175,  188 

Uses  of 173,174 

Alameda     County 361 

Butte    County 178 

Contra   Costa   County 361 

Humboldt  County 861 

Kern  County 361 

Lake   County 361 

Los  Angeles  County 178,  361 

Napa   County 178-182 

Orange    County 182 

Riverside    County 3<>1 

San  Benito  County 184 

San   Bernardino   County 183,184 

San  Diego  County 184 

Santa  Barbara   County .361 

Santa   Clara   County 361 

Santa  Cruz  County 184,  361 

Solano  County 185-189,  361 

Central  Lime  Co 376 

Chambers'  gypsum  deposit 287 

Chappell  clay  deposit 22<» 

Charlton  sandstone  quarry 130 

Chatsworth   Park   quarry.  .  .128,  318.  378 

Chico  Ocher  and  Metallic  Co 338,351 

Chili  Bar  Slate  Co 1.50 

Chiles   Valley   magnesite 328 

China   clay 195,  199 

Chino   lime  quarry 75 

Chittenden  cement  plant 184 

Christen    macadam   quarry 316,317 

Chromite,    Alameda    County 2(i6,  362 

Amador    County 362 

Butte    County 267.  362 

Calaveras  County 267,  362 

Colusa    County 362 

Del   Norte   County 267,  268,  362 

El  Dorado  County 362 

Fresno    County 268,  362 

Glenn    County 268 

Lake   County 362 

Marin   County 362 

Mendocino   County 268,  362 

Napa    County 362 

Placer    County 268,  362 

Plumas  County 362  \ 

San   Benito   County 260.  362 


I'.ua:. 


Clii'dinitc,   San   Luis  Obispo   County, 

269,  270, 

Santa    Clara   County 

Shasta    County 270.  271, 

Sierra  County 271, 

Siskiyou   County 

Solano    County 

Tehama    County 272,  363, 

Triaity    County 272,  363, 

Cluirchill's    tungsten    deposit 

City   Improvement  Co.  paving-blocks 

quarry    

City    Street    Improvement    Co.,    Ma- 
cadam     

Classen's   quarry 

Clark  &  Sons  brick 

Clark  &  Sons  glass  sand 

Clark  &  Sons  pottery 202.  207. 

Cjlark    soapstone   deposit 

Clay,    in    California 190 

Analyses 200, 

Brick.     (See  Brick  Clay.) 

Chemical  composition 

China    

Color    

Definition    of 

Fire    200, 

Fusibility    of 

High-grade    

Origin    of 

Physical  properties  of 

Shrinkage    of 

Slip    

Uses  of 

A'arieties    of 

-Vlameda    County 206.  210. 

-Vmador    County 206-210, 

Butte    County 211, 

Calaveras    County 212, 

Contra  Costa  County 212, 

El  Dorado  County 

Fresno    County 

Humboldt  County 

Inyo    County 

Kern   County 212,  213, 

Lake    County 

Los  Angeles  County 213-217, 

Marin   County 

Mendocino    County 

Merced    County 

Modoc    County 

Mono    County 

Monterey    County 

Xapa  County 

Nevada   County 217,  218, 

Orange    County 

Placer    County 218-221. 


362 
362 
362 
272 
363 
363 
375 
375 
355 


343 


.377 
326 
374 
375 
208 
351 
-259 
207 

192 
195 
194 
190 
201 
193 
202 
191 
192 
193 
200 
194 
194 
361 
361 
361 
361 
361 
361 
361 
361 
361 
361 
361 
361 

:!<n 

361 
217 
:;6l 
;!6i 
361 
361 
361 
218 
362 


INDEX. 


397 


Page. 

Clay.   Riverside   County 221-224,  37.5 

Sacramento    County 22.5,  226,  362 

San  Benito  County 226 

San  Bernardino  County.  .226,  227,  362 

San  Diego  County 227,  362 

San   Joaquin   County 227,  228 

San  Luis  Obispo  County 362 

San    Mateo    County 228,229 

Santa   Barbara  County 362 

Santa  Cruz  County 375 

Siaasta    County 230,  362 

Sierra  County 362 

Siskiyou  County 230,  362 

Sonoma    County 362 

Stanislaus    County 362 

Sutter  County 362 

Trinity   County 362 

Tulare   County 375 

Tuolumne  County 362 

Ventura    County 362 

Yuba   County 230 

Clement  &  Co.  sandstone  deposit  130, 131 

Clyne  cement  deposit 185 

Coal  Cafion  clay 211 

Coates'   limestone   deposit 66 

Cochrane  magnesite  deposit 331 

Columbia    Marble    Co 108,  109, 110 

Colusa  County— Brick  Clay 242 

Chrome    362 

Gypsum   -  .   283 

Iron   364 

Limestone    66 

Macadam     316 

Manganese     335 

Marble     367 

Onyx    369 

Sandstone    118-124,  316,  370 

Sulphur     354,  372 

Conant  soapstone  deposit 378 

Concrete.      (See  Macadam.) 

Conkling's   building  blocks 170 

Contra    Costa    County — Bary tes ....   360 

Brick    Clay 242,  374 

Cement    361 

Clay     212.361 

Gypsum     364 

Infusorial    Earth 363 

Limestone    66,  67 

Macadam     316,  317 

Sandstone   126,  370 

Sandstone    brick 166,  167 

Colton  Cement   Works 102,  183 

Connor's  brickyard 256 

Cook's   marble   quarry 102,  103 

Copper.   (See  Letter  of  Tr.\ts"smit- 

TAL,    5.) 
Copp   granite  quarry 376 


Page. 
Cordelia     quarry 325 

Corona    granite 45,  51 

Corona  Pressed  Brick  and  Terra  Cot- 

ta   Co 22.!,  339.  375 

Corral  Hollow  gravel  pit 322 

Corral  Hollow  glass  sand 276 

Cottonwood  Creek  gypsum  deposit.  .   284 

County   Jail   quarry 320 

Cowell's  limestone  quarry.  .66,  67,  68, 

72,  76,  83,  84,  86,  87 

Craycroft  brickyard 242,  243 

Crowe    brickyard 374 

Creon  magnesite  deposit 331,  332 

Crowley  &  Caldwell   talc   mine .353 

Crusher  macadam  quarry 312 

Crusher  Plant  marble  quarry ....  102,  103 

Cummings'    magnesite    deposit 332 

Curran's   macadam   quarry 312 

Daly    macadam    quarry 323 

Daniels'  marble  quarry 99 

Davis'    paving-block    quarry 343 

Davis'  talc  deposit 353 

Davis'   tuff  quarry 155 

Day  granite  quarry 376 

Declez  granite  quarries 48,  316 

De  Dero  macadam  quarry 324,  376 

De  Golia  Ranch  clay 217 

Dehesa  granite  quarry 56-60 

Del  Norte  County— Chrome. 267,  268,  362 

Iron     365 

Manganese    368 

Platinum     347.  369 

Dempsey  Ranch  bauxite  deposit ....   265 

Paint    deposit 342 

Demur  &   Coleman's  brickyard 374 

Dennison  gypsum  deposit 288 

Denny    clay    deposits 230 

Detert    iron    mine 297 

Diamond  Caiion  macadam  quarry .  .    .  313 
Diamond  Match  Co.  iron  deposit.  .  .  .   297 
Diatomaceous  Earth.  See  Infusorial 
Earth.) 

Dickinson   paving-block    quarry 342 

Dickinson  sandstone  quarry 131 

Dimock's   infusorial   earth    deposit.  .   296 

Doak    manganese    mine 337 

Dodson  clay  pits 213 

Douglas  &  Butter  field  lithia  mine..  .   376 

Dreischmeyer    brickyard .375 

Dubost   lime  quarry 79 

Dudley  gypsum  mine 288 

Dunn's  gypsum  mine 287 

Dunlop  lime  deposit 68 

Durability  of  Stone.      (See  Stone."! 

Durbon   Ranch  clay 211 

Durst  Ranch  loam  deposit 230 

Dyer    Brick    Co 249 


398 


INDEX. 


Page.  ; 

Eaihart   sandstoiio   deposit 140 

Kartheinvare     200 

lOast  Ninth  Street  Pottery  Works  202,  20;{ 
Easton  &  Wilson  inaradam  quarry..   313 

Eckert  liaiicli  iiiagncsite 333 

Edmau  manganese  mine 'Ml 

Egan  glass  sand  deposit 278 

Eiheschutz   antimony   mine 'M-t  ; 

El  Dorado  Copper  M.  Co.,  asbestos.  .   2G2 
El    Dorado    County — Asbestos.  .  .2r)2.  ."UJO 

Barytes    .".(M) 

Chrome    •502 

Clay ■•'.01 

Granodiorite     ■"><>•"> 

Iron    297 

Lime     67,  68 

Manganese    368  j 

Marble     367  , 

Mica    367  j 

Mineral    Paint .369 

Quartz    Crystals 3.50,  370 

Slate   150-153,  371 

Soapstone    371 

Tuff    372 

El  Dorado  Sugar  Co's  lime  quarry.  .     82 

Eliot    gravel    pit 313 

Elliott   paving-block   quarry 343 

El  Toro  lime  deposit 74 

Emigrant  Gap  quarries 34 

Eugler    Lime    Co 75 

Erickson    sandstone    cpiarry 133 

I'^studillo  macadam  quarrj' 31.3 

Eureka   brickyard •">74 

Eureka  macadam  quarry 313 

Evireka  green  slate 152 

Eureka    granite   quarry 37 

Eureka   Slate  Co 1.50,  lol,  1.52 

Eable  magnesite  mine 337 

Fairchild  -  Gilmore  -  Wilton      granite 

(liiarry    4<i.  47.  377 

Fairmount  Hill  quarry 230 

Fairweather  magnesite  claim 328 

Farmington  lime  quarry 92 

Farwell  sandstone  quarry 117 

Fernahrs  granite  quarry 42 

Fioch   Bros,  sandstone  quarry 140 

Fire  Pulp  Plaster  Co 285 

Fire-Proof   asbestos    mine 263 

Fisk  Mill  iron  deposit 304 

Fitzgerald  macadam  quarry 317 

Fletcher    lithia    mine 310 

Flynn  &  Treacy  ))aving-block  quarry  343 

Folsom    Prison    quarry 47,48,320 

Forbes   quarry :nS,  319 

Fort  Ross   iron  deposit 304 

Fortuna    brickyard .374 

Foster  granite  quarry 52 


Fox  gypsum  deposit 

Franklyn    sandstone   quarry 

Frates    manganese    mine 

French   Hill   asbestos 

Fresno   County — Asbestos 262, 

Basalt     

Brick    Clay 242. 

Brick  and  Tile  Co 

Chrome     268, 

Clay     


AGE. 

288 
126 
335 
374 
360 
360 
243 
242 
362 
3r,i 


Granite    26 

(Jraphitc    280.  .363 

(iypsum     283,284 

Iron     305 

.Iasi)er      36.5 

Lime     68 

Magnesite    328 

Sandstone    370 

Zinc    :;73 

Freitas   sandstone   quarry 141 

I'riend's  clay  deposit 227 

Frugley    paving-block   quarry 34.3 

Fruitvale   white    gravel 313 

Fuller's  Earth,  Analyses  of 273 

Occurrences 274 

Preparation    of 274 

Product  in  United  States 274 

Butte    County 274 

Kern    County 274 

Kings    County 375 

San   Bernardino   County 275,  .363 

Gaggio    sandstone    quarry 378 

Galhip  Ranch  paint  deposit 341 

Garden   City    brickyard .">75 

Garden   City   pottery 229 

Gardner  macadam  quarry .'123 

Gardner   sandstone   quarry 131 

Garvey's    brickyard 257 

Gay    quarry ."'.24 

Gay  &  Blakely  lithia  mine 37(> 

(Jems.      (See  Letter  of  Transmit- 
tal, 5.) 

Gem  lithia   niiuc .">76 

(ienelli    Ranch   lime. 65 

(iladding-McBean     Co 219.  220 

(ilass  industry  of  California 276-279 

Glass  Sand,  Alameda  County.  . .  .276.  363 

Amador    County .">7.5 

Los    Angeles    County 277,  .■>6.3 

Monterey    County 278 

Orange    County 27S 

Placer    County 278 

Riverside    County :'.63.  375 

San    Bernardino   County ■UT.', 

San   .Joaquin   County 279 

San  Luis  Obispo  County 279 

Tcliania     County .36;! 


INDEX. 


399 


rA(.K. 

Glemr County— Brick   Clay 248 

Chrome    2(iS,  3G2 

Granite    28 

IMansanese    3(5.8 

Marble     99 

Sandstone    126 

Slate    152 

Soapstone    351 

Godfrey    talc   deposit 353 

Golden  Gate  Sandstone  Brick  Co.    1G(>,  107 

Goldman   clay    deposit 217 

Goodrich  sandstone  quarry.  .133, 134,  135 

Graham   tungsten   mine 855 

Granite  Rock  Co 320 

Granite.  Description  of 23 

Dressing    24 

Outcrops,   map  of 27 

Production    in    California 24 

Production  in  United  States 26 

Quarries    in    California 14,  24,  26 

Butte    County 26 

Calaveras   County 364 

Fresno  County 26 

Glenn    County 28 

Humboldt  County 364 

Inyo    County 364 

Los  Angeles  County 28,  364 

ISIadera    County ....  .28,  29-32,  364,  376 

Marin   County 364 

Mariposa    County 364 

Nevada  County 34,  .364 

Placer    County 34-40,  364,  376 

Riverside    County 40-47 

Sacramento    County 47,  48,  364 

San  Bernardino   County  .  . .  .48-53,364 
San  Diego  County .  .52.  53,  56,  364,  376 

San  Mateo  County 364 

Santa  Clara  County 376 

Shasta    County 53 

Sierra   County 54 

Siskiyou   County 54 

Sonoma    County 376 

Trinity    County 54 

Tulare    County .•")4,  55,  56,  364 

Tuolumne  County 56,  364 

Yuba  County 56 

Granodiorite     363 

Grant   Bros,    brickyard 256 

Graphite.   Fresno  County 2S0,  363 

Ihuuboldt  County 363 

Los  Angeles  County 280.  363 

^ladera  County 280 

Mendocino    County 364 

Riverside    County 364 

San    Bernardino   County 2S().  .•!64 

Siskiyou   County 280 

Sonoma  County 281,  364 


P.\GE. 

(Jraphite,    Tehama    County 364 

Tulare  County 364 

Tuolumne    County 281 

Gray    Bros.'    quarry :',20,  321 

Gray  Eagle  talc  claims 350 

Graystone   sandstone   quarry.  .133. 134. 

135,  138 

Graystone   sandstone    tests 138 

Greenhorn    lime   quarry 93 

Green  Mt.  quartz  crystals 349 

Griffith   granite  quarries 35,  36 

Griffith  &  Stubenrauch  lithia  deposit  376 

Guadalupe  tungsten  mine 355 

Gypsum    281-288 

Distribution    of 283 

Plaster    from 282 

Uses   of 282 

Butte    County 283 

Contra  Costa  County ."iJM 

Fresno    County 284 

Inyo    County 364 

Kern   County 284 

Lassen.  County 364 

Los  Angeles  County.  .284,  285.  286,  364 

Orange   County 286,  370 

Riverside    County 280,  364 

San   Benito   County 286,  287 

San   Bernardino   County 287,364 

San  Diego  County 364 

San  Luis  Obispo  County 288 

Santa  Barbara  County 288,  364 

Tulare    County 288.  364 

Ventura   County 288,  364 

Hailstone  chrome  mine 375 

Hall  granite  quarry 30 

Hammer  clay  pits 209 

Hamilton   brickyard 257 

Hancock  brickyard 252 

Hanford   Brick    Co 374 

Harbour  &  Peterson  brickyard 254 

Happy  Jack  and  Ocher  mineral  paint  377 

Harkinson  lime  deposit 67 

Harlan  lime  deposit 70 

Harrington  clay  pits 222,  223 

Hatch  chrome  mine 375 

Hayes   granite   quarry .'>70 

Healdsburg  Brick  Co 258 

Ilealdsburg    Marble    Co 258 

Healdsburg  Paint  Co 28L  340 

Helman  graphite  deposit 280 

Henderson  chrome  mine 375 

Henderson    sandstone   quarry 375 

Hendricks    manganese   mine 336 

Heriart   lithia  mine 310 

ITerlcwood   ii'on   deposit 304 

Ilerringtou    (luarry 

Hertzig  marble  quarry 


320 

9n 


400 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Hilton  biickyard 258 

Hodge  clay   pits 375 

Hooy  lime  qnarry 79 

Hoffman    quarry 318 

Hogan  sandstone  quarry 378 

Hogue  &  Phillips  asbestos  claim...   2G2 

Holcomb    Valley    marble 105 

Holland  Sandstone  Brick  Co 166 

Holmes   Lime   Co 67,  68, 

7i,  85,  89,  101,  377 

Holt  &  Gregg  brickyard 230,  257 

Home   Teaming   Co.   quarry 317 

Hotaling   iron   mines 298 

Hovey   clay   deposit 230 

Howell   Mountain   tuff  quarry 156 

Hubbard  brickyard 250 

Hubbard  &  Chamberlain  brickyard.   244 

Hugent    paving-block    quarry 344 

Humboldt  County— Brick  Clays 374 

Cement    361 

Clay  361 

Granite    364 

Graphite    363 

Iron 365 

Lime    366 

Marble 367 

Mineral   Paint 369 

Platinum     346,  347,  348,  369 

Sandstone   370 

Tungsten     372 

Hunt  soapstone  claim 352 

Hutchinson  paving-block  quarry....    344 

Illustrations,   List  of 9-12 

Independent   Brick   Co 244 

Infusorial  Earth,  Analyses  of 289 

Production    of 290 

Calaveras   County 363 

Contra    Costa   County 363 

Inyo    County 363 

Kern  County 363 

Lake   County 363 

Los  Angeles  County 291,  363 

Monterey    County 292,  363 

Napa  County 363 

Orange    County 292 

San   Benito   County 292,  363  ', 

San   Bernardino   County 293 

San  Diego  County 363 

San  Mateo  County 363 

San   Joaquin   County 363 

San   Luis  Obispo  County 293,  363 

Santa  Barbara  County 293-296,  3(>3 

Santa    Clara   County 36;! 

Shasta    County 296 

Siskiyou    County 363  | 

Sonoma    County 3(!:? 

Tehama     County 296 

Tulare   County 376 


Pace. 

Indian    Springs    iron 298 

Introductory     13 

Inyo   County — Asbestos 360 

Antimony    359 

Barytes    360 

Clay     361 

Infusorial    Earth 363 

Granite    364 

Gypsum   364 

Iron   365 

Jasper    365 

Marble     99,  100,  367 

Mica     367 

Quartz    Crystals 370 

Soapstone    371 

Sulphur     372 

Tuff    154 

Zinc      373 

Iron,   Amador   County 364 

Butte    County 297,  364 

Calaveras  County 297,  364 

Colusa    County 364 

Del   Norte   County 365 

El  Dorado  County 297,  365 

Fresno    County 365 

Humboldt  County 365 

Inyo    County 365 

Kern   County 365 

Lake    County 365 

Lassen    County 365 

Los    Angeles    County 297,  298,  365 

Madera  County 298,  365 

Mariposa    County 365 

Napa  County 365 

Nevada  County 298,  365 

Placer  County 298,  299,  365 

Plumas   County 299 

San    Benito   County 299,  365 

San   Bernardino  County .  .299,  300,  365 

San  Diego  County 300 

San   Luis   Obispo   County 301,  365 

Shasta    County.  .301.  302,  303,  304,  365 

Sierra  County 304.  365 

Siskiyou    County 304 

Sonoma    County 304,  365 

Tehama  County 3(t4.  365 

Trinity    County 305 

Tulare    County 365 

Yolo    County 365 

Yuba  County 365 

Iron    Age   mine 299 

Iron  Mark  iron  mine 298 

Iron  Mountain   iron  mine 299 

Irvine  gypsum  deposit 376 

I    X    L    lime   quarry 86,  87 

.lames    marble    deposit 108 

Jameson    lime   q»mrry 70-71 


INDEX. 


-101 


I'ACK. 

Jasper — Calaveras    County 305 

Fresno    County 305  i 

Inyo    County 305 

Lassen    County 300 

Los  Angeles  County 305 

Marin    County :\C,(] 

Mariposa    County ;:00 

Monterey    County 300 

Nevada   County 300  ' 

Placer  County 300  | 

Plumas  County 300  | 

San  Benito  County 300  ' 

San  Francisco  County 300 

San  Luis  Obispo  County 300 

Shasta     County ."JtUi 

Siskiyou   County 3(j0 

Trinity    County 300 

Jayue's  soapstone  deposit 353 

Jensen's    brickyard 244 

Jochuch     brickyard 259 

Johuson-Splivalo  macadam  quarry.  .   323 

Johnston-Hadley  asbestos  mine .374 

Jones   macadam   quarry 323 

Joslin's  glass  sand  deposit 277 

Jursch  tufif  quarry 150 

Kaolin.      (See  Clays.) 

Kelch's   brickyard 250 

Ken  tuck  zinc  mine 35.5,  350 

Kern    County — Antimony 3.50 

Brick  Clay 374 

Cement    301 

Clay   212.213,301 

Fuller's    Earth 273,  274 

Gypsum     284 

Infusorial   Earth ::03 

Iron   305 

Lime     00.  70,  71.  72.  3(>0.  370 

Marble 00,307 

Onyx    ^09 

Sandstone    128,  370 

Sulphur  372 

Syenite    372 

Tunssten     3.55.  ."i72.  .■)78 

Kern  County  Land  Co.,  antimony.  .  .   374 

Kern  County   Brick   Co 374 

Kern   Development   Syndicate,   sand- 
stone     127,  128 

Kesseler  ony.x   deposit Ill,  112 

King   magnesite   claims 327 

King  &  Enos  clay  pit 210 

Kings    Count.v — Brick   Clay 24:'.,  .••.74 

Fuller's  Earth :!75 

Kingston    Mt.    iron 3,00 

Kingston    sandstone   deposit 141 

Koar's  brickyard 374 

K.  &  K.  Brick  Co 244 

La    Bolsa    Tile    Co 251 .  2.52 

26— BUL.  38 


Pai.k. 

Lake    County — Barytes 3(50 

Cement    301 

( "lay   301 

Chrome    302 

Granodiorite   .303 

Infusorial   Earth .••,03 

Iron    305 

Magnesite    307 

^lauganeso    308 

Onyx    .300 

Serpentine     371 

Sulphur    .372 

Lambert   &    Seam's   pottery 210 

Lambert   limestone   deposit 00 

Lambson   &   IIa.ss's  zinc  mine ."..50 

Lane  Ranch  slate 149 

Lassen    County — Gypsum .304 

Iron   305 

Jasper    300 

Sulphur   ."'.72 

Last  Chance  clay   mint' 218 

Late  ocher  mine 338 

Late  sandstone  quarry 117,  118 

Lately  Street  quarry 321 

Lauterman  macadam  quarry .377 

Lavariguo    lime    quarry 70 

Leahy  &  Turner's  granite  quarry...      51 

Lemon  Cove  lime  quni-ry 94,  95 

Leutill  brickyard 374 

Leona  Heights  macadam  quarry ....   313 

Pyrites     ;!49 

Leonard   infusorial    earth    deposit...   292 
Lepidolite.     (See  LixniA.) 

Letter    of    Transmittal 5,  0 

Lewis    brickyard 2.53 

Lewis  &  Riggio's  quan\ .■)21 

Lichau  paving-block  quarry 344 

Lime   and   Limestone 01.  02,  iui 

Limestone,  where  quarried 14 

Lime,  Burning •!2 

Kilns,     classes O.". 

Uses   of i'«4 

Alameda   County '. 04 

Alpine  County MOf! 

Amador    County 04.  0.5 

Butte    County <'>5,  300.  .■570, 

Calaveras  County t;.",    0<i,  .".00 

Colusa     County 'Ki 

Contra  Costa  County 00,  07 

El    Dorado    County 07,  (5S 

Fresno    County <>-S 

Humboldt  County 306 

Kern  County.  . .  .00.  7<>.  71.  72.  .".00.  370 

Los  .Vngeles  Count.\ 370 

Madera  County •",(•>(; 

Mono  County .".70 

Monterey    County 72,  73,  .".<'.<; 


402 


INDEX. 


Taoe. 

Lime,  Nevada  County 78 

Orange    County 73,  74 

Placer  County 74,  3GG 

riumas   County 75 

Riverside    County 75,  76 

San  Benito   County 70,  3UG 

San  Bernardino  Co.  .77,  78,  79,  3G6,  376 

San  Diego  County 300 

San   Joaquin   County 79  i 

San  Luis  Obispo  County.  .  .79,  80,366 
Santa  Barbara   County.  .80,  81,  82,  306 

Santa   Clara   County 82,83,300 

Santa   Cruz   County 83-88,  300,  370 

Shasta  County 88-91,  300  ] 

Sierra   County 92 

Siskiyou   County 92,  93,  306 

Sonoma    County 93,  94,  300 

Trinity   County 94 

Tulare    County 95,  90,  300 

Tuolumne    County 95 

Linscott    tuff    quarry 150  i 

Lincoln  glass  sand  deposit 278 

Lina    lime    deposit 80 

Lithia     300-311 

Analyses    of 308 

Minerals    300,  307 

San  Diego  County 308,  300,  370 

Louia   Blanca   lime  deposit 80 

Lompoc    lime   deposit 81 

Lone  Pine  Cafion  marble 105 

Loomis    granite 37 

Lord's  clay   pit 223 

T.,ord's    gypsum    deposit 286 

Lord's  paint  mine 339 

Lordsburg  Brick  and  Construct'u  Co.  244 

Ijorraine    Manganese    Co 377 

Los  Angeles  Brick  Co 244,  245,  246 

Los  Angeles  County — Antimony  ....   359 

Barytes   300  j 

P.rick    Clay 213-248.  374 

Cement    178,  301 

Clay     213,301  ' 

(Jlass  Sand 277,  278,  303 

Cranite    28,304 

Graphite    280,  303 

Oyijsum     284,  285,  280,  304 

Infusorial    Larlh 291.  292,  303 

Iron   297,  298.  305 

.Tasp.M-    305 

Lime    370 

Macadam     317,  .".18,  377 

.Mangani'sc    308 

Marble 307 

Mica    307 

Mineral   Paint 338 

Onyx    .'!()9 

Sand  and  T^ime  Brick 108 


Pac;e. 
Los   Angeles   County — Serpentine...    147 

Sandstone   128,  130.  131,  370,  :!78 

Soapstone    351,  371 

Trachyte     154,  155 

Tungsten 372 

Zinc   373 

Los    Angeles    County    Pressed    P.rick 

Company .  .  214,  223,  240,  247,  248,  359 
j  Los  Angeles   County   Stoneware   and 

I  Sewer  Pipe  Co 214,  215.  374 

Los   Angeles  Fire-Proof  Cement  Co.   178 

Los  Angeles  Pottery  Co 212,  213,  214 

Los  Berros  Stone  Co 159,  .".78 

Los  Gatos   lime  quarry 82,  83 

Los  Vergeles  lime  deposit 73,  70 

Lounibos  trachyte  quarry 102,  103 

Loyne's    brickyard 248 

Lynch    paving-block    quarry 344 

Macadam,  Concrete  and  Rubble.  .311-327 

Alameda    County 311-315,  377 

Colusa    County 310 

Contra    Costa    County 310,  317 

Los  Angeles  County 317,  318,  377 

Madera  County 377 

Marin    County 318,  319 

Napa    County 320 

Placer  County    377 

Riverside    County 320.  377 

Sacramento    County 320 

San   Benito   County 320 

San  Francisco  Co 320.  321.  .322.  377 

San   Joaquin   County 322 

San   Luis   Obispo   County 322 

San  Mateo  County .322,  323 

Santa  Clara  County 323,  324 

Santa  Cruz  County .324,  .377 

Shasta    County 324 

Solano    County .325.  320.  377 

Sonoma  County 320,  327 

Ventura     County 327 

Madera    County — Asbestos 300 

Brick    Clay 297 

Grnnilc    28,  30,  31,  32.  304,  ,370 

Iron    298.305 

Lime    '.  .   306 

Macadam     377 

Manganese    368 

Tungsten     372 

Zinc   37.". 

Madera  maguesile  deposit 333 

Magne-Silica  Infusorial  Earth  Co...   296 

Magnesia  Asbestos  Sui)i)ly  Co .374 

Magnesite,  Alameda  County .327 

Fresno    County 328 

Mendocino    County 328 

Lake   County 307 

Napa  County .328,  329,  330,  367 


INDEX. 


403 


Page. 

Masuesito,    Placer    County 330 

San  Diego  County 3G7 

San  Luis  Obispo  Count.v ■>G~ 

Santa  Barbara  County ;!07 

Santa    Clara    County 330,  331.  :!(i7 

Sonoma  County 331.  332,  333 

Stanislaus    County 333 

Tehama    County 333 

Tulare    County 333,  334 

Malonej-    quarry 321 

Manganese,  Alameda  County.  . .  .335,  .367 

Calaveras  County 368 

Colusa    County 335 

Dei   Norte   County 3()8 

El   Dorado  County 368 

Glenn    County 368 

Lake   County 368 

Los  Angeles  County 368 

Madera  County 368 

Marin   County 368 

^lariposa    County 368 

Mendocino    County 368 

Merced    County 335 

Monterey    County 368 

Napa    County 368 

Nevada  County 368 

Placer    County 336,  368 

Plumas  County 368,  377 

Riverside    County 336,  368 

San   Benito   County 336,  368 

San   Bernardino   County 3.36.  368 

San  Diego  County 368 

San  Francisco  County 368 

San  .Joaquin  County 368,  377 

San  Mateo  County 368 

San  Luis  Obispo  County .336.  .368 

Santa  Barbara  County 368 

Santa   Clara   County 336,  337,  368 

Siskiyou   County 368 

Sonoma    County 337,  368 

Stanislaus    County 368 

Tulare    County 368 

Tuolumne  County 368 

Manzanita  limestone  deposit 66 

Marble    95-110 

Artificial    107 

Durst    quarry 103 

Product   of   California 96 

References    to    California 96 

Where    quarried 15 

Amador    County 96,  97.  366 

Butte    County 08.  366 

Calaveras  County 98.  99.  .367 

Colusa    County .367 

El  Dorado  County 367 

Glenn    County 99 

Humboldt   County 367 


Page. 

Marble,  Inyo  County UU.  100,  .367 

Kern  County 100,  3.67 

Los    Angeles    County 367 

Mariposa    County 367 

Mono   County 367 

Nevada    County 100,  367 

Placer  County 101,  367 

Plumas    County 101 

P.iverside    County 102,  367 

San  Bernardino  Co. .  .102-106,  367.  377 

San  Diego   County 107 

Santa   Clara   County -■'67 

Shasta    County 107 

Siskiyou   County 107.  lOS.  367 

Solano    County 108 

Tulare   County 108,  367 

Tuolumne  County 108,  109,  110,  367 

Yuba    County 110 

Marble  Creek  marble  quarry 98 

Marble    Mountain 107-109 

Marin   County— Brick   Clay 249,  250 

Chrome    362 

Clay     361 

Granite    364 

Jasper    366 

:\Iacadam     318,  319 

Manganese    368 

Sandstone    370 

Trachyte   372 

Marin  County  Quarry 319 

Mariposa  County — Asbestos 360 

Granite    364 

Iron   365 

•Jasper    366 

Manganese    368 

Marble     100,367 

Quartz    Crystals 370 

Slate    152,153,371 

Soapstone    371 

Syenite    372 

Tungsten     372 

Markwood   lime  quarry 65 

Martin   soapstone    claim 351 

Martinez  sandstone  quarry 1 26 

Masterson  Bros.'  granite  quarry.  ...     53 

Maxwell    Canon   sandstone 131 

McAninch    marble   quarry 32 

McCloud   River   iron   deposit 301.302 

McDaniels's   marble   deposit 107 

McDonald's    brickyard ., 259 

McDonald's    paving-block    quarry...   344 

McGilvray    Stone   Co 124,125. 

133-136,  316 

McKinnon   pyrites    mine 378 

McKnight  clay   pit 224 

•McXaniara    lime    quarry 65 

McNear    brickyard 249 


404 


INDEX. 


1»A(;k. 

McXcai-    quarry 326,  327 

McVicker    clay    pits 223 

Meachaiu  quarry 327 

Mondocino    County--r?ri«k 37") 

Chrome    208,362 

Clay     361 

Graphite    280,  304 

Masnosite    328 

Manganese    •>C8 

Onyx    ]  14.  300 

riatinum     347,348 

Serpentine    371 

Montono  Sandstone  Co 132 

!Metonc  i)aving-bloik  quarry 344 

Merced   County — Brick   Clay 250 

Clay    217 

Manganese    335 

Sandstone    131 

Mercer's    Cave    lime 65 

^Merchant   manganese   mine 335 

Meyer's  granite  quarry 42,  47 

Mica,    Butte    County 337 

El  Dorado  County 307 

Inyo    County 367 

Los  Angeles  County 367 

Kiverside    County 367 

San  Diego  County 367 

Siskiyou  County 367 

Ventura    County :'.37,  .".38.  367 

Milani    paving-block   quarry 344 

]\Iills  College  macadam  quarry.  .  .313,314 

Miller  lime  quarry 377 

^Minaret    iron   mines 298 

Mineral   Paint — Alameda   County...   ;!08 

Alpine    County .308 

Butte    County .338,  377 

Calaveras    County 338.  309,  377 

El  Dorado  County 309 

Humboldt    County 309 

Los  Angeles  County 338 

Napa   County 339,  377 

Nevada    County 339 

Placer  County 309 

Riverside    County 339 

San   Bernardino   County .".09 

Santa  .  Barbara  County 309 

Santa   Clara   County 300 

Siskiyou   County :\40.  .'iOO 

Sonoma   County 340.  .">09 

Stanislaus    County 841,  342,  369 

Trinity    County 342 

Ventura    County 3(50 

Yuba    County 342 

Mission    Canon   sandstone 133 

Afission    District   macadam   quarry.  .    314 

Modoc  County — Clay .".Ol 

>Foffitt   tuff  qimrry 150 


Page. 

Mojave  Antimony  Co 374 

.Mojave  ("ons.  Dev.  Co.,  marble 105 

S.Mpenline     147,  148 

.Mono    County — Barytes ;;00 

Basalt      .300 

Clay     361 

Granodiorite     .">03 

Lime    .",70 

Marble     367 

Onyx    114,  367 

Quartz    Crj'stals 370 

Tuff     .372 

Zinc     373 

Mono    lime   quarry .■>70 

^lonterey  Brick  and  Stone  Co 169 

Monterey    County — Antimony .359 

Brick    Clay 2.50 

Clay     3(;i 

Glass     Sand 278 

Infusorial    Earth 202,  303 

.Jasper      366 


Lime 


}.  366 


Manganese    368 

Sandstone    131 

Sand  and   Lime  Brick 160.  170 

Serpentine     ."',71 

INIonterey    Lime   Co 72.  73 

Moore  lime  deposit 80 

Moore    tuff   quarry 100 

Moore  sandstone  quarry .■'.78 

Mooretown    marble 98 

^Morgan    graphite    mine 281 

Morgan    lime    deposit 80 

Morrison  granite  quarry 84 

IMorrison   ii'on    deposit 297 

Morro   Rock   quarry 161 

^Nloulton's   Ranch   lime 74 

Mount  Diablo  Pottery  Co.  clay 212 

Mount    Raymond    iron    mines 298 

^Mountain  Copper  Co.'s  ityriles ."'.77 

Mountain    Summit   Lime   Co 70,71 

Murphy  &;  Bailey  clay  ])its .".7.5 

.Muscapabia  L.  &  W.  Co.  marble....    105 

Napa    County — Antimony .359 

Basalt    158 

Cement     178-182 

Chrome    302 


Clay     .301 

Infusorial    Earth 303 

Iron    ."65 

Macadam 320 

.Magnesite      328,  .329,  330.  .367 

Manganese    368 

Mineral    Paint 339.  .377 

( )nyx    369 

Paving  Blocks 342 

Pyrites     370 


INDEX. 


405 


Page.  | 
Napa    County — Quartz    Crystals.  .  .  .   .'570 

Sandstone      i:U.  132,  'Ml 

Soapstoue      oTl 

Trachyte     155.  15(;.  157,  H72 

Tuff      155.  1.5(k  1.58.  :i72 

Nash's    iron    deposit 297 

National   Paint  and  Color  Co 337 

Nevada    County— Basalt 3G0 

Brick    Clay 250,  251 

Clay     217.218,361 

Granite    34,364  I 

Iron      208,  365  | 

Jasper    366 

Lime     73  ' 

:\Iarble     100.367 

^langanese    3(!8 

Mineral    Paint 339 

Platinum     :!48  | 

Pyrites     370.  378  j 

Newark  Road  macadam  quarry 314 

Newman  Trachyte  Co.  quarry 157 

Newsom  lime  deposit 80  ! 

Nickerson  Ranch  iron 298 

Niter.      (See  Letter  of  Transmit-  I 

TAL,    5. 1  I 

Noble   iron  deposit 304 

Norris    paving-block    quarry 344  ! 

Northern  California  luv.  Co.   iron.  .   304  ' 

Norton's  asbestos  mine 374 

Novelty    Pottery    Co 204 

Oakland  Art  Pottery 204 

Occidental  paint  mine 340 

Ocean  View  quarry 321 

O'Connor  Bros,  brickyard 259 

Olahan's     brickyard 255 

Oleta  marble  quarry 97 

O'Leary  tuff  deposit 265 

O'Neall  .sandstone  quarry 117 

O'Neil   Granite  Works 37r> 

Onyx  Marble.  Colusa  County 360 

Kern    County 360 

Lake   County 369 

Los    Angeles    County 360 

Mendocino    County 114,  360 

Mono   County 114,  369 

Napa    County 369  ! 

Orange   County 369 

Placer    County 369 

Riverside    County 369 

San   Bernardino   County 369 

San  Diego  County 369 

San  Luis  Obispo  County.  .111.  112.  369 

Santa   Clara   County :!69 

Siskiyou    County 112, 113,  369 

Solano   County 114.  :!69 

Sonoma    County 114,  3(>9 

Tehama    County 369 


Page. 

Onyx   Marble,   Tulare   County 369 

Opiiir    Hardware    Brick    Co 251,252 

Orange    County — Barytes 3(50 

Clay     218 

Cement 182 

Glass    Sand 278 

Gypsum     286.376 

Infusorial    Earth 202 

Lime     73,  74 

Onyx    3<)0 

Sandstone    132 

nic    >< •  > 

Orange  County  Tile  Works 2.52 

Ornamental  Stone  and  Brick  Co.  168,  169 
Ornamental  Stones,     (.s'ce  Lettkr  of 
Transmittal,  5.) 

Oro  Fino  lime  quarry 93 

Oro  Grande  granite  quarries 48,  49 

Lime    quarries 77.  78.  79 

Oroville    clay 211 

Otis   marble   deposit 106 

Pacific  Clay  Mfg.  Co 223,  224 

Pacific  Improvement  Co.  glass  sand.  .278 
Pacific  Land  and  Inv.  Co.  macadam  314 

Pacific  Lime  and  Plaster  Co 74 

Pacific  Portland   Cement  Co 107, 

185-189,  377 

Pacific   Sandstone   Brick   Co 169 

Pacific   Stone   Co 167 

Pacific  Window  Glass   Co 279 

Paicines    sandstone   quarry 132 

Paint  Mine  and  :Milling  Co 339 

Pala  lepidolite   309 

Papoose  tungsten   deposit 355 

Parker's    marble    deposit 107 

Park's    clay   deposit 224 

Parson  macadam  plant 317 

Patent   Brick   Co 250 

Paving  Blocks.     (See  Granite  and.") 

Xapa   County 342 

Riverside    County 342.  377 

San   Bernardino   County 342 

Solano  County 342 

Sonoma    County 343.  344,  345.  377 

Peerless  granite  quarry 47 

Penn  Chemical  Works — Clay 211 

Mineral   Paint 377 

Penrose   manganese   mine 377 

Penru   granite   quarries 40,  377 

IVntz  marble  quarry 98 

People's  Lumber  Co.  bricks 259 

Perfunio's    iron    deposit 301 

I'erris  clay  deposit 224 

Petroleum.     (See  Letter  of  Trans- 
mittal, 5.) 

Phelan  sandstone  quarry 132 

Phoenix  Lake  granite 56 


40(5 


INDEX. 


Page. 

I'irkt'H  U-iU'liyto  quarry 157 

Pu'keriiig's    brickyard 250 

PicM-co'ti     brickyard 250 

Piedmont  Paving  Co.  macadaiii.  .."JM.  .">15 

Pinelli   i)avins-block   qnarry .    '.>~7 

Pinkston    barytes    mine 2G4 

Pipe  and  Tile  AVorks  clay 224 

Pioneer    Brick    Co 259 

Placer  County,  Asbestos 202,  300 

Brick     359 

Chrome      208,  362 

Clay     218,  219,  220,  362 

Glass     Sand 278 

Granite    34-40.  3(;4,  376 

Granodiorite     363 

Iron      298,365 

Jasper    366 

Lime    74,366 

Macadam     .377 

Magnesite    330 

Manganese    336,  368 

^larble     101,367 

Mineral  Paint   369 

Onyx    369 

Platinum     346,  347,  348 

Pyrites    370 

Quartz    Crystals 'M>> 

Khyolite     158 

Rubble     .■!77 

Slate     154 

Soapstone      ."I.'il.  371 

Tuff    1.58 

Platinum — In     black     sand     concen- 
trates      347,348 

Butte    County 346,  347,  348,  369 

Calaveras   County 347,  348 

Del  Norte  County 346,  347,  369 

Humboldt   County  .  .  .346,  347,  348,  369 

:Mendocino    County 347,  348 

Nevada    County 340 

Placer    County 346,  347,  348 

Plumas   County 347.  348 

San   Bernardino   County 348 

San  Luis  Obispo  County 347 

Santa  Barbara   County 347 

Santa  Cruz   County 347 

Shasta    County .■'.47 

Siskiyou    County 346,  347,  :'.4S.  :!69 

Stanislaus    County .346 

Tehama    County 347 

Trinity   Couky .  .346,  347,  348,  349,  369 

Ventura    County 369 

Yuba    County .•'.47 

I'lnza    lime    quarry 65 

Plumas    County — Chrome .■'>(>2 

Iron      299 

.iMspcr    366 


Page. 

I'liimas    County — I^ime 75 

Marble     101 

Manganese    368,  377 

Platinum     347,348 

(Juartz    Crystals 350.  370 

Plumbago.      (See  Graphitk.  i 

Pomona  Brick  Co 248 

I'omona  Lime  Co 72 

Porcelain  Clay.      (See  Clays.) 

Poi'])liyry.   Where  quarried 15 

I'ort  Costa  bricks 375 

Port  Costa  macadam 317 

Porter  brickyards .374 

Porter   lime   deposit 80 

Portland  Cement.     (See  Cement.) 

Portland   ocher    mine 341 

Priest    magnesite    claim 328 

Purrington    quarry 327 

Putah   sandstone   quarry 145 

I'yrites— Alameda    County 349,  378 

Amador   County 370 

Calaveras  County 370 

Napa    County 370 

Nevada    County 370,  378 

Placer    County .•'.70 

San  Luis  Obispo  County 370 

Shasta    County 370,  378 

Siskiyou   County 370 

Sonoma   County 370 

Trinity    County 370 

Tuolumne    County 370 

(.Quarry   drainage 22 

(Quarry  site,  selecting 22 

(Quarry     waste 22 

Quartz    Crystals — Amador   County.  .    .''.70 

P.utte  County 370 

Calaveras    County 349,  370 

El  Dorado  County 850,  370 

Inyo    County 370 

Mariposa    County 370 

Mono   County 370 

Napa    County 370 

Placer    County 378 

Plumas    County 350,  370 

Sacramento    County 370 

Sierra    County 370 

Tuolumne    County 370 

Tulare   County 370 

Quartz  for  glass  sand.     (See  Glass 

Sand.) 
Quicksilver.     (See  Letter  of  Trans- 
mittal, 5.) 

(iuigley  lime  quarry 93 

(}uilly  iron  mine 2'.>9 

(^)uiml)y   <fc   Harrelson  quarry .".21 

Quinn's  granite  quarry 42,  47 

Knnsome  Construction  Co 315 


INDEX. 


407 


Page. 

Raymond    granite    quarry 28-32,  877 

Ray  &  Tyrrell  infusorial  oarlh  deposit  2'.)6 

Red  Rock  macadam  quarry o77 

Reed  fuller's  earth  deposit 27S 

Reliance  iron  mine 297 

Remillard   Brick   Co 242.  2r,0.  87.") 

Rempel    iron    deposit 297 

Resting  Springs  iron  mine MOO 

Rewert   infusorial   earth   deposit....   292 

lihyolite,  Calaveras  County 870 

Placer    County I-jS 

San  Bernardino   County 870 

San  Luis  Obispo   County l."!)S 

Sutter  County 1G4 

Rice  tuff  quarry 1G4 

Rich  Flat  clay  deposit 220,  221 

Riverside   County,   Asbestos 263 

Bauxite     3G1 

Brick    Clay 2.52.  2.58,  375 

Cement    361 

Clay     221.  222,  22.3.  .375 

(ilass   Sand 363,  375 

Granite     40,  47 

Graphite    364 

Gypsum     286,  364 

Lime    75,  76 

Macadam     320,  377 

Manganese    336,  368 

-Alarble     102,  367 

Mica     367 

Mineral   Paint    339 

Gnyx    869 

Paving    Blocks 842,  377 

Soapstone    351 

Richmond   Brick   Co 242 

Roberts  Island  Brick  Co 254 

Roberts  granite  quarry 'MQ 

Roberts   paving-block   quarry 345 

Rock  Mine  granite  quarry 47 

Rockingham    ware 200 

Rocklin   Granite   Co .8(i-40 

Rocklin   granite   quarries 86-40 

Rose  Canon  Brick  Co 254 

Rose  Firebrick  Co 204 

Rose  tuff  quarry 157 

Roseville  glass  sand  deposits 278 

Rubble.      (See  Macadam,  i 

Where  quarried 15 

Rubidoux  Hill  granite 47 

Russell  magnesite  mine 836 

Ru-ssell   sandstone  quarry 140 

Russell   talc  deposit .852 

Sacramento   County — Brick   (^lay .  .  .   253 

Clay     225.362 

Granite    47.  48.  364 

Granodiorite     868 

Macadam     .820 


I  Pack. 

I  Sacramento  County — Quartz  Crystals  870 

Sacramento      Transportation       Co.'s 

brickyard     253 

Salines.     (See  Letter  of  Transmit- 
tal, 5.) 

Salmina    tuff    quarry 157 

Salsipuedes    Ranch    infusorial    earth 

deposit     296 

;  Sampson  Flat  lime 68 

San  Benito  County — Asbestos 860 

Cement    184 

Chrome    269,  362 

Clay     226 

Infusorial    Earth 292,  363 

Iron     299,  365 

Jasper    366 

Lime    76,  366 

Manganese    8.36,  368 

Sandstone 132 

San   Bernardino   County — Antimony   259 

Asbestos    263,  860 

Barytes     264,  360 

Basalt    360 

Brick  Clay 253,  254 

Cement    188,  184,  361 

[      Clay     220,227,362 

Fuller's    Earth 275,  363 

Glass   Sand 363 

Granite    48-53,  364 

Graphite      280,364 

Gypsum     286,  287,  364 

Infusorial   Earth 292 

Iron     299.  800,  365 

Lime    76.  77,  78.  79,  366,  376 

Macadam     320,  321 

Manganese    336,  368 

Marble      102-106,  367,  377 

Mineral   Paint 369 

Onyx    869 

Paving   Blocks 342 

Platinum     848 

Rhyolite    370 

Sandstone    132 

Trachyte     372 

Tungsten     .8.55,  372 

Zinc     373 

San  Bruno  macadam  quarry 323 

San  Diego  County — Asbestos.  . .  .2t)8,  860 

Brick     Clay 254.  375 

Cement     184 

Clay     227,362 

Granite    52,  33,  56,  364,  876 

Gypsum     864 

Infusorial    Earth ,868 

Iron    300 

liime    866 

Lithia    :'.08,  800,  376 


408 


INDEX. 


Pace. 

San   Diego   County — Magnesite 307 

Maniianosp    368 

Miul)lo     100,307 

Mica     3(>7 


Pace. 
San  Joaqnin  County — Macadam.. "ili^.  377 

Manganese    3t;s.  .•!77 

San  JcsL'  Brick  Co :!7."i 

San  Jose  Cement  P.lock  Co 170 


Oiivx    3(1!)    San  Leandro  macadam  quarry 


315 


St>ai)sii)ii('      371 

Tungsten     '•''- 

San  Diego   Desert  Marble  Co 107 

Sand  Flat  sandstone  quarry 138 

Sandstone    114-146 

Product   of   California 116 

Alameda   County IKL  117.  :'.70 

Amador   County 117.  370 

Calaveras   County 117,  119 

Colusa  County 118-124,  370 

Contra  Costa  County 126.  370 

Fresno    County 370 

Glenn    County 1-7 

Humboldt   County 370 

Kern    County 12S.  370 

Los   Angeles    County 128,370.378 

Marin  County 370 

IMerced    County 131 

Monterey    County 131 

Napa    County 131.  132,  371 

Orange    County 132 

San   Benito   County 132 

San  Bernardino  County 132 

San   Francisco   County 371 

San    jMateo    County 371 

San   Luis  Obispo   County 371.  3,78 

Santa   Barbara   Co..  .183,  134.  371.  3.78 

Santa   Clara  County 133-138,371 

Santa   Cruz  County 371 

Shasta    County 138.  130,  371 

Siskiyou   County 130.  140.  371 

Solano    County 141,  371 

Sonoma     County 141 

Stanislaus    County 141 

Ventura    County.  142.  143.  144.  145.  371 

Yolo    County 145.  146.  371 

San  Francisco  County — Brick  Clay.  .   254 

Jasper      36() 

Macadam     320,  321 

Manganese    368 

Sandstone      371 

Serpentine     372 

San     Franci.sco     Bay     Improvcuicnt 

Co.'s  quarry 310 

San  Francisco  Construction  Co 321 

San  Franci.sco  and  San  Joaquin  Coal 

Co 204,  205.  276 

San  Joaquin  County — Brick  Clay  254,  255 

Clay     22V,  228 

Class     Sand 270 

Infusorial    Fartli 363 

Lime     70 


San  Luis  Obispo  County — Antiniony  359 

Brick    Clay 255 

Calcareous    Tufa 158 

Chrome    260.  270.  362 

Clay     362 

Glass     Sand 279 

Gypsum     288 

Infusorial    Earth 293.  363 

Iron     .301,365 

.Jasper    366 

Lime    70,80,366 

Macadam     322 

Magnesite    367 

Manganese    336.  368 

Onyx    in.  112.360 

Platinum     •">47 

Pyrites     •'>7<* 

Uhyolite     158 

Sandstone     ^mI,  378 

Serpentine    3,72 

Trachyte    372 

Tuff     158,  159.  160,  161 

►San  Mateo  County — Brick  Clay.  .255,  256 

Clay     227,  228,  229 

Granite    3()4 

Infusorial    Earth 3ti3, 

Macadam     323 

^langanese    3(58 

Sandstone    3,71 

Syenite    372 

Zinc    373 

San    Pedi'O    breakwater 317 

San    I'edro    lithia    mine .■'■lO 

Santa  Ana  brickyard 252 

Santa   Barbara    County — Barytes...    .36(1 

Basalt    360 

Brick    Clay 2.5(; 

liuihliug    Blocks 170 

Cement    361 

Clay     362 

Infu.sorial    Earth 293,  294,  295 

Gypsum     288,364 

Lime    80.  81.  82.  :566 

Magnesite    •"•<>7 

Manganese     368 

:Minera!    Paint 360 

Platinum     3,47 

Sandstone     133,  391.  3,78 

Serpentine    •'72 

Santa   ('lara  County — Antimony....    .3.5'.> 

Brick    (May 350.  375 

Building    Blocks HO' 


INDEX. 


409 


Page. 

Sauta  Clara  County — Cement 361 

Chrome    362 

Granite   376 

Granodiorite     363 

Infusorial    Earth 363 

Lime    82,  88,  366,  376 

Macadam 323 

:SIagnesite      330,  331,  367 

Manganese    336,  368 

Marble    367 

Mineral   Paint 369 

Onyx    369 

Sandstone     123,  137,  371 

Soapstone    371 

Santa  Clara  County  Lime  Co 88 

Santa  Cruz  County — Cement ....  184,  361 

Clay     375 

Lime    88.366 

Macadam     324;  377 

Platinum     347 

Sandstone   371 

"Santa  Rosa  basalt  quarry 345 

Santa  Rosa  Bank  trachyte  deposit.  .    163 

Santa    Susana    quarry .327 

Santee  granite  quarry 52 

Santiago    sandstone    quarry 132 

Scherer  granite  quarry 51,  377 

Sclierer  lime  quarry 376 

Scherer   marble   quarry 377 

Schocken   paving-block  quarry 345 

Seeger   lime   quarry 376 

Serpentine,  Amador  County 147,  371 

Calaveras  County .".71 

Lake   County .'.71 

Los  Angeles  County 147 

Mendociuo    County 371 

Monterey    County 371 

Placer    County 372 

f>an   Bernardino   County 147.148 

San    Francisco   County 372 

San  Luis  Obispo  County ."'.72 

Santa  Barbara  County 372 

Sierra  County 372 

Siskiyou   County 148 

Sonoma   County :i72 

Tulare  County 372 

Sespe      Cauon       brownstone      sand- 
stone      142-145 

Shady   Run  quartz  crystals 378  1 

Shasta   County — Asbestos 360 

Barytps   360  [ 

Brick    Clay 256.  257 

Chrome    270.  271,  362 

Clay     230.  .362 

Granite     53 

Infusorial    Earth 206,  363 

Iron    .301-304.  365 

27— BUL  38 


Page. 

Shasta  County — Jasper 366 

Lime     88-91,366 

Macadam     324 

Marble     107 

Platinum     347,  348 

Pyrites    370,378 

Sandstone     138,  139,  371 

Soapstone   371,  378 

Tuff    161 

Vesuvianite     162 

Zinc     355.  373 

Shaw   manganese   mine 337 

Siebe's  Cordelia  quarry 326 

Sierra    County— Asbestos 263.  360 

Clay     362 

Chrome    271,  272 

Granite    54 

Iron   304.  365 

Lime     .  . 92 

v^uartz  crystals 370 

Serpentine    .'572 

Soapstone     352 

Sierra  Grande  granite  quarry 47 

Sierra  Granite  Co 377 

Sierra  Iron  Co 304 

Silva   infusorial   earth   deposit 293 

Simons    Brick    Co 248 

Simons-Fout  Brick  Co 254 

Simons-Fout    Macadam    Co 321 

Siskiyou    County— Asbestos 264,  360 

Barytes    360 

Basalt    360 

Brick    Clay 257,  258 

Chrome    272,  363 

Clay     2.30.362 

Granite    54 

Graphite    280 

Infusorial  Earth 363 

Iron    304 

.Tasper   366 

Limestone     139,  140,  366 

Manganese    368 

Marble     106.  107,  367 

Mica    367 

Mineral  Paint 340,  369 

Onyx    112.113,369 

Platinum     346.  347.  348,  369 

Pyrites    370 

Sandstone   139,  140.  371 

Serpentine     148 

Soapstone    352-354.  371 

Tungsten     372 

Skinner    graphite    mine 281 

Skinner  «&  Wordin's  graphite  mine.  .  280 
Sky  Blue  Marble  and  Onyx  Co..  .75,  102 
Slater    macadam    quarry 317 


410 


INDEX. 


Pacje. 

Slato     149-154 

rrodiut   of   California 149 

References    to    California 149 

Where    iiuarried 15 

Auiador    County 149 

El  Dorado  County.  .  .150, 151, 152,  371 

(ilenn    County 152 

Mariposa    County ....  152,  15:?,  154,  371 

Placer  County 154 

Saiith's     JM-irkyard 242,  257 

Smith's   clay    jilts 210 

Smith's   lime  kiln 73 

Snow  Ranch  clay 211 

Snowball   raagnesito  mine 330 

Snowflake     and     Blanco     magnesite 

mine     329 

.'^nider  lime  quarry 376 

Snyder   lime  quarry 76 

Soapstone,  Alameda  County 350 

Amador   County 371 

Butte    County 350,  351,  378 

Calaveras  County 351,  371 

El  Dorado  County 371 

Glenn    County 351 

Inyo    County 371 

Los  Angeles  County 351,  371 

Mariposa    County 371 

Napa    County 371 

Placer    County 352,  371 

Riverside    County 352 

San  Diego  County 371 

Santa  Clara  County 371 

Shasta    County 371,  37S 

Sierra   County 352 

Siskiyou  County 352,  353,  371 

Tehama    Count.v 371 

Trinity   County 353,  371 

Tulare   County 371 

Tuolumne    County 353,  371 

Ventura    County 371 

Yuba  County 353,  371 

Soda.     ((Sec  Lettek  of  Transmittal,  5.) 

Solano  County — Brick  Clay 258,  375 

Cement     185-189,  3G1 

Chrome    363 

lnfn.sorial    Earth 363 

Macadam    325.  326.  377 

Marble   108 

Ony.x    ' 114,369 

Paving     Blocks 342 

Sandstone      141,  .■!71 

Tuff    162 

Sonoma    Brick   Co 2.58 

Sonoma  lime  quarry 93 

Sonoma   Stone  and  Construction  Co.   170 

Sonoma   County^  Basalt 360 

Brick    Clay 25S 


Page. 

Sonoma    County — Clay 362 

Cement    Blocks 170 

Granite    376 

Graphite    280,281 

Infusorial    Earth 363 

Iron     304,  365 

Lime    93 

Macadam     326,  327 

Magnesite     332,  333 

Manganese    337,  368 

Mineral  P.iint 340,  369 

Onyx    114,  369 

Paving    Blocks 343,  344,  345,  377 

Pyrites    370 

Sandstone    141 

Serpentine    372 

Sulphur     372 

Trachyte     162,  372 

Tfifif    162,163,164 

Sotoyome  magnesite  deposit 333 

Southern   California  Brick  Co 249' 

Southern  California  Pottery  Works. 

216.374,375 
Southern  California  Sandstone  Co. .  .  132 
Southern  Pacific  Firebrick   Works.  .   225- 

Southern  Pacific  paint  deposit 342 

Southern     Pacilic   sandstone   quarry, 

131, 140' 

Southwestern  Glass  Mfg.  Co 277,278 

South  Yuba  Marble  Co 100' 

Spence  Mineral   Co. — Paint 339 

Pyrites    378 

Spreckels  Sugar  Co.  lime 73- 

Spring  Construction  Co.  macadam.  .   315 

Stacey   paving-block   quarry 345 

Standard  Brick   Co 249' 

Standard   Portland  Cement  Co..  .178-182. 

Standard   Pottery   Co 214,  215,  375 

Staneusch    manganese   mine 336: 

Stanford  Sandstone.    ( ^Sec  McGilvray 
Stone  Co.) 

Stanislaus    Coimty— Clay 362' 

Magnesite    330-:J33 

Manganese    368 

Mineral   I'aint 341.  342,  :369 

Platinum     346. 

Sandstone     141 

State's  Prison  granite  quarry.  .47,  4S,  320' 

StauliVr  Chemical  Co.  pyrites 349' 

Stetfini-Bartini    quarry 319 

Stege   macadam    quarry 317 

Steiger    Terra     Cotta     and     Pottery 

Co 210.228,229' 

Steven.s   marble   deposit 10(! 

Stevens  talc  deposit 352 

Stevenson-Marshall   gypsum   deposit     288- 
Stillwater    sandstone    ((uarry 1.38: 


I 


INDEX. 


411 


Page. 

Stockton    Brick   Co 255 

Stone,  Building-,  Adaptability  of.  .  .  .      10 

Classification    of 14 

California,    bibliography    of 15 

Cost   of IG 

Durability    of 10-21 

Economic    features    of 13-22 

Kinds    in   California 14-15 

Preservatives    22 

Quarrying  and  dressing 10 

Selecting    15,  10 

Transportation     23 

Uses   of 14 

Stony  Point  trachyte  quarry.  ..  .103,  164 

St.   John  granite  quarry 51 

St.  Louis  Firebrick  and  Clay  Co.. 210,  374 

Sulphur,   Calaveras   County 372 

Colusa   County 354,  372 

Inyo    County 372 

Kern  County 372 

Lake   County 372 

Lassen    County 372 

Sonoma   County 372 

Tehama     County 354 

Ventura    County 354,  372 

Summit    lime   quarry 77 

Sunnyside    infusorial    earth    deposit.  .290 

Sunol    Road   macadam   quarry 315 

Superior  lime  quarry 79 

Sutter   County,   Clay 302 

Rhyolite    104 

Swain  &  Hudson's  brickyard 375 

Swank  paving-block  quarry 345 

Sweetwater  Dam  granite  quarry ....     53 

Syenite,  Kern  County 372 

Mariposa    County 372 

San  Mateo  County 372 

Syndicate  macadam  quarry 315 

T.  A.  Work  Building  Block  Co 169 

Tafton  tuff  quarry 158 

Talc.     {Sec  Soapstone.) 

Taylor  Bros.  Brick  Co 2.")3,  254 

Taylor  soapstone  deposit 378 

Tohama  County— Brick  Clay 258 

Chrome    272,  363,  375 

Glass   Sand 363 

(iraphite    304 

Infusorial    Earth 290,  30:{ 

Iron 304,  :]0."'> 

Magnesite    333 

Onyx    309 

Platinum     247 

Soapstone    371 

Sulphur     354 

Tuff    1(14 

Tehachapi    lime 70,  71 

Telegraph    Hill    quarry 321 

Temecula    granite 41 


Pj 

Tesla  mine 204,  205,  200, 

Tesla  glass  sand 

Texas    Spring   sandstone 138, 

Thomas  infusorial  earth  mine 

Thompson   tungsten    deposit 

Thurber's    quarry 87, 

Tiburon   paint   quarry 

Tilghman  lime  quarry 

Tognizi's   infusorial  earth   deposit. . . 

Trachyte,  Calaveras  County 

Los  Angeles  County 154, 

Marin  County 

Napa    County 155,  150, 

San   Bernardino   County 

San  Luis  Obispo  County 

Sonoma   County 102.  103, 

Trachytic  tuff.      {See  Tuff.) 

Treat  marble  quarry 

Trewhitt    brickyard 

Trinity    County — Asbestos 204, 

Barytes      

Chrome    272,  303, 

Clay     

Granite     

Iron    

Jasper    

Lime     

Mineral    Paint 

Platinum     340,  347,  348,  349, 

Pyrites    

Soapstone    353, 

Tropico  Tile  Works 

Tuff,   Butte   County 

Calaveras    County 154, 

El  Dorado  County 372 

Glenn    County 154 

Inyo     County 154 

Mono    County 372 

Napa    County  .  . .  155,  156,  157, 158.  .372 

Placer  County 158 

San  Luis  Obispo  County 158-101 

Santa  Barbara  County 372 

Shasta    County 101 

Siskiyou     County 161,  102 

Solano    County 102 

Sonoma     County I(i2.  103.  104 

Tehama    County 1<)4.  372 

Yolo  County 104 

Tulare    County — ^ Asbestos 300 

Brick    Clay 2.59 

Clay     375 

Granite      54,  55.  50,  S04 

Graphite    304 

Gyi>sum     288,364 

Infusorial    Earth 376 

Iron      305 

Lime    94,95,360 

Magnesite     334 


\c;e. 
276 
270 
139 
370 
355 
324 
319 
370 
293 
372 
155 


372 
372 

372 

99 
243 
360 
360 
375 
302 

54 
305 
300 

94 
342 
309 
370 
371 
216 
154 
372 


412 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Tulare    County — Manganese 368 

Marble     108,307 

Onyx    •. 3G9 

Quartz    Crystals 370 

Soapstonc   371 

Serpentine    372  | 

Tally's  gypsum  deposit 287 

Tungsten   354,  355  i 

Humboldt   County 372  , 

Kern    County 355,  372,  378  j 

Los  Angeles  County 372  | 

Madera  County 372 

Mariposa    County 372  i 

San   Bernardino  County 355,  372 

San  Diego  County 372 

Siskiyou  County 372 

Tuolumne    County — Clay 3G2 

Granite    56,364 

Grauodiorite     363 

Graphite     280,281 

Gypsum   288 

Lime    95 

Manganese    368 

Marble     108,  109,  110,  367 

Pyrites    370  ! 

Quartz    Crystals 370 

Soapstone    353,  371 

Twin  Peaks  quarries 322 

Underwood's  lime  quarry 76 

Union  Prick  Co 375 

Union     Construction     Co.'s     paving- 
blocks    345,377 

Union  Lime  Co 71,  72 

Union   Sugar   Co.'s   lime 81 

Vallecito  talc  claim 351 

A'allejo    tufE    quarry 164 

A'alley  Springs  clay  pit 212 

Van  Slyke's  fuller's  earth  deposit...   275 

Van  Slyke's  graphite  mine 280 

A'an  Slyke's  graphite  deposit 106 

Ventura   County— Prirk   Clay 259 

Clay     :^62 

Gypsum     288.364 

Macadam     327 

Mica    3:',7.  367 

Mineral   Paint 369 

Platinum     369 

Sandstone   142, 143.  144,  145,  371 

Soapstone    371 

Sulphur     .3.54.  .372 

Ventura  M.  &  L.  Co.'s  brickyard 259 

Verdo  Antique   inarblo  quarry 101 

Verde  Anti(|ue  serpentine  quarry  147.  148 

Vesuvianite,  Shasta  County 162 

A''ictor  granite  quarry 51.  377 


Victorville   granite   quarries. 


50. 


Volcanic  and   Intrusive   Rocks. .  .154-164 
Volcanic  Tuff.     (See  Tuff.) 


Page. 

Voyle   mineral   paint   mine 341,  342 

Vulcan    macadam    quarry 322 

Walcott    chrome    mine 375 

Walker's   brickyard 242,  258,  374 

Washington  Cons,  asbestos  mine....   262 

Waterman   granite   quarry 53 

Weber    Ranch    magnesite 331 

Weimer    iron   deposit 299 

West  Branch  lime  quarry 376 

Western  Art  Tile  Works 217,  359 

Western   Graphite  Co .   280 

Western  Petroleum  Co.'s  gypsum...    284 

Wetmore  macadam  quarry 322 

Weyl  paving-block  quarry 345 

W  heeland   Brick   Co 375 

White   granite   quarry " 51 

White  Rock  magnesite  claim 330 

Whittier   Brick   Co 374 

Wildermuth  sandstone  quarry 119 

Wilkinson  paving-block  quarry 345 

Williams  Estate  iron  mine 299 

Williams  gypsum   deposit 287 

W"'lson-Lyon  Construction  Co 32 

Wing's  trachyte  quarry 158 

Wood's   marble   deposit 108 

Wright   Ranch   sandstone 141 

Wymore    paving-block    quarry 345 

Yolo  County — Asbestos 264,  360 

Basalt   360 

Brick    Clay 259 

Iron    365 

Sandstone     145,  146,  371 

Tuff    164 

Young's  limestone  quarry 66 

Yuba    County — Asbestos 264 

Bauxite     265,361 

Brick    Clay 259.  375 

Clay    230 

Granite    56 

Iron      365 

Marble     110 

Mineral    Paint 342 

Platinum     347 

Sandstone     145 

.    Soapstone    3.'>3.  371 

Zelma    basalt    quarry 158 

Zinc     355,356 

Fresno    County 373 

Inyo    County 373 

Los  Angeles  Covmty 373 

Madera  County 373 

Mono   County 373 

Orange   County 373 

San   Bernardino  County 373 

San  Mateo  County 373 

Shasta   County 355,  356.  373 

Zollnor's   macadam   quarry 320 

Zollner's  p;iviug-i)l(>ck  quarry 342 


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pmicM 

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LITERARY 
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164902 


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